1 A. Background of the Study
The existence of literature becomes a part of human life since the civilization and human culture appears in this world. Sastra adalah lembaga sosial yang menggunakan bahasa sebagai medium; bahasa itu sendiri merupakan
ciptaan sosial.1 (Literature is a social institution that using the language as the media; language is social idea). Technically, anything spoken or written is literature. And there are some kinds of types of literature as the art work. In practice, works of literature fall into four categories or genres: (1) narrative, (2) drama, (3) poetry, and (4) non fiction prose. All these forms have many common characteristics and all these genres are art forms, each with its own internal requirements of structure and style.2
Novel is one kind of thing that supports the existence of literature and art work itself. Based on that statement, the relation between art work and society which always has its changes is very important in giving the significance influence to the development of literature theory.
Nowadays, the existence of novels as one of the art work has the contribution for the art work itself. Novel gives a lot of things discussable and to develop the art work, the developing of novels in earlier century has become the
1
Sapardi Djoko Damono, Sosiologi Sastra Sebuah Pengantar Ringkas (Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, 1984), p.1
2
great invention to the printing field of media and their business, even though it is not easy to write an excellent novels, but still the basic of this writing art is to expose what the author wants to tell the reader about what they feels, they have passed, or they imagine, whether it is fiction or non-fiction. Literary work is author’s imagination because everything that happened in the story is the writer’s willingness. But there are other factors that can influence writers in making their works, such as economical, political, social, historical, and cultural situation at the time when the writers are making their works.
Novels is a story in prose about imaginary people long enough to cover a book. In other word a novel is an imaginative storybook. Novel is a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length, portraying characters, action, and scenes representative of real life in a plot of more or less intricacy.3
Another reference that tells about the novel is written by Burhan Nurgiyantoro in Teori Pengkajian Fiksi, he wrote “novel merupakan karya fiksi yang menawarkan sebuah dunia, dunia yang berisi model kehidupan yang
diidealkan, dunia imajiner, yang dibangun melalui berbagai unsur. Kesemuanya
itu walau bersifat non-eksistensial, karena dengan sengaja dikreasikan oleh
pengarang, dibuat mirip, diimitasikan, atau dianalogikan dengan dunia nyata”.4 (Novel is a fiction work which offering a world, a world which fulls of idealized life and imaginary that build
3 The English Language Institute of America, Inc. The New Grolier Webster international Dictionary of the English Language, 1976 printing. p.281
4
up by miscellaneous substances. All those things were non-existentially or a fiction story, but still close relating with the real world).
The novel entitled “The Lord of The Ring” by J.R.R Tolkien consists of three part of books, “The Fellowship of The Ring” as the first part, the second part is “The Two Tower”, and the last part is “The Return of The King”. Those three novels support each part from the first part of the novel until the last sequel. The story tells about the journey of character Frodo and his servant Samwise to destroy the One Ring that has great evil power, the ruler of all the Rings of Power. The One Ring can only destroy in place where it was made, which is Mount Doom in Mordor. During the journey, Frodo and Samwise were accompanied by the Fellowship of the Ring that represent different kind of race in every character, Frodo, Samwise, Peregrin, and Meriadoc represents the Hobbits, Arragorn for the Men, Legolas representing the Elves, Gimli the Dwarves, and Gandalf the Wizard. “The Lord Of The Ring” can represent the complexity of fiction story, and because of that complexity, there are so many signs that appears in the story.
ways to revealed what is the meaning behind sign, and what is the message behind the novels or any kind of art works.
Based upon the explanation above, the writer is interested in describing the semiotic aspect of Pierce in the novels “The Lord of The Ring” and convey the meaning of sign in the novels. Therefore, the writer would like to do the research under the title “Pierce’s Triadic Concepts in the Novels: “The Lord Of The Ring” Trilogy” (the Relation of Sign to Representament, Sign to Object, and
Sign to Interpretant.
B. The Focus of the Study
C. The research question
The research questions that the writer wants to propose is “How the triadic concepts of Pierce reveal the meaning of signs in the novels: “The Lord Of The Ring” trilogy?
D. The Significance of the Study
The research will have advantages for the readers of the novels who want to understand the meaning of the signs based on the semiotic aspects of Pierce that are used in these novels, and as the general knowledge of semiotic aspects that appears in the novels, furthermore, the writer would like to take a part in adding more references for the readers who concern with this field such as novel’s practitioner, readers and observers to use.
E. Research Methodology 1. The method of the Study
2. The Objective of the Study
Based on the research questions above, the writer has objectives of the research as following:
1. To know the kinds of the signs based on Pierce’s semiotic aspects that appear in the novels: “The Lord Of The Ring” trilogy, especially in the relation of sign to representament, to object, and to interpretant.
3. Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis of this research is the “The Lord of The Ring” novels by J.R.R Tolkien, the novels was released in three different years and became a trilogy to that stories, there were released in year 1954 (The Fellowship of The Ring), 1965 (The Two Tower), and 1966 (The Return of The King).
4. The Instrument of the Research
The research uses the writer himself as the research instrument and rewriting and identifying the semiotic aspect based on Pierce’s semiotic theory that appear in the novel “The Lord Of The Ring” trilogy.
5. Technique of Data Analysis
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Semiotic
1. Definition of Semiotic
Semiotic is a study of how sign convey meaning, in the life but not all sign work immediate, visible, or even noticeable aspect of social life. 5 Alex Sobur also said, “semiotik adalah ilmu yang mempelajari arti tanda”.6 (Semiotic is study or method of analysis to convey the meaning of signs). There are two kinds of semiotic that often studied in recent time. First is semiotic of communication, in this term, the explanation is about how the sign is produced, and this theory pays attention to five factors of communication, which are: sender, receiver, message, media, and reference. The first term of semiotic is more about the goals of communication. The second term is semiotic of signification, in this second term, the understanding of signification is more important to discuss which the receiver’s cognitive process is having more attention. The semiotic significant is usually used in poems, drama, or prose. Here, the readers have to understand by themselves about the meaning of symbol or sign used by author in his/her literary work. Semiotic tries to explain
5
www.semiotic.com. p.2 6
combination of sign which were the essential, the characters, and form of sign, and the process of its signification. Semiotic gives big attention to everything that can be esteemed as a sign. One sign can be used as a signifier that has the important meaning to substitute something else. There is nothing considered axcept sign in semiotic, the study is about anything that has related to sign, whether it is signifier, signified, how the sign can produce, meaning of the sign or anything else. Semiotic is one of the ways that communication can be delivered.
According to John Fiske, there are three important areas in the semiotic studies:
1. The sign itself. This consists of the study of different varieties of signs, of the different ways they have of conveying meaning, and of the way they relate to the people who use them. For signs are human construct and can only be understood is terms of the use people put them to.
2. The codes or system into which signs are recognized. This study covers the ways that a variety of codes have developed in order to meet the needs of society or culture.
3. The culture within which these codes and signs operate.7
According to Ferdinand De Saussure, language is a system of sign, because language is one of instrument to communicate. “La langue est un system de signes…”8
Saussure calls the science of sign as Semiology, and he describe more about Semiology as it mention below:
7
Ismawarni, “A Semiotic Analysis on Short Message Service”, Thesis, (Jakarta: The Library of State Islamic University of Jakarta, 2006), p.19
8
Semiology is a science that studies the life of sign within society is conceiveible; it would be a part of social psychology and consequently of general psychology, he called it Semiology (from the Greek Semeion ‘sign’). Semiology would show what constitutes sign, what laws govern them. Since the science doesn’t exist, no one can say what it would be; but it has a right to existence; a place staked out in advance. Linguistic in only part of the Semiology; the laws discovered by Semiology will be applicable to linguistic and the latter will be circumscribe a well-defined area within the mass of anthropological facts. 9
2. The Field of Semiotic
Semiotic is concerned with everything that can be taken as a sign. A sign is everything, which can be taken as significantly substituting for something else that doesn’t necessarily have to exist or to actually be somewhere at the moment in which a sign stands in for it.
These are the fields of semiotics.
a. Analytic semiotics. This is semiotics, which analyzes the system of data. Pierce explain that semiotic have object of the sign and analyzed becomes idea, object, and meaning.
b. Description semiotics: it is referred to the system of the sign that are described as the real thing.
c. Zoo semiotics: it is referred to the system of sign on the behavior of non-human.
d. Cultural semiotics: semiotics studies about the system of sign in the culture of the society.
e. Social semiotics: it is referred to the system of sign, produced by the human who have being the form of symbol.
f. Narrative semiotics: it is referred to the system of sign on the mythology and folklore narrative.
g. Natural semiotics: semiotics studies the system of sign from the nature.
h. Normative semiotics: it is referred to the system of sign made by the human being, which have the form of the norms.
i. Structural semiotics: this is semiotic which studying about the system of sign through the language structure.10
9
Ibid, p.23 10
B. Charles Sanders Pierce’s Semiotic Theory
Charles Sanders Pierce is a logician, mathematician, philosopher, and scientist. He began writing on semiotic or theory of sign relations in the 1980’s. Pierce’s semiotic, in its classifications, its critical analysis of kinds of inference, and its theory of inquiry is philosophical logic studied in terms of signs and sign processes as positive phenomena in general.11
Charles Sanders Pierce is one of American philosopher which more originality and multidimensional, because his theory can be used in the part of science. Pierce is the real founder of modern semiotic and without him, semiotic, as it has developed since his time would be conceivable.12
Charles Sanders Pierce defines semiotic as a sign of something which stand to somebody for something in some respect or capacity, and semiosis an action or influence, which involves an operation of three subject, such as a sign, its object, and its interpretant, this trirelative influence not being in any resolvable into an action between pairs.13
The explanation above denotes to the triadic sign relation that Pierce have in his theory of semiotic, and it can be explained with the theory of meaning triangle of Pierce, which consist of sign, object, and interpretant. Here is Pierce’s definition about his triadic sign relation that formed the core of his definition of logic.
“Namely, a sign is something, A, which brings something, B, its interpretant sign determined or created by it, into the same sort of
11
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotic_elements_and_classes_of_signs_%28Pierce%29. p.1
12
Aart Van Zoest, Semiotika. (Jakarta: Sumber Agung, 1993) p.8 13
correspondence with something, C, its object, as that in which itself stands to C.”14
The relationship of meaning triangle of Pierce showed like this:
Pierce held that there are exactly three basic semiotic elements. First is Sign or Representament (qualisign, sinsign , and legisign), second is an Object (icon, index, and symbol), and third is an Interpretant (rheme, dicisign, and argument), those three terms will explain more below:
1. Sign (Representament)
It is something interpretable as saying something about something. It is not necessarily symbolic, linguistic, or artificial. On this semiotic element, Pierce classifies into three parts which are mentioned below.
a). A qualisign (also called tone, potisign, and mark) is a sign which consist in a quality of feeling, a possibility, a “First”. b). A sinsign (also called token and actisign) is a sign which
consist in a reaction or resistance, an actual singular thing, an actual occurrence or fact, a “Second”.
14
Op.cit. p.4
Sign
c). A legisign (also called type and famisign) is a sign which consist in a semiotic/logical relation, a (general) idea, a norm or law or habit, a “Third”.15
2. Object
It is a subject matter of a sign and an interpretant. It can be anything discussable or thinkable, a thing, event, relationship, quality, law, argument, etc., and can even be fictional. The sign in relation with the object was divided by Pierce into three parts, as it mentioned below.
a). An icon (also called likeness and semblance) is a sign that denotes its object by virtue of a quality which is shared by them but which the icon has irrespectively of the object.
b). An index is a sign that denotes its object by virtue of an actual connection involving them, one that he also calls a real relation in virtue of its being irrespective of interpretation.
c). A symbol is a sign that denotes its object solely by virtue of the fact that it will be interpreted to do so. The symbol is a habit or acquired law (be it a habit of nature or a habit of convention which must be learned), a habit that lacks (or has shed) dependence on the symbolic sign's having a resemblance or real connection to the denoted object.16
3. Interpretant
It is the sign’s more or less clarified meaning or ramification, a kind of form or idea of the difference whose sign is true or undeceptive. In the sign relation with the interpretant, Pierce also divided into three parts of sign, as it mentioned below.
15
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotic. p.1 16
a). A rheme is a sign that represents its object in respect of quality and so, in its signified interpretant, rheme is represented as a qualisign (a kind of icon).
b). A dicisign is a sign that represents its object in respect of actual existence and so, in its signified interpretant, dicisign is represented as indexical, though it actually may be either index or symbol.
c). An argument is a sign that represents its object in respect of law or habit and so, in its signified interpretant, argument is represented as symbolic (and was indeed a symbol in the first place).17
Pierce is the founder of triadic concept. The theory of what he has developed was very complicated. Nevertheless, there is still more simple way to analyze using the theory of Pierce, it was called the differentiating of sign as it mentioned in table of Pierce’s ten classes of sign below:
Peirce's Ten Classes of Sign (http://en.wikipedia.org) Relation to representament Relation to object Relation to interpretant Specificational redundancies in parentheses Some examples
(I) Qualisign Icon Rheme
(Rhematic Iconic) Qualisign
A feeling of “red”
(II) Icon Rheme (Rhematic)
Iconic Sinsign
An individual diagram
(III) Rheme
Rhematic Indexical Sinsign A spontaneous cry. (IV) Sinsign Index Dicisign Dicent (Indexical) Sinsign A weathercock or photograph
(V) Legisign Icon Rheme (Rhematic)
Iconic Legisign
A diagram, apart from its factual individuality
17
(VI) Rheme Rhematic Indexical Legisign A demonstrative pronoun (VII) Index
Dicisign Dicent Indexical
Legisign A street cry
(VIII) Rheme
Rhematic Symbol (–ic Legisign)
A common noun
(IX) Dicisign Dicent Symbol
(–ic Legisign) A proposition (in the conventional sense) (X) Symbol Argument Argument (– ative Symbolic Legisign) A syllogism
C. The Novel
1. The Understanding of Novel
Literary work is an application of feeling and language toward real life. One of literary work form is novel. The novel is an exploration or chronic of living, dreaming and illustration in standard work, influence, connection, result, destroy, or human behavior.
Novel is a story in prose about imaginary people long enough to cover a book. Another reference is, In Oxford English Dictionary, the definition of novel is a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length, in which characters and actions representative of real life are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity.18
18
There are two important aspects to understand a novel. First is intrinsic element, in this part the analysis of literature itself is done without looking to the relation with the extern aspect, intrinsic elements include theme, plot, character, setting, and point of view. Second is an extrinsic element, in this part, the work of literature is analyze by looking to the relation with the extern aspects such as sociology, psychology, religious, and philosophy.
2. Elements of Novel a. Theme
What we called theme is not a summary. The theme of a piece fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight. It is the unifying generalization about life stated or implied by the story.19
b. Plot
Plot is the way in which a story’s events are arranged, and it is shaped by causal connections, by the interaction between characters, and by the juxtaposition of events.20
c. Character
Character is presumably an imaged person who inhabits a story although that simple definition may admit to a few exceptions. Characterizations means how the writer tells the reader about the
19
Laurence Perrine, Literature, Structure, Sound and Sense, (London: Hacourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984), fifth edition, p.90
20
physical and non-physical characteristic of the person told in the story.21
d. Setting
Setting means the approximate time and place in which the work is set; setting also encompasses a wide variety of physical and cultural features. The setting of a work of fiction establishes its historical, geographical, and physical environment.
e. Point of View
It is the way of the stories are told or narrated. There are two kinds of point of view which is first-person point of view and third-person point of view. The first-person point of view is the situation where the narrator is a character who uses the first person “I” (or sometimes “We”), the third-person point of view is the situation where the narrators are not actually characters in the story, this third-person narrator falls into three categories:
1). Omniscient: means all knowing narrators, moving at will from one character’s mind to another. This type of narrator possibly to present events and characters more detail than the first-person narrators can do.
2). Limited omniscient: means the narrators are focusing on only what a single major or minor character experiences. In other words, events are limited to one character’s perspective, and nothing is revealed that the character does not see, hear, feel, or think.
3). Objective: means dramatic point of view, narrated entirely outside the character’s minds and it is like recording the action as a camera would. With objective narrators, events unfold the way
21
they would in a play or movie. Narrators tell the story only by reproducing dialogue and by providing descriptions of the action.22
D. Biography of J.R.R Tolkien
The biography of J. R. R. Tolkien was taken from the website http://www.tolkiensociety.org/tolkien/biography.html
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on the 3rd January, 1892 at Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State, but at the age of four he and his brother were taken back to England by their mother. After his father's death the family moved to Sarehole, on the south-eastern edge of Birmingham. Tolkien spent a happy childhood in the countryside and his sensibility to the rural landscape can clearly be seen in his writing and his pictures.
His mother died when he was only twelve and both he and his brother were made wards of the local priest and sent to King Edward's School, Birmingham, where Tolkien shined in his classical work. After completing a First in English Language and Literature at Oxford, Tolkien married Edith Bratt. He was also commissioned in the Lancashire Fusiliers and fought in the battle of the Somme. After the war, he obtained a post on the New English Dictionary and began to write the mythological and legendary cycle which he originally called 'The Book of Lost Tales' but which eventually became known as The Silmarillion.
22
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING
A. Data Description
From the novel entitled “The Lord Of The Ring”, the writer compiles the selected data. Then, the data are classified based on Pierce’s triadic concepts which consist of the relation of sign to representament, sign to object, and sign to interpretant, the tabulated data can be seen in the following table:
1. The relation of sign to representament a) Qualisign
The selected sign Qualisign
1. Gandalf 2. Sauron
3. Balrog (Ancient Creatures) 4. Frodo
5. Gandalf
1. Gandalf the White 2. The Dark Lord,
3. The Evil of the Ancient World 4. the Ring-bearer
5. Gandalf’s faith
b) Sinsign
The selected sign Sinsign
1. the using of The Ring
2. The rise of Gandalf
3. Aragorn as Isildur’s heir
1. The changes in Gollum, he used to be a hobbit, but the Ring changes him becomes a terrible creature. 2. Physical changes of Gandalf, from
Gandalf the Grey becomes Gandalf the White.
4. Arwen’s marriage with Aragorn
5. Spreading of soil from Lady Galadriel by Samwise Gamgee
4. The changes in Arwen, she loss her immortality as an Elf
5. The changes in Shire (land of Hobbit), Shire becomes green and prosperous
c) Legisign
The selected sign Legisign 1. The types of
Elf-language in the Ring which explain about the Ring
1. the types in the Ring
2. The types of Isildur which he describe the Ring
2. the types of Isildur
3. The types of Gandalf in his letter to Frodo
3. the types in Gandalf’s letter
4. The types of Elven-tongue in the Gate of Moria which tells how to get into that gate.
4. The types in the Gate of Moria
5. The types of Angerthas language in Balin’s tomb which tells about the dead of Balin, the Lord of Moria.
2. The relation of sign to object a) Icon
The selected sign Icon
1. Gandalf
2. Frodo
3. Aragorn
4. Lady Galadriel
5. Hobbits
1. The other names of Gandalf (Mithrandir, Tharkun, Olorin, Incanus)
2. The word “ Master” used by Sam and Smeagol to called Frodo
3. The other names of Aragorn (Elessar, Estel, Strider)
4. The other names of Lady Galadriel (White Lady, Mistress of Magic) 5. The other names of Hobbits
(Halfling, Periannath) b) Index
The selected sign Index
1. The using of the Ring
2. The destruction of the Dark Lord ring
3. Gandalf’s enthronement as the head of the Council
4. Arwen’s marriage with Aragorn 5. Shelob’s sting
1. The ability of Frodo to see the unusual thing, his position becomes easier to find by the eye (of Sauron), and his body can disappear.
2. Great disaster that happened in Middle Earth
3. The changes that happen to Gandalf, from Grey Wizard becomes a White Wizard
4. The loss of Arwen’s immortality as an Elf
5. The serious condition that Frodo get because of Shelob’s sting
c) Symbol
The selected sign Symbol
1. Saruman 2. Elrond 3. Gandalf
4. Kingdom of Rohan 5. Dol Amroth Land
3. The relation of sign to interpretant a) Rheme
The selected sign Rheme
1. the word “Ring”, R-i-n-g
2. the sign of Gandalf
3. the word “Strider”, S-t-r-i-d-e-r 4. the word “Dark”, D-a-r-k 5. the word “Eye”, E-y-e
1. the denotation of the word “Ring” in the novel
2. the denotation of the letter
In Angerthas language based on the novels.
The figure above is one of the letter’s shape of Angerthas Language (based on the novel), and the shape of Angerthas Language above is has a same meaning with the letter “G”. 3. the denotation of the word “Strider”
in the novel
4. the denotation of the word “Dark” in the novel
5. the denotation of the word “Eye” in the novel
b) Dicisign
The selected sign Dicisign
1. The information about Aragorn’s identity
2. The information about hobbit
3. The information about the One Ring
4. The information about the Ring-bearer
5. The information about the contets of the novel
1. Aragorn is Isildur’s heir
2. Hobbits are unobtrusive but very ancient people
3. The One Ring is the master of other ring
4. Frodo is the Ring-bearer, he bears the Ring to destroy it in Mount of Doom, where the Ring is made 5. The book is largely concerned with
c) Argument
The selected sign Argument
1. What Gandalf has said about the hobbit
2. What Gandalf has said about the Men
3. What Gandalf has said about the Elves
4. What Treebeard has said about dwarf
5. What Treebeard has said about the Ents
1. “[….] ‘My dear Frodo!’ Exclaimed Gandalf. ‘Hobbits are amazing creatures, as I have said before. You can learn all that there is to know about their ways in a month. (TLOTR I, 1988, p.72)
2. [….] ‘My dear Frodo, that is just what the Rangers are: the last remnant in the North of the great people, the Men of the West. They have helped me before;….” (TLOTR I, 1988, p.233)
3. “[….} ‘What about Rivendell and the Elves? Is Rivendell safe?’
‘Yes, at present, until all else is conquered. The Elves may fear the Dark Lord, and they may fly before him, but never again will they listen to him or serve him” (TLOTR I, 1988, p.235)
4. “[….]
Learn now the lore of living Creatures First name the four, the free peoples: Eldest of all, the elf-children
Dwarf the delver, dark are his houses; Ent the earthborn, old as mountains; Man the mortal, master of horses” (TLOTR II, 1988, p.67).
B. Data Analysis
From the data description above, then the writer will analyze the data through the perspectives of Pierce’s triadic concepts which are mentioned in the data description. So, the compiled data can be analyzed through the following ways:
1. The relation of sign to Representament a)Qualisign
1).The rise of Gandalf’s status as the chief of the Wizard or called Council is marked with the changes of the color from grey into white, the changes are appeared in the costume that he worn, and his name. When his name was Gandalf the grey he wears the grey robe, and then after the changes, his name becomes Gandalf the white and also as the chief of the wizard, he wears the white robe.
“[….] ‘Mithrandir!’ He cried. ‘Mithrandir!’
‘Well met, I say to you again, Legolas!’ said the old man. They all gazed at him. His hair was white as snow in the sunshine.
And gleaming white was his robe….” (TLOTR II, 1988, p.98)
“[….] But think of the last part of that business with Saruman! Remember Saruman was once Gandalf’s superior: head of the Council, whatever they maybe exactly. He was Saruman the white, Gandalf is the white now.” (TLOTR II, 1988, p.195)
Qualisign
(Representament)
object Interpretant
Wizard or called Council are marked with the changes of the color from grey to white, the changes appear in the costume that he worn, and his name. When his name was Gandalf the grey he wears the grey robe, and then after the changes, his name becomes Gandalf the white and also as the chief of the wizard, he wears the white robe. (Rheme)
Explanation: “Gandalf the White” stands for qualisign because it signified the quality of Gandalf’s power and authority, the word “White” represents the power and authority of Gandalf is increase.
2). The wickedness of Sauron and his army are out of control. Because of that, the time when glory of Sauron is taking a charge that time was called the Black years. Sauron’s wickedness was identically with dusky and gloomy, dusky and gloomy are identical with the black color, and the black color is close connected with “dark”, so that Sauron is well known as the Dark Lord.
returned to his ancient fastness in the Dark Tower of Mordor.” (TLOTR I, 1988, p.60)
Qualisign
(representament)
object Interpretant
the Dark Lord Sauron and his
companion (Icon)
The time when glory of Sauron is taking a charge that time was called the Black years. Sauron’s wickedness was identically with dusky and gloomy, dusky and gloomy are identical with the black color, and the black color is close connected with “dark”, so that Sauron is well known as the Dark Lord. (Rheme)
Explanation: “the Dark Lord” stands for qualisign because the phrase “the Dark Lord” represents the quality of Sauron who has the Great evil power that have relation with the word “Dark”, so that he was called the Dark Lord
“[….] Then Aragorn recounted all that happened upon the pass of Caradhras, and in the days that followed; and he spoke of Balin and his book, and the fight in the Chamber of Mazarbul, and the fire, and the narrow bridge, and the coming of the Terror. ‘An evil of the Ancient World it seemed, such as I have never seen before,’ said Aragorn. ‘it was both a shadow and a flame, strong and terrible.’ ‘It was a Balrog of Morgoth,’ said Legolas; ‘of all elf-banes the most deadly, save the One who sits in the Dark Tower.’ ”(TLOTR I, 1988, p.371)
Qualisign
(representament)
object Interpretant
Evil of the Ancient World. Balrog. Balrog, it is a name of ancient creature which made of fire, this creature is appeared full of fire flame and shadow, its appearance is terrible and has a strong power, Balrog was shaped with bearing the whip which made of fire. Its appearance was reflected his sobriquet which people called this creature as Evil of the Ancient World.
Explanation: The phrase “Evil of the Ancient World” stands for qualisign because this phrase tells about the quality of Balrog which has the power of evil, so then people called Balrog as “Evil of the Ancient World”.
4). Frodo was trusted as the Ring-bearer that can destroy the Ring because he was assessed well in faith and physic.
such strength and heart and wits as you have.’ “ (TLOTR I, 1988, p.70)
Qualisign
(representament)
object Interpretant
The Ring-bearer Frodo Frodo was trusted as the
Ring-bearer that can destroy the Ring because he was assessed well in faith and physic.
Explanation: “The Ring-bearer” stands for qualisign because faith and physical strength that Frodo has is about self-quality of Frodo.
5). Gandalf had a great faith, he is not interest to taking the Ring, Gandalf has a great power of wizard and he is possibly to bear the Ring, but in other fact he is not interesting, because Gandalf knew the great power that he had could be eliminated by the very bad power of that Ring. Besides that, the ring does not want the wizard to touch the ring, and the Ring always makes heavier the weight every time Gandalf wants to touch the Ring.
“[…] ‘But I have so little of any of these things! You are wise and powerful. Will you not take the Ring?’
desire of strength to do good. Do not tempt me! I dare not take it, not even to keep it safe, unused. The wish to wield it would be too great for my strength.” (TLOTR I, 1988, p.70-71)
Qualisign
(representament)
object Interpretant
Gandalf’s faith Gandalf. Gandalf was not
interested in taking and bear the Ring, Though Gandalf have a great power of wizard and he was possibly to bear the Ring, but in other fact, he do not want to bear the Ring, because Gandalf knew the great power that he had could be
eliminated by the very bad power of that Ring. Beside that, the Ring always make heavier it weight when Gandalf want to touch the Ring. Explanation: “Gandalf’s faith” stands for qualisign because the word “faith” tells about someone’s quality, and Gandalf has quality of faith.
b). Sinsign
“[….] He took to thieving, and going about to muttering himself, and gurgling in his throat. So they called him Gollum, and cursed him, and told him to go far away;….” (TLOTR, 1988, p.63)
“[…] The Ring went into the shadow with him, and even the maker, when his power had begun to grow again, could nothing of it’ “(TLOTR, 1988, p.63)
“[….] ‘I can’t believe that Gollum was connected with hobbits, however distantly,’ said Frodo with some heat. ‘What an abominable notion!’ “ (TLOTR, 1988, p.63)
“[….] No, not though he possessed the Ring so long, almost as far back as he can remember. For it was long since he had worn it much: in the black darkness it was seldom needed. Certainly he had never “faded”. He is thin a tough still. But the thing was eating up his mind, of course, and the torment had becomes almost unbearable.” (TLOTR, 1988, p.64)
“[….] He hated the dark, and he hated light more: he hated everything, and the Ring most of all.’ “(TLOTR, 1988, p.64)
Sinsign
(representament)
Object Interpretant
The significant changes that appear in Gollum or smeagol.
The using of the Ring in a long period by
Gollum/Smeagol.
Explanation: “The significant changes that appear in Gollum or Smeagol” stands for sinsign, because the changes that appear in Gollum indicates a singular sign or a reaction of using the Ring.
2). The rise of Gandalf’s status as the chief of the wizard is a one simple sign for his shape and physical changes, at the beginning he is identical with grey and after the changes he becomes completely white.
“[….] ‘Mithrandir!’ he cried. ‘Mithrandir!’
‘Well met, I say to you again, Legolas!’ said the old man. They all gazed at him. His hair is white as snow in the sunshine; and gleaming white was his robe; the eyes under his deep brows were bright, piercing as the rays of the sun; power was in his hand.” (TLOTR II, 1988, p.98)
Sinsign
(representament)
object Interpretant
The changes in Gandalf. The rise of Gandalf’s status as the council of Wizard.
The rise of Gandalf’s status as the chief of the wizard is a one simple sign for his shapely and physically changes, at the beginning he was fully grey, and after the changes, he was fully white.
3). Aragorn was hailed as the king of Gondor because Aragorn is Isildur’s heir from Gondor. While Aragorn was on his journey as the Strider, Gondor is led by Lord Denethor as the Steward of Gondor, and then it lead continuously by his son Faramir, after Aragorn was back from his journey, he hailed as the King of Gondor.
“[….] ‘Then Aragorn, being now the heir of Isildur,….” (TLOTR III, 1988, p.338)
Sinsign (representament) object Interpretant The enthronement of
Aragorn as the king of Gondor
Aragorn is Isildur’s heir Aragorn is hailed as the king of Gondor because Aragorn Isildur’s heir from Gondor. And he hailed as a King of Gondor after Gondor was led by the steward of Gondor, Faramir.
Explanation: “The enthronement of Aragorn as the king of Gondor” stands for singular sign or reaction of what happening to Aragorn; Aragorn is Isildur’s heir, and he can be enthroned as the King of Gondor.
“[….] But Arwen became as a mortal woman, and yet it was not her lot to die until all that she had gained lost. ‘As Queen of Elves and Men she dwelt with Aragorn for six-score years in great glory and bliss; yet at last he felt the approach of old age and knew that the span of his life-days was drawing to an end, long though it had been.” (TLOTR III, 1988, p.343)
Sinsign
(representament)
object Interpretant
The changes in Arwen’s power, she lost her immortality as an Elf
Arwen’s marriage with Aragorn
The changes that happen to Arwen when he decided to get marry with Aragorn, her power as an elf was slightly disappeared and he become more like a human that she lost her immortality of an Elf.
Explanation: “The changes in Arwen’s power” stands for singular sign or reaction of Arwen’s marriage with Aragorn. Arwen is an Elf, and Aragorn is a Men, and when Arwen was married with Aragorn, she lost her power of an Elf, and he becomes mortal just like Men.
5). The changes happen in Shire, land of Hobbits, plants grow fast, Shire becomes green, beautiful, and prosperous. And that all happen after Sam spread the soil which given by Lady Galadriel.
“Then suddenly one day, for he had been too busy for weeks to give a thought to his adventures, he remembered the gift of Galadriel
Inside it was filled with a grey dust, soft and fine, in the middle of which was a seed, like a small nut with a silver shale. ‘What can I do with this?’ said Sam.
………….
So Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful or beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of the precious dust in the soil at the root of each. ………….
Spring surpassed his wildest hopes. His trees began to sprout and grow, as if time was in a hurry and wished to make one year do for twenty. In the Party Field a beautiful young sapling leaped up: it had silver bark and long leaves and burst into golden flowers in April.” (TLOTR III, 1988, p.302-303)
Sinsign
(representament)
object Interpretant
The changes that happen in Shire, land or place where the Hobbits are live
The spread of soil which done by Samwise Gamgee
The changes happen in Shire, land of Hobbits, plants grow fast, Shire becomes green, beautiful, and prosperous, that all happen after Sam spread the soil which given by Lady Galadriel.
c). Legisign
1). The types in the Ring
[image:38.612.106.478.98.574.2](TLOTR I, 1988, p.59)
Figure 1
“[….] ‘I cannot read the fiery letters,’ said Frodo in a quavering voice. ‘No,’ said Gandalf, ‘but I can. The letters are Elvish, af an ancient mode, but the language is that of Mordor, which I will not utter here. But this is the Common Tongue is what is said, close enough:
One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,
One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them.
It is only two lines of a verse long known in Elven-lore:
Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky,
Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone, Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die,
One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne In the land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.
One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,
One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them. In the land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.” (TLOTR I, 1988, p.59-60)
Legisign
(representament)
object Interpretant
The types of Elf-language in the Ring (which mentioned by figure 1 above)
The Ring The types in the Ring
Explanation: The type in figure No. 1 above stands for legisign because it is types that use the Elf language and every sign of language is legisign. The type of Elf Language is based only on the convention of this novel, it means that this kind of types only appears in “the Ring“ or only in “The Lord Of The Ring” novel.
2). The types of Isildur which described the Ring
“And after these words Isildur described the Ring, such as he found it.
(TLOTR I, 1988, p.266) Figure 2
Legisign
(representament)
object Interpretant
The types of Isildur about
the Ring (Which
mentioned in figure 2)
Explanation: the types of Isildur that describes the Ring is legisign because every kind of types is legisign. The types of Isildur describe what Isildur said about the Ring, and the Ring is conventionally known by mostly of characters in these novels.
3). The types of Gandalf in his letters to Frodo
[image:40.612.108.479.192.680.2]Legisign
(representament)
object Interpretant
The types of Gandalf (figure 3)
Letter of Gandalf which mentioned to Frodo
The types in the Gandalf’s letter which mentioned to Frodo tells that Gandalf wants Frodo to leave the Bag End soon, and he wants Frodo to go to Bree and find someone named Strider, he also tells Frodo to make sure that Frodo find the real Strider.
4). the types in the Gate of Moria, the place of the Dwarves
[image:42.612.102.485.125.575.2]“The words are in the Elven-tongue of the West of Middle-earth in the Elder Days,” answered Gandalf. “But they do not say anything of importance to us. They say only: The Doors of Durin, Lord of Moria. Speak, friend, and enter. And underneath small and faint is written: I, Narvi, made them. Celebrimbor of Hollin drew these signs.” (TLOTR I, 1988, p.318)
Figure 4 Legisign
(representament)
object Interpretant
The types in the Gate of Moria (figure 4)
Gate of Moria The types of elven-tongue in the Gate of Moria tells about how is the way to entering the gate
5). The types in Balin’s tomb
[image:43.612.109.480.137.503.2]“[….] ‘It looks like a tomb,’ muttered Frodo, and bent forwards with a curious sense of foreboding, to look more closely at it. Gandalf came quickly to his side. On the slab runes were deeply graven:
Figure 5
‘These are Daeron’s runes, such as were used of old in Moria,’ said Gandalf. ‘Here is written in the tongues of Men and Dwarves:
BALIN SON OF FUNDIN LORD OF MORIA.’
‘He is dead then,’ said Frodo. ‘I feared it was so.’ Gimli cast his hood over his face. (TLOTR I, 1988, p.333-334)
Legisign
(representament)
object Interpretant
The types in Balin’s tomb (figure 5)
appears in this novel), and every language is legisign. Beside that, this language also understood by mostly of characters in these novels.
2. The relation of sign to object a). Icon
[image:44.612.104.478.162.705.2]1). The other names of Gandalf
Figure 6
“[….] Mithrandir we called him in elf-fashion,’ said Faramir. ‘and he was content. Many are my names in many countries, he said. Mithrandir among the elves, Tharkûn to the Dwarves; Olórin I was in my youth in the West that is forgotten, in the south Incánus, in the North Gandalf; to the East I go not.” (TLOTR II, 1988, p.278-279)
representament Icon (object) Interpretant
Gandalf Mithrandir, Tharkún,
Olróin, Incánus
Mithrandir is the name for Gandalf that usually called by the Elves, Tharkun is the name for Gandalf that usually called by the Dwarves, Olorin was his name when he was youth in the West, and Incanus is the name that usually called by the people from the South.
Mithrandir
Tharkûn
Incánus
Explanation: in figure 6 above, it is explained that other names such as Mithrandir, Tharkún, Olróin, Incánus stand as icon that signifies the representament (Gandalf). The other names of Gandalf resemble the object which is the name of Gandalf itself. Mithrandir is the name for Gandalf that is usually called by the Elves, Tharkún is the name for Gandalf that usually called by the Dwarves, Olróin is his name when he was youth in the West, and Incánus is the name that usually called by the people from the South.
2). The word “Master” which use by Samwise and Smeagol to called Frodo
Figure 7
representament Icon (object) Interpretant
Frodo “Master” Samwise and Smeagol was called
Frodo “Master”
Explanation: on figure 7 above, the word “Master” stands for an icon and the character of Frodo stands for representament. The word “Master” resembles its object, Frodo. Samwise is called Frodo “Master”, and so is Smeagol, he is also called Frodo “Master”.
3). The other names of Aragorn Master Master
Sméagol Samwise
[image:45.612.101.484.227.562.2]Figure 8
“[….] In this hour take the name that was foretold for you, Elessar, the Elfstone of the house of Elendil!’
Then Aragorn took the stone and pinned the brooch upon his breast….” (TLOTR I, 1988, p.391)
“[….] Then Aragorn, being now the heir of Isildur, was taken with his mother to dwell in the house of Elrond; and Elrond took the place of his father and came to love him as a son of his own. But he was called Estel, that is “Hope” and his true name and lineage were kept secret at the bidding of Elrond….” (TLOTR III, 1988, p.338)
“[….] ‘But I am the real Strider, fortunately,’ he said, looking down at them with his face softened by a sudden smile. ‘I am Aragorn son of Arathorn; and if by life or death I can save you, I will.’” (TLOTR I, 1988, p.183)
representament Icon (object) Interpretant
Aragorn Elessar, Estel, Strider Elessar is the name that given by Lady Galadriel to Aragorn, Estel is his own name when he was young age in Rivendell, and Strider is what people usually called him because he lives as a great traveler or strider (pengembara).
Strider Estel Elessar
[image:46.612.103.479.117.674.2]Explanation: Aragorn in figure 8 stands for representament, and other name such as Elessar, Estel, and Strider stands for icon and resemble its object (Arragorn). Elessar is name that given by Lady Galadriel to Aragorn, Estel is his own name when he was young age in Rivendell, and Strider is what people usually called him because he lives as a great traveler or strider (pengembara).
[image:47.612.108.481.206.537.2]4).The other names of Lady Galadriel
Figure 9
“[….] Yet I envy that have spoken with the White Lady.” “The Lady of Lorien! Galadriel!’ cried Sam.” (TLOTR II, 1988, p.288).
“[….]You passed through the hidden land,” said Faramir, “But it seems that you little understood its power. If Men have dealings with the Mistress of Magic who dwells in the Golden Wood, then they may look for strange things to follow.” (TLOTR II, 1988, p.275)
representament Icon (object) Interpretant
Lady Galadriel White Lady, Mistress of Magic
Lady Galadriel often called White Lady by the people because he had a fair skin and often wore white robes, and she seemed to shine with a white light. She also called Mistress of Magic by Faramir.
White Lady
Mistress of Magic
Explanation: Lady Galadriel on figure 9 above is representament, and other names such as White Lady and Mistress of Magic are stands for icon, because the other names resemble its object which is Lady Galadriel itself. Lady Galadriel often calls White Lady by the people because he had a fair skin and often wore white robes, and she seemed to shine with a white light. She also called Mistress of Magic by Faramir.
[image:48.612.99.483.250.538.2]5). The other names of Hobbit
Figure 10
“Hobbit was the name usually applied by the Shire-folk to all their kind. Men called them Halfling and the Elves Periannath.” (TLOTR III, 1988, p. 408)
representament Icon (object) Interpretant
Hobbit Halfing, Periannath Halfing is what Men
called for Hobbit, and Elves called them Perrianath.
Explanation: Hobbit in figure 10 above is representament, and other name such as Halfling and Periannnath are icon because the other names of Hobbits resemble the object itself (Hobbits). The Men calls hobbit with Halfling, and then the Elf calls them Periannath.
Halfling
Periannath
b). Index
1). The using of the Ring
a. Frodo becomes able to see what he was never seen before, the consequences that Frodo get is an Index of using the Ring. The quotation from the novel is below:
“[….] and slipped the Ring on the forefinger of his left hand.
Immediately, though everything else remained as before, dim and dark, the shape became terribly clear. He was able to see beneath their black wrappings.” (TLOTR I, 1988, p.208).
representament Index (object) Interpretant
The using of the Ring by Frodo
The ability of Frodo to see the unusual thing
Frodo becomes able to see what he was never seen before, the
consequences that Frodo get is an Index of using the Ring.
Explanation: “The ability of Frodo to see the unusual thing” stands for an index because it explains the causal relation between the using of the Ring and the consequence of using the Ring. In other words, Frodo can see the unusual thing because he used the Ring.
b. The consequence that Frodo get because of using the Ring is he became easier to find by the Eye (of Sauron) in Orthanc tower, the place of Saruman in Mordor.
leaped towards him; almost like a finger he felt it, searching for him. Very soon it would nail him down, know exactly where he was.” (TLOTR I, 1988, p.417).
representament Index (object) Interpretant
The using of the Ring by Frodo
The Eye becomes aware of Frodo’s position
The consequences that Frodo get of using the Ring is his position became easier to find by the Eye in Orthanc tower, the place of Saruman in Mordor.
Explanation: “The Eye becomes aware of Frodo’s position” stands as an index because it explains the causal relation between the using of the Ring and the consequence of using the Ring. In other words, Frodo is easily found by the Eye because he used the Ring.
c. Another occurrences of using the Ring is Frodo can make his body disappear if he uses it, and he will be back just like before if he put the Ring’s off from his finger. He was ever to prove it when he was in his Guard’s home, Tom Bombadil, as it quoted below.
“[….] Merry turned toward him to say something and gave a start and checked an exclamation. Frodo was delighted (in a way): it was his own ring all right, for Merry was staring blankly at his chair, and obviously could not see him.” (TLOTR I, 1988, p.144).
representament Index (object) Interpretant
The using of the Ring by Frodo
Ring can make his body of shape disappear if he uses it, and his body of shape will be back again just like before if he put the Ring off his finger. He was ever to prove it when he was in his Guard’s home, Tom Bombadil, as it quoted below.
Explanation: “Frodo can disappear” stands as an index because it explains the causal relation between the using of the Ring and the consequence of using the Ring. In other words, Frodo can make himself disappear because he used the Ring.
2). The destruction of the Dark Lord’s ring was caused the great disaster to the Middle Earth. The war which happened in Pellenor was suddenly over when the great disaster happened, earth quake, swirling dark cloud, the tower was collapsed and ruined. The enemy is gone left the battle field. That all happened as an index of the Ring destruction. It is explained in quotation below.
like an overwhelming wave, and its wild crest curled and came foaming down upon the land.” (TLOTR III, 1988, p.224).
representament Index (object) Interpretant
The destruction of Dark Lord ring
Great disaster that happens in Middle Earth
The destruction of the Dark Lord ring caused the great disaster to the Middle Earth. The war which still happening in Pellenor is suddenly over when the great disaster is happen, earth quake, swirling dark cloud, the tower was collapsed and ruined. The enemy is gone left the battle field. That all happened as an index of the Ring destruction. It is explained in quotation below.
Explanation: “Great disaster that happens in Middle Earth” stands as an index because it explains the causal relation between the destruction of the Dark Lord’s Ring and the great disaster that happened in Middle Earth. In other words, the great disaster happens in Middle Earth because of the destruction of the Dark Lord’s Ring.
3). The changes of Gandalf from the Grey wizard to the White wizard is an index of his coronation as head of the Council and substitute Saruman’s position, because Saruman was abusing his power with help Sauron.
Saruman the White. Gandalf is the White now.” (TLOTR II, 1988, p.195).
representament Index (object) Interpretant
Gandalf’s enthronement as the head of the Council
The changes of Gandalf from the Grey wizard to the White wizard
The changes of Gandalf from the Grey wizard to the White wizard is an index of his coronation as head of the Council and substitute Saruman’s position, because
Saruman is abusing his power with help Sauron.
Explanation: “The changes of Gandalf from the Grey Wizard to the White Wizard” stands as an index because it explains the causal relation between the enthronements of Gandalf as the head of the Council and the changes in Gandalf from the Grey Wizard to the White Wizard. In other words, Gandalf is change becomes the White Wizard because of his enthronement as the head of Council.
4). Arwen lost her power as an elf is an index of her Marriage with Aragorn, and Arwen lost her immortality of an elf, and becomes a mortal thing just like a Men race.
“[….] There at last when the mallorn-leaves were falling, but spring had not yet come, she laid herself to rest upon Cerin Amroth; and there is her green grave, until the world is changed, and all the days of her life are utterly forgotten by men that come after, and elanor and niphredil bloom no more east of the sea.” (TLOTR III, 1988, p.344).
representament Index (object) Interpretant
Aragorn immortality as an Elf an elf is an index of her Marriage with Aragorn, and Arwen lost her immortality of an elf, and becomes a mortal thing just like a Men race.
Explanation: “the loss of Arwen’s immortality as an Elf” stands as an index because it explains the causal relation between Arwen’s marriage with Aragorn and the loss of Arwen’s immortality as an Elf. In other words, Arwen lost her immortality as an Elf because she was married with Aragorn.
5). Frodo get coma and serious condition for a few times is an index of Shelob’s sting.
“[….] Frodo was lying face upward on the ground and the monster was bending over him, so intent upon her victim that she took no heed of Sam and his cries, until he was close at hand. As he rushed up he saw that Frodo was already bound in cords, wound about him from ankle to shoulder, and the monster with her grat forelegs was beginning half to lift, half to drag his body away.” (TLOTR II, 1988, p.337).
Representament Index (object) Interpretant
Shelob (kind of giant spider which attack Frodo) sting
The serious condition that Frodo get
Frodo get coma and serious condition for a few times is an index of Shelob’s sting.
what happening to Frodo. In other words, Frodo had serious condition because of Shelob’s sting.
c). Symbol
1). Saruman’s symbol (Orthanc Tower and Isengard)
“[….] ‘Isengard is a sort of ring of rocks or hills, I think, with a flat space inside an an island or pillar of rocks in the middle, called Orthanc. Saruman has a tower on it.” (TLOTR II, 1988, p.85)
“[….] Beneath the walls of Isengard there is still were acres tilled by the slaves of Saruman; most of the valley had becomes a wilderness of weeds and thorns. Brambles trailed upon the ground, or clambering over bush and bank, made shaggy caves where small beasts housed.” (TLOTR II, 1988, p.158)
“[….] Between them was a narrow space, and there upon a floor of polished stone, written with strange signs, a man might stand five hundred feet above the plain. This was Orthanc, the citadel of Saruman,….” (TLOTR II, 1988, p.160)
representament Symbol (object) Interpretant
Othanc Tower and Isengard
Saruman Saruman is identically
with the Orthanc tower, it is the place where
Explanation: ”Orthanc Tower and Isengard” stands for a symbol because it only denotes to Saruman as the one that only relates with Orthanc Tower and Isengard and does not denote to other character.
2). Elrond’s symbol (The scepter of Annuminas)
“[….] and last came Master Elrond, mighty among Elves and Men, bearing the scepter of Annuminas, and beside him upon a grey palfrey rode Arwen his daughter, Evenstar of her people.” (TLOTR III, 1988, p.251)
representament Symbol (object) Interpretant
The scepter of Annuminas Elrond Elrond’s scepter is symbol of authority as the leader of the Elves and Annuminas is place where Elrond is stay. Explanation: ”The scepter of Annuminas” is stand as a symbol because it will denote only to one character, which is Elrond as the only one who own that scepter.
3). Gandalf’s symbol (Glamdring and Narya the Great)
“[….] Gandalf walked in front as before. In his left hand he held up his glimmering staff, the light of which just showed the ground before his feet; in his right he held his sword Glamdring.” (TLOTR I, 1988, p.324)
“[….] As he turned and came towards them Frodo saw that Gandalf now wore openly on his hand, the Third Ring, Narya the Great, and the stone upon it was red as fire.” (TLOTR III, 1988, p.310)
representament Symbol (object) Interpretant
Glamdring (Gandalf’s sword), Narya the Great (Gandalf’s Ring)
Gandalf Glamdring is Gandalf’s
named Narya the Great, it is also becomes a symbol of Gandalf as a wizard Explanation: “Glamdring and Narya the Great” stands as a symbol because it will denote only to Gandalf who own both things, Glamdring is his sword and Narya the Great is his ring.
4). The Kingdom of Rohan’s symbol (Rohirrim)
“[….] And I was glad for in the Riddermark of Rohan the Rohirrim, the horse-lords, dwell….” (TLOTR I, 1988, p.275)
“[….] the hobbit on his little shaggy grey pony, and the Lord of Rohan on his great white horse.” (TLOTR III, 1988, p.65)
representament Symbol (object) Interpretant
Horse Rider (Rohirrim) Kingdom of Rohan The Kingdom of Rohan identically with the horse, the Lord of Rohan is ride a white horse, and the troops of Rohan are mostly ride a horse, and they well known as Rohirrim (Riders from Rohan) and that is a symbol of Rohan. As an addition, based on the Lord Of The Ring movie (New Line Cinema), the Kingdom of Rohan is have a white horse symbol in its flags or banners.
5). The symbol of Dol Amroth Land (Ship and Silver Swan) “[….] And last and proudest, Imrahil, Prince of Dol Amroth, kinsman of the Lord, with gilded banners bearing his token of the ship and Silver Swan,….” (TLOTR III, 1988, p.43)
“[….] And from the walls and answering shout went up; for foremost on the field rode the Swan-knights of Dol Amroth with their prince and his blue banner at their head.” (TLOTR III, 1988, p.94)
representament Symbol (object) Interpretant
Ship and Silver swan emblem.
Dol Amroth land Dol Amroth land is symbolized with the emblem of ship and silver swan. This symbol could be related with the location of this land which close by the sea, and the silver swan is symbol of the knights of this land.
Explanation: “Ship and Silver Swan” stands as symbol because the only Land which has this symbol is only Dol Amroth, it will only denote to Dol Amroth Land, and not denote to the other Land.
3. The relation of sign to interpretant a). Rheme
1). The interpretation of the word “Ring”
“[….] ‘This is the Master-ring, the One Ring to rule them all.” (TLOTR I, 1988, p.60)
Ring, for that was made by Sauron himself.” (TLOTR I, 1988, p.70).
representament object Rheme (interpretant)
the word “Ring”, R-i-n-g The word “Ring” in the novel
The word “Ring” is familiar in our ears and it is a usual kind of thing, it is small circular metal band worn on a finger. But, if we connect the word “Ring” with the Dark Lord based on the novel, it will denote to the One Ring (the Dark Lord’s ring) it is clearly becomes a thing that have such a great power, and not as usual ring as we know.
Explanation: “the word “Ring” stands for rheme because it has possibility to interpret based on contextual situation. if we define the word “Ring” contextually in our life, it will denote to the usual thing, a circular thing that usually worn in our finger, but if we define the word “Ring” contextually to “The Lord Of The Ring” novel, it will denote to the One Ring, the evil ring that has a great evil power and it is owned by Sauron.
2). The interpretation of Gandalf ‘s sign
“[….] ‘The stroke on the left might be a G-rune with thin branches,’ said Strider. ‘It might be a sign left by Gandalf, though one cannot be sure….” (TLOTR I, 1988, p.199)
representament object Rheme (interpretant) The letter “G” in
Angerthas language
The letter “G” in Angerthas language that denotes to Gandalf’s sign
Gandalf has his own signature, and it looks like this figure below:
If this signature transliterated to Angerthas language (based
