KARYA TULIS
Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics in Mangrove Experimental
Forest, Pagbilao and Quezon National Park,
Quezon Province, Philippines
Oleh :
RAHMAWATY
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kami panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, yang
telah memberikan segala rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga KARYA
TULIS berjudul “Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics in Mangrove
Experimental Forest, Pagbilao and Quezon National Park, Quezon
Province, Philippines
” ini dapat diselesaikan.
Tulisan ini merupakan suatu hasil pemikiran yang diharapkan dapat
memberikan informasi kepada pembaca mengenai keadaan struktur
ekosistem dan dinamika hutan mangrove percobaan dan taman nasional
Queson di Philippines.
Kami menyadari bahwa karya tulis ini masih jauh dari sempurna, oleh
karena itu kami mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang bersifat membangun
untuk lebih menyempurnakan karya tulis ini. Akhir kata kami ucapkan
semoga karya tulis ini dapat bermanfaat.
Medan, Maret 2010
Penulis
DAFTAR ISI
I. Introduction 1
A. Background 1
B. Objective 2
II. Description and disscussion 2
A. Mangrove Experimental Forest 2
B. Quezon National Park 3
III. Conclusion 4
IV. Pictures of Field Trip Location 4
A. Mangrove Experimental Forest 4
B. Quezon National Park 4
Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics in Mangrove Experimental
Forest, Pagbilao and Quezon National Park,
Quezon Province, Philippines
BY: Rahmawaty
I. Introduction
A. Background
Ecosystem is an assemblage of living and non living elements
contained within a boundary such that these elements have functional
relationships with each other and can maintain the flow of energy and
complete the chemical cycle. There were so many factual real ecosystem
conditions that we were able to be observed which correlated with our
subject in term of ecosystem structure, diversity and also their
sustainability.
The field trip was conducted on February 24, 2007. From the field
trip we can see the sample of forest ecosystem. There are two kinds of
forest ecosystem that was visited, namely: mangrove forest ecosystem in
Mangrove Experimental Forest, Pagbilao-Quezon and tropical rain forest
ecosystem in Quezon National Park, Quezon Province. According to
Pacardo (2007) there are five properties of ecosystems, namely:
1) Productivity, defines as the rate by wind carbohydrate is a store
by producers by photosynthesis (kg CO2/unit area/unit time or
sometimes kg organic matter/ha/year).
2) Stability, it is measure in term of fluctuation of activity in period
of time. This fluctuation associate with small change of
disturbance/minor changes.
3) Sustainability refers to the fluctuation of production.
4) Biodiversity refers of the greater species present in ecosystem.
5) Equitability.
Based on the five of properties of ecosystem above, we can identify
the kinds of ecosystem and try to explain the properties of ecosystems in
field trip location. Generally, after direct observation to the field we can
more appreciate the properties of ecosystems, tropical rain forest and
mangrove forest.
B. Objectives
The aims of this field trip are to know and distinguished kinds of
ecosystem and to see and observe directly the condition for this
ecosystem so as could explain properties of this ecosystem.
II. Description and Discussion
A. Mangrove Experimental Forest
Mangroves (generally) are trees and shrubs that grow in saline
coastal habitats (Wikipedia Encyclopedia, 2007). Mangrove forests consist
systems give support in the soft, water-logged sediment. In most species,
the roots protrude above the soil to absorb oxygen from the air, as the
sediment is oxygen-poor. Mangrove forests play a central role in
transferring organic matter and energy from the land to marine
ecosystems. This matter and energy comes from detritus from fallen
leaves and branches, and forms the base of important marine food chains
(WWF, 2006).
From the field trip we have seen the sample of mangrove forest
ecosystem in Mangrove Experimental Forest. According to Garcia (2006),
this mangrove forest is a living proof of a successful rehabilitation effort.
Even before World War II, the area was a favorite to poachers who gather
the "bakawan" which is a very good material for charcoal. In 1975, the
145 hectare area was declared as Pagbilao Mangrove Experimental
Forest by virtue of Bureau of Forest Development (BFD) Administrative
Order No. 7 (s. 1975). This declaration provided the necessary protection
(and funding) and further poaching was prevented. Now, the diverse
ecosystem makes the area a favorite field trip destination mostly of botany
and zoology students from prestigious universities.
At this time, the conditions of mangrove forest in Mangrove
Experimental Forest, Pagbilao- Quezon, have been reforestation by
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). The DENR
as the government institution maintained this area as Mangrove
Experimental Forest with DENR Administrative Order No. 92-56 Subject:
Designation of Pagbilao Mangrove Swamp Experimental Forest as
Genetic Resources Area and National Training Site for Mangrove,
December 10, 1992. From the field trip we have seen the mangrove forest
ecosystem condition in Mangrove Experimental Forest, Pagbilao- Quezon.
I also saw that the mangrove trees is still complete, like: Rhizophora sp.
that have tangles of prop roots, Avicennia sp. that have bean like
seedlings, Nypa fruticans that is palms present, and Bruguiera sp. that
have pendulous seedling like Rhizophora sp. Other observation, There
were no more the inhabitants who entered this territory to build the house
and open the fishpond. Trees mangrove had the high density. Therefore
the conditions for the forest mangrove in this area still have the high
productivity, stability, sustainability, biodiversity, and equitability.
The increased of ecosystem properties will give the benefit for
humankind because the undisturbance of the ecosystem then this forest
could go in accordance with his function. As we know from lecturer in ENS
201 by DR Florece that there are four significance of mangrove, namely:
1) exports detritus and nutrients which form the food base of a complex of
marine organisms, which in turn, support valuable estuarine and near
shore fisheries such as finfish, shellfish and crustaceans, 2) serves as
feeding and nursery or spawning grounds for economically important
finfish, shellfishes and crustaceans, 3) serves to protect valuable
properties by dampening storm surges and high winds associated with
and had an impact on the life of humankind and If mangrove was
disturbed, then this ecosystem could not go in accordance with it function.
As a result, productivity, stability, sustainability, biodiversity, and
equitability will decrease.
B. Quezon National Park
As we know from lecturer in ENS 201 by DR Florece that Tropical
rain forest is a climax vegetation situated in the equatorial belt and
bounded by the tropic of Cancer (23027’N) and the Tropic of Capricorn
(23027’S). From the field trip we have seen the sample of tropical rain
forest ecosystem in Quezon National Park, Quezon Province. We found
from the field trip that the condition of tropical rain forest ecosystem is a
good condition, because it condition was not disrupted by the human
activity.
My observation was seen that trees density is high, the litter on the
forest floor is thick (this litter will be compose by soil fauna and the results
as a nutrient that was useful to plants, we called as nutrient cycles
process). Classification of trees by crown class still complete, like the
dominant, codominant, intermediate and suppressed that still dominated in
this ecosystem. This indicated that the condition for this ecosystem was
still stable, undisturbance, and balanced. Therefore the condition for this
forest in this area that was observed, like: productivity, stability,
sustainability, biodiversity, and equitability are still high.
Other observation, for instance the fauna often was received in this
area, like birds and several insects. We also observe the local tree or
native trees, namely malabayabas (Tristania decorticata Merr), family of
Myrtaceae). Malabayabas is endemic to the province alone while the
endangered flying fox thrives there without fear (Wikipedia, 2007). This
tress dominated in this area. They have red color of bole and the wood is
hard.
III. Conclusion
If ecosystem is not disturbed then ecosystem properties
(productivity, stability, sustainability, biodiversity, and equitability) high and
the function will from the ecosystem go in accordance with his function so
as to be created the stability of the ecosystem. Hence, the balance of the
ecosystem must continue to be maintained in order to be able to go in
accordance with his function. Therefore the impact that the can emerged
as a result of the disturbance of the ecosystem.
IV. Pictures of Field Trip Location
B. Quezon National Park
Figure 2. Location of Quezon National Park in Quezon Province
References
DENR. 1992. DENR Administrative Order No. 92-56 Subject: Designation of Pagbilao Mangrove Swamp Experimental Forest as Genetic Resources Area and National Training Site for Mangrove.
December 10, 1992. http://www.tanggol.org/environmental_laws/DAO_92-56.html
Florece, L.M. 2007. Reading Material in Lecture Environmental Science (ENS 201). School of Environmental Science and Management. UPLB. College Laguna. (Unpublished).
Garcia, EPP. 2006. Pagbilao Mangrove Forest Province of Quezon. http://www.waypoints.ph/detail_gen.html?wpt=pagmef
Pacardo, E.P. 2007. Reading Material in Lecture Environmental Science (ENS 201). School of Environmental Science and Management. UPLB. College Laguna. (Unpublished).
Wikipedia Encyclopedia. 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove#General_description
Wikipedia Encyclopedia. 2007. http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Batangas
World Wildlife Fund (WWF). 2006. Mangrove forests: ecology. http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/marine/blue_planet/c oasts/mangroves/mangrove_ecology/index.cfm
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