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SPEECH FUNCTIONS OF RADIOTELEPHONY IN AIR
GROUND COMMUNICATION
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
AGUNG PRAMONO Registration Number 8126112002
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, the writer would like to express his greatest gratitude to Allah SWT, the almighty that has given him the ability, healthy, and safety to finish this thesis.
A deepest gratitude is expressed to Prof. Busmin Gurning, MPd, as his first adviser for his valuable guidance, consultations and supports during working this thesis and Dr. Zainudin, M Hum, as his second adviser for his valuable corrections and advices in finishing this thesis.
He also expresses his great gratitude to Director of Post Graduate School, Head and Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program of State University of Medan, all of lecturers who have equipped him during the times of lecturing and finishing this thesis.
Then he thanks to General Manager of Perum LPPNPI Branch Office Medan, who had welcomed and given him chance during conducting this study.
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The writer realizes that every work has the weaknesses; hence he hopes the good critics and suggestions for the perfection of this thesis. And hopefully his thesis is useful for the readers
Medan, Maret 2016
The Writer,
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ABSTRACT
Pramono, Agung : Speech Functions Of Radiotelephony In Air Ground Communication. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics. Graduate Program. State
University of Medan. 2016.
This thesis deals with speech functions of radiotelephony in air ground communication. This study attempts to investigate the speech functions found in the air ground communication when the unusual situation or emergency occur i.e. what types of speech functions are used in air ground communication, why these types used as the way they are and in what context the speech functions is used as the ways they are. The data of the research were taken from actual language in air-ground communication collected from cockpit voice recorder (CVR), recorded in the black box. The findings indicate that there are fourteen types of speech functions used by pilots and controllers in air-ground communication, which consists of: Attribution, Material, Mental, Relation, statement, question, command, offer, answer, acknowledge, accept, compliment, contradiction, disclaimer. The data analysis shows that not all types of speech functions are used by pilots and controllers in air-ground communication. They use primary knower (k1), secondary knower (k2), primary knowers follow up (k1f), secondary the rules about lexicogrammar especially the fourteen systematically speech function, the pilot and air traffic controller use english phraseology prefer than plain language. And the air traffic controller dominantly used question and command becaused of the following; the controllers dominantly position as the listener or hearer in the interaction, the controllers need the information in the interaction via seeking their partner’s input or opinion, clarifying or confirming their partner’s communication including correcting erroneous information, the controllers has not discourses of knowledge especially the roles of speech function in the communication. The pilot or controller use speech function to accurately reflect their point of view and express the emotion and this can be achieved wth reference to social context in terms of context of situation, context of culture, and context of ideology.
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ABSTRACT
Pramono, Agung : Speech Functions Of Radiotelephony In Air Ground Communication. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics. Graduate Program. State
University of Medan. 2016.
Tesis ini membahas tentang speech functions of radiotelephony in air ground communication. Penelitian ini bertujuan menginvestigasi fungsi ujaran yang ditemukan dalam komunikasi dari darat ke udara pada saat situasi yang tidak normal atau terjadi kondisi darurat, seperti jenis-jenis ujaran apa yang digunakan dalam komunikasi darat udara, mengapa seperti demikian jenis jenis ujaran ini digunakan dan dalam konteks apa fungsi ujaran digunakan seperti demikian. Data penelitian diambil dari bahasa yang sebenarnya dalam komunikasi dari darat ke udara yang dikumpulkan dari perekam suara kokpit (CVR) yang direkam dalam kotak hitam. Temuan dari thesis ini menunjukkan bahwa ada empat belas jenis fungsi ujaran yang digunakan oleh pilot dan pemandu lalu lintas penerbangan dalam komunikasi darat-udara, yang terdiri dari: atribusi, material, mental, hubungan, pernyataan, pertanyaan, perintah, tawaran, jawaban, mengakui, menerima, pujian, kontradiksi, penolakan. Analisis data dari thesis ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak semua jenis fungsi ujaran yang digunakan oleh pilot dan pemandu lalu lintas penerbangan dalam komunikasi darat-udara. Mereka menggunakan primary knower (k1), secondary knower (k2), primary knowers follow up (k1f), secondary knowers follow up (k2f), delayed primary knowers (dk1), delayed primary actor (da1), primary actor (a1), secondary actor (a2), primary actor follow up (a1f), secondary actor follow up (a2f). Alasan dari fungsi ujaran yang direalisasikan oleh pilot dan pengendali lalu lintas udara dalam komunikasi dari darat-udara adalah sebagai berikut: pilot secara dominan adalah pembicara bukan pendengar, pilot tidak mengetahui aturan tentang lexicogrammar terutama empat belas fungsi ujaran secara sistematis, pilot dan pengendali lalu lintas udara lebih banyak menggunakan phraseology dari pada bahasa Inggris umum. Dan pengendali lalu lintas udara secara dominan menggunakan pertanyaan dan perintah karena; posisi pengendali lalu lintas udara secara dominan sebagai pendengar dalam interaksi, pengendali lalu lintas udara memerlukan informasi dalam interaksi melalui mencari masukan atau pendapat teman bicara mereka, mengklarifikasi atau mengkonfirmasi komunikasi pasangan bicara mereka termasuk mengoreksi informasi yang keliru, pengendali lalu lintas udara belum mempunyai pengetahuan dalam menganalisa terutama peran dari fungsi ujaran dalam komunikasi. Pilot atau pemandu lalu lintas penerbangan dalam menggunakan fungsi ujaran secara akurat mencerminkan sudut pandang mereka dan mengekspresikan emosi dan ini dapat dicapai dengan mengacu pada kontek social dengan maksud kontek situasi, kontek budaya, dan kontek ideologi.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………... ………...i
ABSTRACT………...iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………. v
LIST OF TABLES……….x
LIST OF FIGURE………xi
LIST OF ACRONYMS………... xii
LIST OF APPENDICES ……… xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of The Study...1
1.2 The Problem Of The Study ...7
1.3 The Objectives of The Study...7
1.4 The Scope of The Study...7
1.5 The Signification of The Study... 8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Speech Functions...9
2.1.1 The types of speech function... ...10
2.1.2 The Derivation of Speech Function...11
2.1.3 The Realization of Speech Function in Mood...14
2.1.4 The Structure of Speech Function...15
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2.1.4.2 Exchanging Information:
The Grammar of Propositions...22
2.1.4.2.1 The Mood Structure of Declarative Clause ...30
2.1.4.2.2 The Mood structure of Interrogative Clause ... 30
2.1.4.2.3 The Structure of Exclamatives... 33
2.1.4.2.4 Modality: Modalization ...34
2.1.4.3 Exchanging Goods and Services: The Grammar of Proposals ...35
2.1.4.3.1 The structure of imperatives ...37
2.1.4.3.2 The structure of Offers ...38
2.1.4.3.3 Modality: modulation...39
2.1.5 The Exchange Structure ... 39
2.1.5.1 Extending Moves and Acts... 41
2.1.6 Exchange Dynamics... 45
2.2 The Similarity and Difference between Speech Function and Speech Act ...46
2.3 Conversation Analysis...47
2.4 Discourse Structure of Actual Air-Ground Communication... 48
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2.6 Conceptual Framework ...55
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 The Design of the Research ... 57
3.2 Instrument Of The Data Collection...57
3.3 Techniques of data collection...58
3.3.1 Data...58
3.3.2 Data Gathering ...58
3.4 The Techniques of Data Analysis... 59
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Data Analysis ………...61
4.1.1 Type of Speech Function Radiotelephony In Air Ground Communication…...61
4.1.1.1 Speech Function in ACAS / TCAS………62
4.1.1.2 Speech Function in Birds Strike …………63
4.1.1.3 Speech Function in Bomb Warning ……..64
4.1.1.4 Speech Function in Brake Problem ……...65
4.1.1.5 Speech Function in Communication Failure...66
4.1.1.6 Speech Function in Emergency Descent ...67
4.1.1.7 Speech Function in Engine Failure ……...68
4.1.1.8 Speech Function in Engine Fire …………69
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4.1.1.10 Speech Function in Smoke
In The Cockpit ...70
4.1.1.11 Speech Function in
Unlawful Interference... 71
4.1.2. The Contexts in Which Speech Function
Are Used...72
4.1.2.1 The Context in Which Speech Function
Are Used In ACAS / TCAS …...……..72
4.1.2.2 The Context in Which Speech Function
Are Used In Bird Strike ………73
4.1.2.3 The Context in Which Speech Function
Are Used In Bomb Warning ………74
4.1.2.4 The Context in Which Speech Function
Are Used In Brake Problems ………74
4.1.2.5 The Context in Which Speech Function
Are Used In Communication Failure ……75
4.1.2.6 The Context In Which Speech Function
Are Used In Emergency Descent ……75
4.1.2.7 The Context in Which Speech Function
Are Used In Engine Failure………..76
4.1.2.8 The Context in Which Speech Function
Are Used In Engine on Fire
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4.1.2.9 The Context in Which Speech Function
Are Used In Gear Problems
Unsafe Indication / No Gear ...77
4.1.2.10 The Context in Which Speech Function
Are Used In Smoke
or Fire in the Cockpit... 78
4.1.2.11 The Context In Which Speech Function
Are Used In Unlawful Interference………78
4.2 Research Findings ………...84
4.3 Discussion ………...86
4.3.1 The exclusion of Speech Functions in
Air Ground Communication ………….. 86
4.3.2 Exclusion of Moves
in Air Ground Communication ……... 88
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ………….………....90
5.2 Suggestions ………...90
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Pages
Table 2.1 The basic types of speech functions………..10 Table 2.2 The Realization of Speech functions ………15 Table 2.3 Speech functions and Responses ……….18 Table 2.4 The Structure of an Initiating Move and
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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Pages
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
SFL :Systemic Functional Linguistics
S : Statement
Q : Question
C :Command
O :Offer
ANS :Answer
ACK :Acknowledgement
AC :Accept
COMP :Compliance DEC :Declarative INTRO :Interrogative IMPR :Imperative
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Pages
I. ACAS / TCAS,………..……….page 2 of 19
II. Bird Strike, ...page 3 of 19 III. Bomb Warning, ...page 5 of 19 IV. Brake Problems, ...page 6 of 19 V. Communication Failure,... page 7 of 19 VI. Emergency Descent, ... page 8 of 19 VII. Engine Failure, ...page 10 of 19 VIII. Engine On Fire, ... page 13 of 19
IX. Gear Problems Unsafe Indication /
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of The Study
Language is representation of thought, feeling, objective, action and
destination. People use language to communicate their thoughts to others. But
language is not just limited to the act of communication of one’s thought. People
do many more things with language.
Language is a means of communication in social interactions. It plays a
very vital role in human’s life. It has various functions such as : to express ideas,
feelings, and desires and most of human’s knowledge and culture stored and
transmitted through language. It means that it is used as a social instrument to
show language users identity in a society.
Besides, it is also the expression of human communication throught which
knowledge, belief, and behaviour can be experienced, explained, and shared. This
sharing is based on systematic, conventionally used signs, sounds, gestures, or
marks that convey understood meanings within a group or community. When
discussed more technically as a general phenomenon then, a language,
particularly used in a conversation conducted between pilots and air traffic
controllers or ‘air-ground communication’ to maneuver the flight operation in
order to ensure safe and efficient performance is called ‘radiotelephony’.
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communication setting in which pilots and air traffic controllers have encountered
and the particularized language called ‘radiotelephony’ is emerged.
To provide a brief background of ‘radiotelephony’, the context of
‘airground communication’ will be explicitly disclosed. ‘Air-ground
communication’ is a voice communication carried through radio transmission.
Most aircraft are equipped with at least one high-quality radio for a
communication which operates in the very high frequency (VHF) radio band. The
VHF band is between 108 MHz and 137 MHz, which covers its use for
commercial and general aviation, radio navigational aids, air traffic control and
others. Aircraft fly high enough so that their transmitters can be received hundreds
of miles away. The transmission is controlled by push-to-talk system; therefore
the speaker needs to push the button every time in order to relay the message.
Otherwise, the message cannot be dispatched to the co-participant. Since
‘air-ground communication’ is a conversational discourse via specific
technological equipment, occasionally interrupted with high frequency noise, the
communication pattern and the language use are definitely unique. To conduct the
efficient air-ground communication, ‘radiotelephony’ is deliberately designed for
pilots and air traffic controllers represented in narrow, specialized and rigid
linguistic subset of English language by the working group of International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO), named ‘International Language for Aviation
(ILA)’.
Basically, air-ground communication is performed in correlation with the
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traffic controller who perform their activities from different workplaces, an
aircraft and a controller center. While controlling the aircraft, a pilot needs to
perform a professional communication through a specific radio frequency with an
air traffic controller who is more or less the same as a traffic police. A controller
also has to initiate the conversation with a pilot from time to time to ensure the
aircraft position and to enforce it on the accurate flight path. Within a particular
airspace, there are numbers of aircraft operating in and out to their destinations.
Therefore, it is necessary to systematically deliver messages and instructions back
and forth.
Air traffic controllers and flight crews shall use appropriate
communicative strategies to exchange messages and to recognize and resolve
misunderstandings (e.g. to check, confirm, or clarify information) in a general or
work-related context. The communication can be seen as follow:
LOD SOURCE CONVERSATION MOVE SPEECH
FUNCTION MOOD
1 Pilot Elmendorf tower, Yukla
two seven heavy. We
K2 (K1) Question Imperative
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Refer to the above dialogue, when the pilot said “Elmendorf tower, Yukla
two seven heavy. We have an emergency. Lost number two engine, we've taken
some birds.“ it mean that the pilot was giving information to the ATC about the
emergency situation of lost number two engine that was ingested by some birds.
Then ATC acknowledged it by saying “say intentions!” It mean that the ATC
wants to know what the pilot will do and the pilot says that they return back to
Yukla airport to conduct the emergency landing. So the ATC acknowledged the
situation by preparing of assistant on arrival.
The exchange structure is happened between pilot and ATC show that
there is marked in using speech function. The ATC asks to pilot ‘what he will do?
(interrogative sentence)’ become imperative. The communication happened above
is nonstandard but It permits in emergency situation to avoid miscommunication
between pilot and ATC.
According to Halliday (1994 : 8) the conceptual framework consist of
three distinct closely related senses in its interpretation (1) of text, (2)of the
system, and (3) of the elements of linguistic structures. Each element in a
language is explained by reference to its function in the total linguistic system.
Therefore, a functional grammar is one that construes all the units of a language –
its clauses, phrases and so on – as organic configurations of functions.
In other words, each part is interpreted as functional with respect to the
whole. Montgomery in thompson (2003 : 38) said that language informs the one
thinks, the way one experiences, and the way one interacts with each other.
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Systematic knowledge about language and practical awareness of how it works is
fundamental to the process of building mature communities.
There are two terms mostly involved while interacting or communicating,
they are: speaker or writer and listener or audience. In the act of speaking, the
speaker adopts for himself a particular speech role, and in so doing assigns to the
listener a complementary role which he wishes him to adopt in his turn. For
example, in asking question, a speaker is taking on the role of seeker of
information and requiring the listener to take on the role of supplier of the
information demanded.
The most fundamental types of speech role are (1) giving and (2)
demanding. Either the speaker is giving something to the listener, for example, a
piece of information or he is demanding something from him. Even these
elementary categories already involve complex notions: giving means ‘inviting to
give”. The speaker is not only doing something himself, he is also requiring
something of the listener. Typically, therefore, an ‘act’ of speaking is something
that might more appropriately be called an ‘interact’: it is an exchange, in which
giving implies receiving and demanding implies giving in response.
Besides ‘giving’ and ‘demanding’ there are another distinction, equally
fundamental, that relates to the nature of the commodity being exchanged,
namely: either goods -&-services or information. The exchange of
goods-&-services refer to the non-verbal exchange commodity, and information refers to a
verbal one. These two variables, when taken together, define the four primary
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The discussion of this study refers to the title of this thesis, namely :
speech functions of radiotelephony in air ground communication. There are
some reasons for choosing the speech functions of radiotelephony in air ground
communication. First, Air ground communication is used in a conversation
conducted between pilots and air traffic controllers. The language used among
them will be analyzed to find out what types of speech functions are used in air
ground communication, why these types used as the way they are and in what
context the speech functions is used as the ways they are.
Besides that, the studies which focuses on the speech functions in air
ground communication is rarely found. The previously research was done by Ms.
Paneeta Nitayaphorn (2009). The title is A Reference Grammar of
Radiothelepony in Air-Ground Communication. It is deliberately conformed in
four crucial linguistic domains; discourse, lexicon, syntax and morphology by
examining two sets of data; one from the manual and another from the actual
communication. The main communicative functions in air-ground discourse are
denoted by directing, informing and eliciting.
Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the speech functions used in
air-ground communication when the unusual situation or emergency occur. The
main aspect to be observed is the speech functions such as making an offer, a
command, a statement, and a question among the pilot and air traffic controller.
These facts seem to be a motivation to conduct the present study dealing with
speech functions which are conveyed by pilots & controller in order to find out
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1.2 The Problems of The Study
The problems are formulated as the following
1. What types of speech functions are used in airground communication?
2. Why these types used as the ways they are?
3. In what context the speech functions is used as the ways they are?
1.3 The Objectives of The Study
In line with the problems, the objectives of the study are:
1. to describe what types of speech functions are used in airground
communication,
2. to investigate why these types used as the ways they are, and
3. to investigate in what context the speech functions is used as the ways
they are.
1.4 The Scope of The Study
This study attempts to investigate the speech functions used in air-ground
communication. The main aspect to be observed is the speech functions such as
making an offer, a command, a statement, and a question among the pilot and air
traffic controller. The focus is on the meaning or speech functions when the
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1.5 The Significance of The Study
Findings of the study are expected to be significantly relevant theoretically
and practically. Theoretically, the research findings can provide a new
contribution to the development of the conceptual knowledge about the speech
function used in the air-ground communication. Besides, this findings can account
for the aspects of the situation in which a speech function occurs and how people
use and interpret a speech. Consequently, it will give better understanding and
new insight on how speech functions is related to the aspect of functional
grammar study.
Practically, the findings of this research can be used for designing the
appropriate language curriculum with reference to essential linguistic elements for
pilots and air traffic controllers in order to enhance their proficiency in
communicative skills especially when applying radiotelephony during flight
operations and controlling aeroplane. And improving the language system of
radiotelephony defined and used in air-ground communication to prevent
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CHAPTERV
CONCLUSIONSANDSUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
After analyzing the data, the conclusions are as the following.
1. There are fourteen types of speech functions used by pilots and controllers in air-ground communication.Not all types of speech functions are used by pilots and controllers in air-ground communication.
2. Speech function is one contributed to handle emergency situation because the pilots seek or request for information or clarification and the controllers need the informationfor clarifying or confirming including correcting erroneous.
3. The use of speech functions of radiotelephony in air ground communication refers to thecontext of situation, and context of culture.
5.2 Suggestions
In relations to the conclusions, suggestions are offered as the following. 1. It is suggested that all pilots and controllers should use speech functions
well, because using speech function enable speakers and listeners to express their needs, message and to give information clearly.
2. Further research requires to be conducted to know more about the speech functions and its fields.
3. The same research needsto be conducted to conversation analysis of air-ground communication between pilots and controller, to enrichthe
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researchers and the reader knowledge in the field of air-ground communication.
4. It is suggested to National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) that the conversation between the pilots and air traffic controllers recorded in Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) is rarely examined in any study. Thus, it would be challenging enough to learn about linguistic units conformed during an emergency situation thathow much it moves from regular communication in the workplace.
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