Success Rate of Artificial Insemination in Pahartali and Khagrachari District AI center
ABSTRACT
The study was conducted to evaluate the success rates of artificial insemination both in Pahartali and Khagrachari District AI center. The study period was December 2008 to February 2009.The average success rates of AI in Pahartali and Khagrachari district AI center were 53.80 and 39.75%, 54.95 and 42.90 %, and 51.86 and 50.87%, in term of breeds, parity and semen type, respectively. The highest conception rate was observed in L×F×F breed in Pahartali (70%) and in local × Fresian in Khagrachari (52%). The lowest CR was observed in L×F (41.26%) and L×S (44.11%) breeds in Pahartali and L×S (29.68%) Khagrachari District AI center. In Pahartali, the highest CRs were found in terms of parity 63.88% (parity number 5) and 51% (parity number 4). In both Pahartali and Khagrachari, the lowest CR was observed in cows having parity number 2, and the result was 51 and 29.34 %, respectively. The RCC semen produced good result (66.66% CR) in Pahartali and (77.50% CR) in Khagrachari. The poorest result was observed in L×F type semen in Pahartali (40%) and Khagrachari (12.25%).
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Key words: Artificial insemination, breeds, parity number, semen type, conception rate.
INTRODUCTION
The share of the livestock sub-sector in GDP at constant price was 2.92%, which was 17.2% of agriculture and forestry sector in FY-2005-06. Among the sub-sector of the broad Agri-sector, the growth of the livestock sub-sector is the highest (Eco. Rev., 2007). Livestock plays an important role in the subsistence agro-based economy of Bangladesh (Raha, 2000). In Bangladesh, the livestock population consisted of 23.6 million cattle (FAO, 1997). The number of milking cows in Bangladesh is 3.75 million, only 1.90 percent was reported to be crossbred (BBS, 1996). The number of crossbred cattle is increasing day by day with the spread of artificial insemination (AI) practices throughout the country as milk production of indigenous cattle is low compared to improved breeds of cattle (Rahman et al., 1998). The better reproductive and productive performances have been shown of Friesian cross-bred cows than other breed of cows (Sarder, 2006).
The primary focus of Artificial Insemination is to increase genetic superiority by seeking out only the most desirable traits in order to maximize profits. At the same time, controlling diseases, lowering breeding costs and possible losses associated with maintaining a natural sire. It is not only limited to domesticated livestock, but has also been applied to endangered species programs. Artificial insemination is used in animals to propagate desirable characteristics of one male to many females or overcome breeding problems Application of frozen semen AI technology improves conception rate, genetic quality of animals that gives them good dividend after they come in production (Yadav, 2006).
Old Arabian documents dated around 1322 A.D. indicate that an Arab chieftain introduced a wand of cotton into the mare's reproductive tract, and then used it to sexually excite the stallion causing him to ejaculate. The semen was introduced into the mare resulting in conception. Anthony van Leeuwenhook, inventor of the microscope, first observed human spermatozoa under magnification. Spallanzani is usually considered the inventor of AI. His scientific reports of 1780 indicate successful use of AI in dogs. In 1899, Ivanoff of Russia pioneered AI research in birds, horses, cattle and sheep. He was apparently the first to successfully inseminate cattle artificially (Webb, 2009).
Artificial insemination in Pakistan was introduced in decade of sixties but its development was very slow due to lack of modern techniques, skilled staff, financial difficulties and some strategic mismanagement. Breeding and Artificial insemination is the only tool by using of which we can improve the genetic potential of animal and meet with the challenging situation of future (Ali, 1999).
With the establishment of CCBS at Savar, Dhaka, AI program has been started in 1958 aiming to improve local cattle with exotic variety through cross-breeding suited to our local condition. From 1969 to 1982, German specialists worked in the Savar Dairy Farm to evolve suitable breeds for draught and milk purposes. In addition, frozen semen of Bos tauruswas imported from Germany, America, France, Australia and Japan for use and improvement of local cattle. At present, there are 22 AI centers at district level (greater district), 351 sub-centers and 623 points in the country (DLS, 2003). Moreover, six dairy and cattle development farms and one buffalo breeding farm are functioning at different parts of the country. (Eco. Rev., 2007).
Artificial insemination of cows is gaining popularity in the northern region following significant achievement in improving the breeding system. Due to the cross breeding the cows are giving milk ten times more than the previous record, said Alhaj Abdus Samad, a successful dairy farmer in the city. Officials said the country had to depend on import of deep frozen semen from abroad around seven to eight years ago. But at present it became capable to produce the semen according to its requirement (Eco.
News, 2008).
Profitable dairy farming required to be maintained satisfactory reproductive performance of the cow. (Rahman et al.,1995). The productive performances of the crossbred cows may differ from that of the indigenous ones living in different geographical areas where harsh environmental condition exists (Alam et al., 2001). In earlier large dairy herds and small hold farm level studies, it was noticed that delayed puberty, long post-partum acyclicity and gynecological problems were the major limiting factors against maintaining optimum reproductive efficiency of the indigenous Zebu cattle in Bangladesh (Shamsuddin et al., 1987; Ghosh et al., 1988).
Success with artificial insemination requires attention to detain in all areas of herd management. One of the most important factors affecting the success of the program is the manager attitude. Both a sound health program and good nutrition are requirements of any breeding program but become an absolute essential ingredient for artificial insemination (Selk, 2002).
With the end of this view, the study is undertaken with the following objectives:
Ι. To evaluate the success rate of AI in district AI center.
ІІ. To know the effects of breeds, parity and semen on conception rate.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Butler and Smith (1989) and Butler et al.(1995) reported that in the USA, conception rate to first service has declined @0.4% per year over the period from 1973-1995.
Bell et al. (2008) found research results regarding the use of bovine somatotropin for enhancing fertility in dairy cattle are variable. Here, the hypothesis was tested that a single injection of a sustained-release preparation of bovine somatotropin (bST) during the preovulatory period would improve pregnancy success of lactating dairy cows at first service.
Berardinelli et al. (2007) reported that conceptionrates for cows bred by AI 12 h after estrus did not differ betweenbiostimulated and nonbiostimulated cows; however, the fixed-time AI(TAI) conception rate was greater (P < 0.05) for biostimulated cows (57.6%)than for nonbiostimulated cows (35.6%).
Demira et al. (2007) carried out study to investigate the effect of the interval between artificial insemination and the onset of estrus on the sex ratio of offspring and fertility in Holstein cows and resulted that the interval between the onset of estrus and artificial insemination time does not alter the sex ratio of offspring in dairy cows with normal fertility parameters.
Fogwell et al. (1986) stated that conception rate is the number of animals that conceived, divided by the number that were inseminated. Pregnancy rate refers to the number that conceived, divided by the number that were assigned to the synchronization program.
Graves et al. (1997) studied the effect of reinsemination on the conception rate in Jersey cows, recorded 51.3% of conceptions after a single insemination and 55.6%
after repeated insemination (4.3%).
Grimard et al. (2006) reported that in the low fertility herds, the incidence of late embryonic mortality (LEM) was high and 25% of the cows lost their embryo after 21 days of pregnancy. LEM was affected by specific factors (season, BCS), which were not related to CR. The absence of a relationship between estimated genetic index and
LEM in spite of its effect on CR indicates that estimated genetic merit has a greater effect on early embryonic loss or fertilisation failure than on later stages of embryo development.
Gwazdauskas et al. (1981) reported that rate of conception was affected by estrous behaviour at 12h, site of semen deposite in the reproductive tract, sire, and environmental temperature the day after insemination, service nunber, time of day at which insemination occurred, inseminator, and timing of insemination in relation to the onset of estrus had no effect on fertilility. With twice daily heat checks, a single daily service produced acceptable rates of conception.
Ilse et al. (2006) reported that conception rates due to a single AI service, from synchronized or spontaneous estrus in beef cattle averages 50% (ranging from 40 to 60%). If synchronized pregnancy rates are below 40%, there may be problems with semen quality or handling, inappropriate nutrition, incorrect AI technique, disease, incorrect use of the treatment compounds or other factors. Other factors that affect success of AI can include exogenous estrogens from feed, animal disposition, feeding methods, weather, and other environmental disturbances.
Jackson et al. (1986) reported that AI is a quick means to improve the herd at a reasonable cost. It provides access to genetics that you would otherwise not have been able to afford and gives you much more scope to match different cow types with more suitable bulls. The multiplying effect of the investment justifies the long days."
James (2007) stated that cows in poor body condition and/or under nutrient stress will have lower conception rates and take longer to rebreed compared to cows in good body condition and provided with a ration meeting nutrient requirements. Some non- infectious factors that can reduce conception rates include: lethal genes, polyspermy, endocrine disorders, elevated blood urea nitrogen, heat stress and handling / transportation stress.
Kaziboni et al. (2004) reported that two trainee farmers successfully inseminated 59%
of the cows/heifers and considered as success. The overall conception rate and the number of inseminations for successful conception were significantly different (P <
0.05) among breeds with indigenous breeds recording lower conception compared to exotics and crossbred cows.
Kumar (2004) reported that injection of progesterone simultaneous to insemination reduced conception rate and no beneficial effect in improving conception when given on day 3rd or 5th post insemination in normal cow but in repeat breeder cows without apparent clinical abnormality, supplementation of progesterone on 3rd or 5th post insemination improved conception.
Kutty (2003) reported that the various emerging fertility problems experienced in AI- bred animals include increased incidence of conditions such as true anoestrus, suboestrus, disappearance of behavioural signs, prolonged heat, delayed ovulation, repeat breeding with metoestrual bleeding, luteal insufficiency and early embryonic death with long cycle.
Leaver (1977) stated that air temperature on day after insemination exceeded 300C was influenced to decrease conception rate sharply in cows where rate did not decline in heifers until 350C. It was found that Virgin heifers had higher conception rates for all services (50%) than lactating cows (34%). Jerseys had higher conception rates (45%) than Holstein (39%) and Brown Swiss (41%).
Mahmoudzadeh et al. (2001) reported that the incidence of abnormalities in the appearance of the cervical mucous discharge in heifers was low and had no significant effect on fertility. But the incidence was higher in cows and the conception rate was decreased when cervical mucous was contaminated with urine, microbes or blood.
Mian (2006) stated that a successful crossbred may show 14-24% more total lactation than pure breeds and crossbreds have greater liability in comparison to pure breeds (losses from birth to calving were 17.4% for pure breeds and 8.2% for crossbreds).
Mostafa et al. (1986) reported 65% first service conception rate in first service in farms animals might have achieved provided with good nutrition and body weight at the time of estrous.
Navanukraw et al. (2002) reported that synchronization of ovulation using a combination of prostaglandin (PGF2) and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) (termed "Ovsynch") is an effective timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocol for increasing heat detection rate and conception rate. Recent data indicated that stage of the estrous cycle at which the Ovsynch protocol is initiated affects subsequent conception rate.
Pursley et al. (1997) reported that one fixed-time AI at a synchronized ovulation provided similar pregnancy rates per AI as did AIfollowing the a.m.–p.m. rule after estrus had been induced by PGF2α in lactating cows but the fixed-time AI was not effectivefor heifers because of the lack of synchronization.
Recardo et al (2004) reported that multiparous cows had lower CR than primiparous cows and CR was affected by heat stress prior to AI, parity, number of AI, and postparturient diseases, whereas PL was affected by clinical mastitis.
Royal et al. (2000) reported that in the UK, conception rate has declined by approximately 1% per year over the past 20 years, falling from 55.6% between 1975 and 1982 to 39.7% between 1995 and 1998.
Sartori et al. (2006) reported that a number of studies from florida compared embryo transfer (ET) to AI in order to improve CR of lactating dairy cows during summer heat stress. CR was greater for ET than AI when fresh or frozen in vivo produced embryos were transferred, or when fresh in vitro produced embryos were used.
Selk (2002) reported that maximum fertility to AI occurs when cows are bred near the end of “standing heat.” Fertility decreases slightly when cows are bred a few hours on either side of this target, and decreases markedly when breeding occurs more than 12 hours away from the end of standing heat.
Smith (1975) reported that low conception rates are observed when temperatures and humidity are high. The effect is extreme in the Southern U.S. where it is not unusual for conception rates to be as low as 10-20% during the summer. Heat stress on the day of breeding and the day after seems to be the cause of the conception failures which
are due to fertilization failure or damage to the embryo during its very early stages of development.
Stevenson et al. (1983) stated that clear mucus in half of the females upon cervical manipulation at insemination was led to know the performance parameters that were closely associated with higher conception.
Whitehead and Black (2006) stated that the most commonly used method to evaluate for sperm viability is its motility. Motility has been found to have a “positive relationship with fertility” as discovered by researchers such as M.P. Mostari, M.G.M.
Fahman, M.A.M.Y. Khandoker, and S.S.Husain.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.1 Study area:
The study area was district AI center of Pahartali and Khagrachari.
4.2 Duration of work:
The study was carried out for a period of 60 days from 17th December’ 2008 to 16th February’ 2009.
4.3 Study population:
A total of 358 data were recorded from Pahartali and 296 data from Khagrachari district AI center. The breeds of cow were local, L×F×F, L×F, SL×F, L×S in Pahartali and in Khagrachari. The parity of cows was counted as ranged from 1-5.
4.4 Sources of information:
As the study period was very short, it was not possible to extract data directly from the farm owner/farmers, so the study was conducted on the basis of previous one year data recorded in the mentioned AI centers. AI register book was used to collect all necessary information for this study.
4.5 Methods of data collection:
As per existing standard method in this country, the operation of artificial insemination service at field level is being directed under a separate wing of Directorate of Livestock Services (DLS). The Delivery of service at field level to the owner/farmer provided while cows or heifer recognized in heat brought to the different AI points working under the Sub-centers of the District Artificial Insemination Centers. The services however also been extended in the form of on-call to the farm upon payment. District AI center maintain a registered book to record all the information related to AI. For collection of data, a questionnaire was prepared according to the objective. The questionnaire was prepared on the basis of following information: age, parity, time of onset of heat, time of AI, source of semen, type of semen, date of pregnancy test, result of pregnancy test, source of animal, etc.
4.6 Conception rate calculation/estimating success rate of AI: Conception rates (CR) are estimated from the proportion of pregnancies confirmed by rectal palpation of the genital tract at day 60 of post-insemination among the total number of cows/heifers inseminated artificially with frozen semen in a specified period of time.
(Hoque et al., 2003). The results obtained from the formula- No. of cows/heifers pregnant
Conception rate (CR) = × 100 No. of cows/heifers inseminated
4.7 Analytical technique:
After collection of data, the data were duly screened for missing information and duplications. All the data were entered into excel and then analyzed by using descriptive statistical analysis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study results of overall conception rate of Artificial insemination were found variable in term of breeds, parity of cows and semen type. The average conception rate of cows in Pahartali and Khagrachari was 53.80 and 39.75%, respectively. In Pahartali, the highest CR was found in L×F×F cross cows (70%) and the lowest one was in L×F (41.26%). The second highest CR was observed in local breed (61.22%) in Pahartali area. On the other hand, in Khagrachari, the highest CR was found in L×F breed (52%) and the lowest CR was found in L×S (29.68%).
Table 1: Effect of breed type of cows/heifers on conception rate
Breed type
Pahartali AI center Khagrachari AI center Pregnancy
diagnosis
Conception rate (CR %)
Av.
CR (%)
Pregnancy diagnosis
Conception rate (CR %)
Av.
CR (%) (+)
ve
(-) ve
(+)ve (-)ve
Local 60 38 61.22
53.80
59 98 37.57
39.75
L×F 26 37 41.26 39 36 52
L×F×F 14 6 70 -- -- --
SL×F 75 68 52.44 -- -- --
L×S 15 19 44.11 19 45 29.68
Graph 1: Comparison of conception rates between Pahartali and Khagrachari District AI centers in term of breed.
= Pahartali AI center.
= Khagrachi District AI Center
In Pahartali district the highest CR rate was observed in cow having parity number 5 (63.88%) and the lowest CR was found in cows having parity number 2 (51%). The second highest CR was (55.89%) observed in cows having the parity number 1 (55.89%). The conception rate of cows having parity number 4 was more or less similar (52.38%) to the result of cows having parity number 1-3. On the other hand, in Khagrachari, the highest CR was observed in 4th lactating cows (51.72%). The cows in second parity showed the poor result 29.34% CR. The CR of cow having parity number 1, 3 and 5 was more or less similar 48.72%, 41.41% and 43.33%, respectively. The average conception rate of Pahartali was higher 54.95% compared to Khagrachari (42.90%) in terms of parity of cow. There was no any similarity between the results of Pahartali and Khagrachari in cows with parity number.
Table 2:
Effect of parity on conception rate Parityno.
Pahartali AI center Khagrachari AI center Pregnancy
diagnosis
Conception rate (CR %)
Av.
CR (%)
Pregnancy diagnosis
Conception rate (CR %)
Av.
CR (%) (+)
ve
(-) ve
(+) ve
(-) ve
1 19 15 55.89
54.95
19 20 48.72
42.90
2 51 49 51 22 53 29.34
3 49 46 51.58 41 58 41.41
4 22 20 52.38 30 28 51.72
5 23 13 63.88 13 17 43.33
Graph 2: Comparison of conception rates between Pahartali and Khagrachari District AI centers in term of parity.
= Pahartali AI center.
= Khagrachi District AI Center
The average CRs of cows in Pahartali and Khagrachari in terms of semen type were 51.86% and 50.87%, respectively. In Pahartali, the highest CR (66.66%) was found in cows served by semen of RCC bull. In Khagrachari, it was also observed that the cow showed highest CR (77.50%) served by RCC bull semen. The success rates of SL×F type of semen in Pahartali (56.71%) and F type of semen in Khagrachari AI center (75%) ranked second position. In Pahartali, the lowest CR was observed (40%) in cows served by L×F type semen. The similar result was also found in Khagrachari AI center in case of L×F type semen. The success rate of this type of semen in Khagrachari AI center was only 12.25 % and that was the lowest one. It was clearly stated that the RCC semen was giving very good result compare to other semen available in district AI center.
Table 3: Effect of semen type on conception rate
Semen type
Pahartali AI center Khagrachari AI center Pregnancy
diagnosis
Conception rate (CR %)
Av.
CR (%)
Pregnancy diagnosis
Conception rate (CR %)
Av.
CR (%) (+)
ve
(-) ve
(+) ve
(-) ve
L×F 6 9 40
51.86
6 43 12.25
50.87
L×F×F 67 63 51.53 23 95 19.49
SL×F 114 87 56.71 20 11 64.51
SL×F×F -- -- -- 13 10 56.52
SL×SL 4 5 44.44 -- -- --
RCC 4 2 66.66 62 18 77.50
F -- -- -- 3 1 75
Graph 3: Comparison of conception rates between Pahartali and Khagrachari District AI centers in term of semen type.
Earlier worker reported a bit more or less similar conception rate (57.04%) in first service (Ghosh et al., 1992) that some extend agrees with present study. The average conception rates 76.61 and 73.96 % were recorded in indigenous and crossbred cows respectively (Rahman et al., 1998) where as in the same species, it was found 74.47 and 77.65% respectively (Halim,1992). The lowest concepdtion rate 55% was found in Pahartali and Kotwali center, followed by 59 and 60% in Doublemoring and Panchlaish points respectively whereas the highest rate was recorded to be 73% in CTG Dairy Farm Association points of Pahartali sub-center during 1998-1999 (Hoque et al., 2003).
The artificial insemination performances influenced by the climatic factors and recorded that the warmer months were closely associated with lower conception rates than cooler months (33.7 compared to 40.1%). (Gwazduskas et al.1975). Environment temperature could be an influencing factor for the performance of artificial insemination. Increased maximum temperature from 29.70C during April to 33.90C during July was associated with a decrease in conception rate on first service from 25 to 7% (Cavestany et al., 1985).
Limitations:
During data collection, problems faced in case of non-return cows as it was not sure whether they were pregnant duly or not.
It was not possible to follow up the recently inseminated animal.
The study period was short.
CONCLUSION
The results concluded that the CR of Pahartali AI center was higher than Khagrachari AI center. The RCC semen is good for fertility. L×F×F and local cross with Freisian are sustainable for fertility among the other breeds which are available in our country.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises go to the Almighty God, the creator and supreme ruler of the Universe, who enabled the author to complete the work successfully.
The author expresses his sincere gratitude, humble respect and immense indebtedness to my reverend teacher and internship supervisor Dr. Azizunnesa, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Medicine & Surgery, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong; for her scholastic guidance, kind cooperation, sincere help, valuable suggestions, inspiration, constructive criticism, who was involved with this study from its inception.
The author expresses his deepest sense of gratitude and profound regard to Prof.
Dr. N. C. Debnath, VC, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University.
The author avails himself of the opportunity of expressing his sense of appreciation and sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Matin Pradhan, Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.
The author desiers to express his profound appreciation, greatfulness and heartfelt thanks to Ashraf Ali Biswash, Director of External Affairs, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University.
The author is also thankful to the stuff of the stuff of the AI centers for their co- operation, valuable suggestions, and inspiration for this study report.
The author also expresses his gratitude and deep sense of respect to all of his friends and well wishers for their support, encouragement, help and inspiration throughout the study period and for preparing this report.
The Author
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Success Rate of Artificial Insemination in Pahartali and Khagrachatri District AI Center
A Clinical Report Submitted by Intern ID: G-32
Roll No. : 03/34 Reg. No.: 130 Session: 2002-2003
A clinical report submitted as partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
(DVM)
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong - 4202
June, 2009
Success Rate of Artificial Insemination in Pahartali and Khagrachatri District AI Center
A Clinical Report Submitted as Per Approved Style and Content
………. ..………..
Signature of Author Signature of Supervisor Name: Subaran Chakma Name: Dr. Azizunnesa Roll No: 2003/34 Assistant Professor
Reg. No: 130 Department of Medicine & Surgery,
Intern ID: G-32 Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Session: 2002-2003 Khulshi, Chittagong - 4202.
June, 2009 ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations Elaborations
AI Artificial Insemination
BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
BCS Body Conformation Score
bST Bovine somatotropin
CCBS Central Cattle Breeding Station
CR Conception rate
DLS Directorate of Livestock Services
ET Embryo transfer
e.g. Example
etc. Etcetera
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization
FY Fiscal year
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GnRH Gonadotropin releasing hormone
LEM Late embryonic mortality
PGF2α Prostaglandin F2α
Sl. no. Serial number
TAI fixed-time AI
UK United Kingdom
USA United States of America
UVH Upazilla Veterinary Hospital
0C Degree Celsius
