Identification of Holstein-Friesian Lactating Cows as Good
Replacement Stocks under Small-Scale Dairy Farming in a
Highland of West Java, Indonesia
Anneke Anggraeni1, *, Tati Herawati1, Subandrio1, Kusuma Diwyanto2, Chalid
Talib2, & Santi Ananda Arta1
1 Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production,
PO Box 221 Ciawi, Bogor, Indonesia *e-mail: [email protected]
2 Indonesian Centre Research Institute of Animal Sciences,
Jl. Raya Pajajaran, Bogor, Indonesia
Abstract
Good replacement stock has an essential role to improve animal productivity and to ensure the sustainability of domestic small-scale dairy cattle farming. This study was done in HF dairy farmers as the members of two Milk Collection Units (of 23 MCUs) at North Lembang Milk Cooperation Unit (NLMCU). Research was located in the selected dairy cattle area of having dense cow population, high milk production and prospective region in a mountainous field of Lembang Subdistrict, West Java. Farmers as samples were dominated by small-scale ownerships by commonly applying a low input system. A recorder was contracted to record daily milk yield (morning and evening) of individual lactating cows in a rotation manner for one record per cow per month during five months of lactation from June to October in 2010. The total number of lactating cows recorded in the accordance of the recorder capability was 180 heads. The observed cows varied in the status of early lactation (1-4) and lactation period (1-5). Averages of test day milk from the 1st to 5th months (TD1-TD5) were successively 17.2 ± 4.2, 16.0 ± 3.9, 14.8 ± 3.4, 13.4 ± 2.6, and 13.0 ± 2.3 l/d. Cumulative milk production for 5 months of lactation (CMP 5mo.) was calculated as the sum of the multiplication of each standardized TD (TD2-TD6) x 30 (number of days each month). The resulted showed the average of the estimated CMP 5mo. was 2296 ± 469 lt. (1200-3780 lt.). Cows with CMP 5mo. above 2296 lt. could be considered as good replacement stocks. As the results of this evaluation was still early, data of completed milk yield and related lactation traits should be continually collected to get more precisely information in identifying qualified replacement stocks to ensuring the improvement of dairy cattle milk yield and productivity.
Introducton
Natonal dary cattle populaton currently was around 407,767 hds (DGLS, 2010). The hghest populaton was n East Java Provnce by 141,199 hds (34.6%), followed by Central Java by 190,562 hds (34.4%), and West Java by 120,768 hds (29%). Java s well known as the Island wth the densest populaton and the hghest ntensfed-land use. Ths condton made the dary busnesses were mostly carred out under an ntegrated crop-lvestock system, of whch the sources of forages as anmal feedng drectly nfluenced by the avalablty of agrcultural and ndustral crops by-products (Devendra, 1999; Anggraen and Sofyan, 2008).
Small-scale dary farmers commonly faced many constrants such havng lmted land and captal besde of unwell keepng n breedng and farmng practces (Kusmanngsh et al., 2008). Cattle were commonly kept n a freestall housng system from where the supples of feedng and nput producton closely related to the outsde. Ths caused of most of small dary farmers more lkely takng the decson of mantanng only lactaton cows compared to hefers and calves (female). Lactatng cow was consdered drectly generate ncome through the salng on ther mlk yeld every day, so they could pay daly cost of nput producton.
Producng replacement stoks (RSs), especally young lactatng cows to replace cows havng a low productvty and to renew old cows, was therefore an essental aspect n the effort to ncrease domestc fresh mlk producton. Provson of female cattles as RSs wth a hgh genetc potency to express mlk yeld n the hgh agro-ecosystem n central dary area n Java then should get attenton. The am of ths research was to dentfy young lactatng cows to be consdered as qualfed RSs by producng mlk 30% above the average n small dary farmers.
Materals and Methods
Ths feld research was carred out n a hghland of the central dary regon n the North Lembang Mlk Cooperaton Unt (MCU), Lembang Dstrct, West Java. Research locaton was selected for the reason of havng hgh densty of dary cows and a low rate of anmal mutaton. Dary farmngs studed were represented by small-scale dary cattle farmngs as the members of the North Lembang MCU. HF lactatng cows observed came from two Mlk Collectng Groups (MCGs) of Gunung Putr and Nagrak from the total of the exstng 23 MCGs. These two MCGs were selected as havng the densest populaton and reachng hgh mlk yeld compared to those of other MCGs. HF lactatng cows studed were dentfed by purposve samplng.
Re-corded cows were selected n more smlar status of lactaton, by consderng the bologcal aspects of early months or stages of lactaton and lactaton perods. The total number of cows recorded for ther mlk TDs n one month depended on the recorder’s capablty. Prevous analyss showed that recorded mlk TDs data were dstrbuted wthn early lactatons at 1-5 months and lactaton perods of 1-5 tmes. Ther effects on mlk TDs were nvestgated.
Based on the prevous analyss showed months of lactaton sgnfcantly affected on mlk TDs (P<0.01), so ts effects were standardzed to the ranges of 2-6 months (TD2-TD6) of lactaton. Ths was done by formerly estmatng mlk TD curve of ndvdually lactatng cow wth regardng to develope an approprate regresson equaton (lnear or quadratc) n developng sutable correcton factors. Partal cumulatve mlk producton for 5 months (CMP 5mo.) of each cow was calculated as the sum of the multplcaton of each standardzed TD (TD2-TD6) x 30 (number of days n one month). Cows havng CMP 5 mo of 30% above the average were then dentfed as qualfed RSs.
Results and Dscusson
General Research Condition
Research Location. North Lembang MCU was well known for the potency of ther
HF cows n producng hgh mlk n central dary area n Lembang Dstrct, West Java. Ths MCU supervsed a large number of small dary farmers as the members. Most workng area of ths MCU were located hgh land at the alttude of around 1,200-1,257 m asl. Clmate had the temperature n a range of 15.6 - 16.8 oC durng rany season and 30.5 - 32.7 oC for dry season. Ranfall was around 1,800-2,500 mm per year. Ensmnger (1971) stated Bos taurus dary cows could produce mlk optmally at the ranges of temperature of 10-15.6 °C and humdty of 50-70%. Cows stll produced more mlk at the temperature up to 21.1 oC.
Dairy Farmers. Dary cattles were commonly rased at a small-scale by dary
farmers. The North Lembang MCU had 22 workng area, 23 Mlk Collectng Groups (MCGs), and 603 Mlk Collectng Unts (MCUs). MCUs were bult to facltate the collectng fresh mlk from the farmers. The two selected Gunung Putr and Nagrak MCGs were dentfed wth ther HF lactatng cows produced mlk yeld around 12.7 lt/d and 15.9 lt/d respectvely.
Management. Anmals were very commonly kept n pens wth ther locaton
Table 1. Daly mlk yeld of HF lactatng cows by lactaton perod
outsde. Floor used a varety of materals such as cement, wood, rubber and ther combnaton. Rubber was used as the base of floor for facltatng farmers more easy n cleanng pens and keepng anmals not easly slpped. Water resources were from local water drnkng company or well and used for drnkng and bathng an-mals as well as cleanng pens.
Feeding Animal. Feedng anmals hghly depended on agrcultural and ndustral
crops by products. Farmers fed anmals by mxturng concentrate. Some addtonal feedng as proten and energy sources were used, such as bran, soybean, cassava pulp, and beer. Feedng forages to anmals vared wdely. Generally, farners gave wld, elephant and Kng grasses. Forages were cut from ther own garden or com-munty land or from the sourroundng. Some farmers rent grassng land from Local Government Forestry. Farmers had the dffculty to obtan forages durng the dry season, so the effort of fndng forages could be expanded farther even n other ds-trcts.
Milk Production
Total HF lactatng cows recorded on ther mlk TDs were 184 hds. By plottng mlk TDs nto fve months of lactaton resulted general pattern of these mlk TDs contnually decreasng by progressng lactaton. Decreasng trends occured for all lactaton perods (1-5). The averages of test day mlk yelds (TD1-TD5) were suc-cesvely 15.2, 14.8, 13.8, 12.5, and 12.2 lt at the frst lactaton; and 17.4 , 16.1, 14.9, 13.4, and 13.0 lt at the ffth lactaton.
By dstrbutng mlk TDs nto dfferent early months of lactaton (1-5) showed that those mlk TDs were expanded from the frst up to the eght months of lacta-ton (Table 2). HF lactatng cows studed seemngly showed of havng mlk TDs curves close to the normal mlkng curve. By progressng months of lactaton, mlk TDs contnually decreased. The averages of mlk TDs (TD1-TD8) for all lactaton
Lactaton perod
Number of anmal
(hds)
Test Day Mlk Yeld (Ltre)
TD1 TD2 TD3 TD4 TD5
perods were succesvely 18.2, 17.5, 16.6, 15.5, 14.3, 14.0, 13.1, and 12.3 lt. Mlk TDs of HF lactatng cows n ths study were hgher compared to those of HF cows mantaned n Colmber MCG as another MCG n the North Lembang MCU (Sukandar, 2010). HF cows were reported n producng mlk TDs (TD1-TD10) succesvely 15.4±4.3, 18.5±3.8, 18.0±5.0, 16.6±7.7, 16.2±4.4, 14.5±2.8, 14.1±3.7, 12.3±2.0, 11.9±6.9, and 10.6±4.0 lt/d.
TD mlk yleds of HF cows n ths study were also lower than those daly mlk yelds of Holsten hefers kept n Brazl n 1988-1991, by reportng mlk TD1-TD10 succesvely 21.8, 23.6, 23.3, 22.1, 20.9, 19.7, 18.3, 17.3, 16.0, and 15.0 lt/d. (Machado et al., 1999). The dfferences possbly caused by some kactors such as anmals mlkng ablty, management and envronment.
Standardization of Milk Production
As prevously escrbed, the excstng dfferences of the months (stages) of lactaton and lactaton perods of observed HF lactatng cows requred the examnng ther effects on recorded mlk TDs. Dfferences n the early months of lactaton certanly made a major nfluence on daly mlk yleds among lactatng cows studed. The sgnfcantly effect of dfferent months of lactaton on mlk TDs (TD1-TD5), Table 2. Daly mlk yeld of HF lactatng cows based on early months of lataton (mlk
Average 18.2 17.5 16.6 15.5 14.3 14.0 13.1 12.3
SD 4.52 4.37 3.51 3.58 3.09 2.88 2.80 2.64
Record 55 86 120 154 154 99 68 34
Table 3. Daly mlk yelds of HF lactatng cows standardzed nto TD2-TD6 months of lactaton
Descrpton: The effects of lactaton perod on ndvdual standardzed daly mlk yelds (TD2-TD6) were not sgnfcant (P>0.05).
Lactason Perod
Σ Cow
(Hds)
Standardzed Test Day Mlk Yeld (Ltre) Average (Ltre)
TD 2 TD 3 TD 4 TD 5 TD 6
1 34 16.3±0.7 15.2±0.7 14.0±0.6 13.0±0.5 12.3±0.4 14.2±0.6 2 39 17.9±0.7 17.0±0.6 15.3±0.5 14.0±0.5 13.2±0.4 15.5±0.5 3 35 19.1±0.7 17.0±0.7 15.2±0.6 14.0±0.5 13.2±0.4 15.7±0.6 4 24 18.5±0.8 16.8±0.8 15.8±0.7 14.4±0.6 13.5±0.5 15.8±0.7 5 22 18.4±0.8 17.0±0.8 15.5±0.7 14.3±0.6 13.1±0.5 15.7±0.7
-that was dentfed prevously, were then standardzed to 2-6 months of lactaton. Standardzaton of mlk TDs was more frequently developed by a quadratc equaton. The averages of daly mlk yelds as the result of standardzaton nto TD2-TD6 was presented (Tabel 3).
Further examnaton of the nfluence of dfferent lactaton perods (1-5) on the standardzed mlk TDs (TD2-TD6) proved that not one of ths effect was sgnfcant (P>0.05). Ths mpled that standardzaton was not requred to the lactaton per-ods.
Cumulative Milk Production
Cumulatve mlk producton of fve months of lactaton after standardzed to the months of lactaton of TD2-TD6 was abbrevated by CMP 5 mo. CMP 5 mo. for each lactatng cow from the total HF lactatng cows of 154 hds were evaluated. The estmated CMP 5 mo. of ndvdual HF cows were then be ranked, startng from the hghest to the lowest ones. The average of the estmatef CMP 5 mo. of the HF lactatng cows were by 2,296 ± 469 lt wth a range between 1,200-3,780 lt. By consderng the qualfed RSs as those HF lactatng cows havng CMP 5 mo. of 30% above the average, therefore those qualfed RSs should reach CMP 5 mo. above 2,985 lt. These qualfed RSs were dentfed for 10 hds, succesvely for the HF cows No. 4218, A00046, 56, 3707, A.03000, 8354, 2965, 101 138, 31 424, 36 173, 102 361, and 102 096. The frst rank was for the cow of No. 3780 wth CMP 5 mo of 4,218 lt., whle the lowest was for the cow of No. 096 wth CMP 5 mo. by 3,015 lt.
HF cows possesng CMP 5 mo. more than 2,296 lters could be consdered as qualfed RSs. However, to ensure more cows avalable be used as good RSs n regardng to replace the cows of less productve and the old ages, then HF lactatng cow wth CMP 5 mo. exceedng the average of 2,296 ± 469 could be possble to be consdered as good RSs. By ncludng the cows wth CMP 5 mo. above the average as good RSs could guarantee more good RSs were avalable for small dary farmers. These RCs could consdrerably produce optmal mlk under small-scale dary farmngs. From ths research results, a followng-up acton was requred for collectng more data n daly mlk yelds and related trats to ndentfed good RSs better. Lacatng cows that could be dentfed accurately as good RSs became a key factor of ensurng sustanable of small-scale dary farmngs n our country.
Concluson
• The number of HF lactatng cows dentfed as qualfed RSs for havng CMP 5 mo) 30% above the average denden closely to the average TD mlk yelds of the cows n the targetted locaton.
• Qualfed HF RSs n ths research were dentfed for 10 anmals, from whct at the frst rank was for the cow No. 3780 (CMP 5 mo. = 4,218 lt.) and at the tenth rank was for the cows No. 102 096 (CMP 5 mo. = 3,015).
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