244 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
The Bacteriological Quality of Chicken Offal and Spoiled Egg as
Feed for Catfish and Tilapia Rearing in Penang, Malaysia
Titik Budiati1,*, Gulam Rusul1, Wan Nadiah Wan Abdullah2, Yahya Mat Arip3, &
Rosma Ahmad2
1Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains
Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia, *Email: titik.budiati@gmail.com
2 Bioprocess Technology, School of Industrial Technology, UniversitiSains
Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia,
3 School of Biological Science, UniversitiSains Malaysia, 11800, Penang,
Malaysia
Abstract
Chicken offal, spoiled egg and commercial fish feed were used as feed in cultured ponds of catfish and tilapia in and around Penang, Malaysia. The total aerobic bacteria, coliform and fecal coliform was investigated on catfish (Clarias gariepinus) , tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) and its water. A total of 48 samples (12 intestine of catfish, 12 intestine of tilapia, 24 water samples) were taken from 8 pond in and around Penang, Malaysia. All fish samples fed by chicken offal or spoiled egg were heavily contaminated by total aerobic bacteria (5 to 7.26 log10 cfu/gr), coliform (2800 to 11000 MPN/gr) and fecal coliform (3 to 430 MPN/gr). Meanwhile, fish fed by commercial pellet were less contaminated by total aerobic bacteria (5.33 to 6.58 log10 cfu/gr), coliform (7 to 11000 MPN/gr) and fecal coliform (3 to 110 MPN/gr). Chicken offal and spoiled egg polluted the water in aquaculture system more than commercial fish feed. The highest l evel of total aerobic bacteria, coliform, fecal coliform in pond water were 7.21 log10 cfu/ml, 11000 MPN/ml and 2800 MPN.ml. The bacteria load of chicken offal and spoiled egg might contaminate catfish, tilapia and its water. These will be a concern for quality and safety of catfish and tilapia in term of nutrition and human health.
Key words: chicken offal, spoiled egg, catfish, tilapia, bacteriological quality
Introducton
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tended to ncrease n the last decade. However, some problems have been met. Those were the lmted land, the rsng of producton costs, lack of sklled labor, the threat of dseases, the hgh food safety and qualty requrements. These ssues made the aquaculture development to be more dffcult (FAO, 2012). The rsng of producton cost can be reduced by replacng the commercal pellet feed wth cheaper feed such as food waste from restaurant, chcken offal, spoled egg or others.
In Malaysa, chcken offal and spoled egg have been found to be used as feed for catfsh and tlapa. However, the study about the effect of those feed for mcrobologcal aspect n catfsh and tlapa has not yet been done. To fllng ths gap, the present study wll nvestgate mcrobologcal aspect n catfsh and tlapa whch fed by dfferent type of feed. The objectve of ths study was to nvestgate the bacterologcal qualty of chcken offal and spoled egg as feed for catfsh and tlapa rearng n Penang, Malaysa. The bacterologcal aspects studes were total aerobc count, coliform count and fecalcoliform count n the ntestnes of fsh and water of ponds. Fapohunda et al. (1994) reported that the verfcaton of the mcrobologcal qualty, such as coliform and fecalcoliform, could explan whether the harvest or producton presents a health hazard or not to human. Coliform and fecalcoliform were reported to be the most heavly contamnate the ntestnal tract of fsh (Salle, 1964).
Materals and Methods
Catfsh and tlapa were obtaned from 8 ponds located n Penang -Malaysa n November 2008 – September 2009. Samplng was done 3 tmes vstng for each ponds. Durng each vst 5-6 lve catfsh and tlapa were purchased from ponds, placed n sterle plastc bags and transported n polystyrene box to the laboratory. On arrval at the laboratory, the ntestnes of fsh samples were pooled and analyzed for Aerobc Plate Count (APC), coliform and fecal coliform. Water samples were also obtaned from the ponds where both catfsh and tlapa were reared. Ths sampled and kept n sterle jar at 4 oC durng transportaton to the laboratory. The ponds were
studed based on the type of feed gven to the fsh. The feed types were chcken offal for catfsh feed, spoled egg for tlapa feed and commercal fsh pellet feed for both. The chcken offal was steamed and grnded before feed to the fsh. The spoled egg was mxed wth other ngredents and was formed to pellet.
The ntestnes of catfsh and tlapa were taken aseptcally and chopped by usng sterle knfe. Twenty fve grams of ntestnes was mxed wth 225 ml of 1.5% Pepton Water (Oxod) and homogenzed by usng stomacher (Interscence) for 120 sec. The dluton was prepared by ppetng 1 ml of alquot and mxed wth 9 ml of 1.5% Pepton Water (Oxod). The dluton was done from 10-1 untl 10-6. About 100
ml of alquot was spread on Plate Count Agar (Merck) and ncubated at 37oC for
246 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Protocol (Maturn et al., 2001). Total aerobc count was expressed as log cfu/g. Coliform and fecalcoliformcount were determned by usng MPN method (Feng et al., 2002). One ml of 10-1 untl 10-5 dluton of ntestnes and water samples
were transferred nto three tubes of Lauryl Sulfate Tryptose (LST) Broth (Oxod) and ncubated at 37oC for 24h. Approxmately, 10 µl of broth from postve tubes
were transferred nto 10 ml of Brllant Green Lactose Ble (BGLB) broth (Merck) and ncubated at 37oC for 24 hours. Turbd tubes wth gas were consdered as
pos-tve and colform count were expressed as MPN/g or MPN/ml. Fecalcoliform count was determned by transferrng 10 µl of BLGB broth from postve tubes nto three tube of EC broth (Merck) and was ncubated at 44-45 oC for 24 hours. Tubes
show-ng gas and turbdty were consdered postve for the presence of fecalcoliform and these were expressed as MPN/g or MPN/ml. E. coli cultures (Food Mcrobology Laboratory, School of Industral Technology, USM) were used as control.
Statistical Analysis
The dfference n APC, coliform and fecal coliform ponds was determned by usng one-way ANOVA, SPSS software for Wndows Verson 13.
Results and Dscusson
In present study the mcrobologcal qualty of catfsh and tlapa fed by usng chcken offal, spoled egg and commercal feed were evaluated. Our results showed that total aerobc count on ntestnal of catfsh and tlapa fed bychcken offal and tlapa fed by spoled egg were observed relatvely hgher compared to catfsh and tlapa fed by commercal fsh feed. The aerobc plate count ranged from 5.00 to 7.26 log
10 CFU/gcatfsh fed wth chcken offal, 5.97 to 6.69 log10 CFU/gcatfsh fed
wth commercal feed, 5.33 to 6.58 log10 CFU/g tlapa fed spoled egg, 5.11 to 6.11 log10 CFU/g tlapa fed commercal fsh feed. Later on, the fsh whch were not evscerated properly, the bactera mght spread and contamnate through the apparatus of the fsh ntestnal such as ntestnal wall and ntestnal cavty. The proteolytc enzymes orgnated from ntestnes and/or the nsde of ntestnal canal mght act for the spolage process (Andrej et al., 2006).
In water samples, chcken offal and spoled egg showed to be relatvely hgher on total aerobc count compared to commercal fsh feed. There were no sgnfcant dfferences between type of feed on catfsh, tlapa and water (P>0.05). The aerobc plate count n water samples ranged from 6.00 to 7.21 log
10 CFU/g for water obtaned
from the pond use chcken offal, 6.00 to 6.9 log10 CFU/gfor pond use commercal feed, 5.32 to 6.58 log10 CFU/g for water obtaned from the pond use spoled egg, 5.05 to 6.18 log10 CFU/g for pond use commercal feed.
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2007). Spoled egg was formed as pellet to feed tlapa. The pellet form could fed tlapa effcently and reduced the remaned feed n water. Thus, the contamnaton n water was observed less than chcken offal whch was not formed n pellet. The form of pellet n fsh feed can sgnfcantly reduce polluton caused by fsh feedng and mprove both the feed effcency as well as fsh health (Agrculture Fsheres and Conservaton Technology, 2004).
The detected values of coliform n ntestnal of catfsh and tlapafed by usng chcken offal and spoled egg showed to be relatvely hgher compared to commercal fsh feed. These were observed also n water samples. Thus, chcken offal and spoled egg mght be the source of colform. There were sgnfcant dfferent between ntestnes of catfsh fed chcken offal and catfsh fed commercal fsh feed (P<0.01). These were observed n tlapa and water samples also.
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Fgure 1. Dstrbuton of Aerobc Plate Count n catfsh, tlapa and water obtaned from pond n Penang
Coliform count was 1100 MPN/g n the ntestnes of catfsh fed wth chcken offal, from 240 to 750 MPN/g n catfsh fed wth chcken offal, from 2800 to 11000 log MPN/g tlapa fed spoled egg, from 7 to 11000 MPN/g tlapa fed commercal fsh feed. Other study found that chcken and spoled egg loaded by coliform (Cohen et al., 2007; Theronet al., 2003). The composton of the ntestnal flora s related n
varyng degree to the level of contamnaton of water and food n the envronment (Geldrech et al., 1966).
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248 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Coliform count ranged from 2100 to 11000 log CFU/g n water samples from pond use chcken offal, 110 to 1100 log CFU/g from catfsh pond fed wth chcken offal, 40 to 1100 log CFU/g from tlapa pond fed spoled egg, 70 to 110 log CFU/g from tlapa pond fed commercal fsh feed. Chcken offal and spoled egg used as feed mght cause the ncrease of coliform n water. Chckenand spoled egg whch contaned wth coliform (Cohenet al., 2007; Theron et al., 2003) can transmte to the water (Pearson et al., 1987).
Intestnes of catfsh were hghly contamnated wth fecalcoliform (Fgure 3) wth the mean level of 20 MPN/g, followed by ntegstnes of tlapa wth the mean level of 3.67 MPN/g. Other studes found that fecalcoliform was observed n catfsh and tlapa from the pond (Saber et al, 2004; Leung et al., 1992).
The mean for fecalcoliform count n catfsh fed wth chcken offal (20 MPN/ gr) was relatvely hgher compare to fecalcoliform n catfsh fed wth commercal fsh feed (9 MPN/g). In water samples from those stes, the sgnfcant dfference was observed. The mean of fecalcoliform n pond water (fed wth chcken offal) was 48 MPN/g whch was hgher than those fed wth commercal fsh feed (8.3 MPN/g). Chcken and egg could be the sources for the presence of fecalcoliform (Schwager et al., 2008; Cohen et al., 2007).
In tlapa, fecalcoliform were no sgnfcant dfferent between tlapa fed by usng spoled egg and commercal fsh feed. Ths was also observed n water samples. The mean values were 3.67 MPN/g (tlapa fed spoled egg), 3 MPN/g (tlapa fed commercal feed), 3 MPN/g (water of pond use spoled egg) and 3 MPN/g (water of pond use commercal feed).
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Conclusons
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Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
fecalcoliform (3 to 11 MPN/g). Chcken offal and spoled egg polluted the water n aquaculture system more than commercal fsh feed.
Acknowledgement
The frst author would lke to thank to Unversty Sans Malaysa Fellowshp durng undertaken the study. Fnancal supported by Mnstry of Scence, Technology and Innovaton Malaysa (305/PTEKIND/613512) and USM - Research Unversty Postgraduate Research Grant Scheme (1001/PTEKIND/843110) were apprecated.
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