Health Economics:
Measuring Health
Bakibillah Lecturer
Dept. of Public Health
GDP = Gross Domestic Product Consumption
+
Government Expenditures +
Investment +
Exports - Imports
Total population
Population Growth Rate Crude Birthrate
Crude death rate Life expectancy
Infant mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate Population per physician Population per hospital bed
Health Indicators
Country 2012
United States 0.90
People’s Republic of China 0.48
Japan -0.08
Bangladesh 1.58
Pakistan 1.55
India 1.31
Nepal 1.77
Population Growth
Rate
Crude Birth Rate
Crude birth rate is the childbirths per 1,000 people per year.
The crude birth rate (CBR) is equal to the number of live births (b) in a year divided by the total midyear population (p)
.
Therefore, the formula for crude birth rate is:
CBR = (b/p) X 1000
Example. In 2012, there were 4,470 births in a city with population of 223,000. Therefore:
CBR = (4,470/223,000)X1,000 CBR = 20.04
So, there were 20.04 births for every 1,000 people in the city.
Country 2010
United States 14
People’s Republic of China 11
Japan 9
Bangladesh 20
Pakistan 27
India 22
Nepal 24
Crude Birth Rate (per 1,000
people)
What is the difference between Birth Rate and Fertility Rate?
Birth rate is a parameter of the entire population
Fertility rate applies for females in the
reproductive age
An estimate of the rate at which members of a population die during a specified period.
The numerator is the number of people dying during the period;
The denominator is the size of the
population, usually at the middle of the period (mid-year population).
Number of deaths during a specified period x 10n
Number of persons at risk of dying during the period.
CRUDE DEATH RATE (per 1,000
people)
EXAM PL
CDR for YCITY
E:
= __number of deaths in YCITY in 2012_ X 1000 total population YCITY in 2012
numerator = number of deaths in YCITY in 2012 = 301 denominator = total population YCITY in 2012 =
30,726 constant = 1000
CDR for YCITY2012 = _301 X 1000 = 9.80/1000 pop.
30,726
Country 2012
United States 8
People’s Republic of China 7
Japan 10
Bangladesh 6
Pakistan 7
India 8
Nepal 6
Crude Death Rate (per 1,000
people)
Life expectancy is the most important measure of health
Life expectancy increases due to healthcare
improvements like the introduction of vaccines, the development of drug cocktails to treat AIDS or positive behavior changes like the reduction in smoking or drinking rates.
Life
Expectancy
Country 2012
United States 81
People’s Republic of China 75
Japan 86
Bangladesh 70
Pakistan 66
India 67
Nepal 70
Life Expectancy
(Female)
Infant Mortality Rate
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) =
number of infant deaths during time period X 1,000 number of live births during time period
EXAMPLE:
IMR for = number infant deaths Bernalillo County 2001_ X 1,000 number of live births Bernalillo County 2001
numerator = number infant deaths Bernalillo County 2001= 50
denominator = number of live births Bernalillo County 2001 = 8,357 constant = 1,000
time period = 2001
IMR for Bernalillo County 2001 = 50 X 1,000 = 5.9/ 1,000 live births
8,357
Country 2011
United States 6
People’s Republic of China 13
Japan 2
Bangladesh 37
Pakistan 59
India 47
Nepal 39
Infant Mortality (per 1,000 live
births)
Maternal Mortality
Rate (per 100,000 live births)
Maternal mortality ratio is the number of women who die
during pregnancy and
childbirth, per 100,000 live
births.
Country 2010
United States 21
People’s Republic of China 37
Japan 5
Bangladesh 240
Pakistan 260
India 200
Nepal 170
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live
births)
Country 2005-2010
United States 24
People’s Republic of China 14
Japan 21
Bangladesh 3
Pakistan -
India 6
Nepal -
Physicians (per 100,000
population)
Country 2005-2010
United States 30
People’s Republic of China 42
Japan 137
Bangladesh 3
Pakistan 6
India 9
Nepal -
