The Effect of Information Sharing on Empowerment in Indonesia

dIMA 7005  conference  fi1

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Table

of

Contents

ISBN: 0-9753393-4-6

Internet and Information Technology in

Modern Organizations:

Challenges & Answers

Proceedings of

The 5

th

International Business Information Management

Association Conference

December 13 - 15, 2005

Cairo, Egypt

Editor

Khalid S. Soliman

International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA) 

Copyright  20()5 

...

Conference Chai r

Khalid S. Soliman

Hofstra

University,

USA

Program Chair

JBIMA  2,005  conference  fi I

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Sherif Kamel

American University in Cairo, Egypt

Imed Boughzala

GET Iinstitut National des Telecommunications, France

French Track Chair

Imed Boughzala

GET/lnstitut National des Telecommunications, France

Spanish Track Chair

Christiane E. Metzner

Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela

Theory and Practice of Software Engi'neering (TPSE) Track.

Chair

Magdy Serour

University of Technology Sydney, Australia

TPSE Track Programme Co-Chairs

Brian Henderson-Sellers

University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Cesar Gonzalez-Perez

University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Conference Advisory Committee

John F. Affisco, Hofstra University, USA

Mel Damodaran, University of Houston-Victoria, USA

Reggie Davidrajuh, Stavanger University College, Norway

Zahir Irani, Brunei University, UK

Markus Mau, University of Giessen, Germany

Nicole Mau, University of Giessen, Germany

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Mohammad Eyadat, California State University, USA

Krassie Petrova, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand

Marcus Rothenberger, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, USA

Najib Saylani, Hofstra University, USA

Mark Srite, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, USA

Program Committee

Anastase Adonis, Objective Networks, France Vasilis Aggelis, Piraeus Bank, Greece

Mahmoud Arayssi, American University in Beirut, Lebanon Muhammad Fareed Arif, University of Central Punjab, Pakistan

Nabil Arman, Palestine Polytechnic University, Palestine

Muhammad Hasmi Abu Hassan Asaari, Universiti

Sains

Malaysia, Malaysia Sard Assar, I.N. T Evry, France

Riem M. Hamdi Abdel Azim, German University in Cairo, Egypt Imad Baalbaki, American University in Beirut, Lebanon

Ali AI-Badi, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman

Abdul Hafeez-Baig, University of Southern Queensland, Australia Subflajit

Basu,

Queen's University Belfast, Ireland

Jean-Paul Van Belle, University of cape Town, SOlJth Africa Rob Bernard, Higher Colleges of Technology, UAE

John Byrne, RMIT Business, Australia

Silvia Elaluf-Calderwood, London School of Economics, UK Enrique V, Carrera, University San Francisco of Quito, Ecuador

Rommert J. Casimir, Tilburg University, The Netherlands Jan' Mendonca' Correa, Professor

at 

University Of Brasilia, 'Brazil Lourdes Canos Daros, Universidad Politecnica de' Valencia, Spain

Soumaya Ben Dhaol), Paris IX Dauphine University, France Patrick Doran, Zayed University, UAE

Jean-Louis Ermine, Institut National des Telecommunications, France Susana de Juana Espinosa, Universidad de Alicante, Spain Uchenna Eze, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Xiuzhen Feng, University of Twente, Netherland Eulalio G, Campelo Filho, University Karlsruhe, Germany Jose Luis Fuertes, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain

l'Jorjihan Abdul Ghani, University of Malaya, Malaysia Song Han, Curtin University of Technology, Australia Ramzi

A.

Haraty, Lebanese American University, Lebanon

Suraya Hamid, University of Malaya, Malaysia Markus Helfert, Dublin City University, Ireland Pilar Herrero, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain

Mohammed AI-Jadeed, University of Edinburgh, UK Lobna Jeribi, ENSI University, Tunisia Anand Jeyaraj, University of Missouri -St.Louis, USA Kevin Johnston, University of Cape Town, South Africa

Nazean Jomhari, University of Malaya, Malaysia Noorliza Karia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Mohammad Ayub Khan, Tec de Monterrey, Mexico

Rami Khasawneh, Lewis University, USA Matthew Nicolas Kreeger, University of

St,

Andrews, UK

Supakorn Kungpisdan, Monash University, Australia Zaigham Mahmood, University of Derby, UK

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Saeed AI-Maliki, University of East Ang/ia, UK Vicky Manthou, University of Macedonia, Greece Merdad

Mohasses,

Sharjah Women's Colleges, UAE Patrick Loh, Knowledgeworks Consultants, Singapore

Keri Logan, Massey University, New Zealand

Somaya

Ali, Qatar University, Qatar Thi Bac Nguyen, Monash University, Australia

Shastri L Nimmagadda, Wafra Joint Operations Company, Kuwait Thomas Nowey, University of Regensburg, Germany

Urban Nlllden, Goteborg University, Sweden Kok-Leong Ong, Deakin University, Australia

Roslina Othman, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia Siew Hock Ow, University of Malaya, Malaysia

Roberto Paiano, Universita degli Studi di Leece, Italy Victor Pankratius, University of Karlsruhe, Germany

Alan R. Peslak, Penn State University

&

Nova Southeastern University, USA Ghassan AI-Qaimari, University

of

Wol/ongong in Dubai, UAE

Hugo Rehesaar, University of New South Wales, Austra/ia Md. Mahbubur Rahim, Monash University, Australia

Sri Devi Ravana, University

of

Malaya, Malaysia Peter Rittgen, University Col/ege of Boras, Sweden

Tomislav Rozman, University

of

Maribor, Slovenia Mohammed Samaka, Qatar University, Qatar

Hasan AI-Saedy, Skyline Col/ege, UAE

Samiaji

Sarosa,

Atma Jaya Yogyakarta University, Indonesia Jawahitha Sarabdeen, Multimedia University, Malaysia Francesca Sgobbi, Universita degli Studi di Brescia, Italy

Maha ｓｨｾｫｩｲＬ＠ Zayed University, UAE .

. K.

Srikumar, Infdsys Technologies Ltd, 'India Ali AI-Solbi, University of East Anglia, UK Daniel Sommer, Universitat Karlsruhe, Germany Javier Soriano, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain

Minwir AI-Shammari, Bahrain Univesity, Bahrain Lampros Stergioulas, Brunei University, UK

Amine Nehari Talet, King Fahd University of Petroleum

&

Minerals, KSA Sabah

N.

AbduLwahab AL- Tamimi, American College

of

Dubai, UAE

Pawan Kumar Taneja, Punjab College Of Technical Education, India 'Fadi Thabtah, University of Bradford, UK

Leonardo Jose Cortez Vil/amizar, Universidad Central de Venzuela; Venzuela William Yeoh, University of South Australia, Australia

Zijiang Yang, York University, Canada

S. 

Venkateswarlu, KL College of Engineering, India

Stuarl Warden, Cape Peninsula University

of

Technology, South Africa Edgar

R. 

Weippl, Vienna University

of

Technology, Austria

Dick Whiddett, Massey University, New Zealand Viaches/av Wolfengagen, Institute "JurlnfoR-MSU", Russia

Masoud Karami Zarandi, Tehran University,lran Roman Povalej, Universitat Karlsruhe, Germany

Silvana Quaglini, University of Pavia, Italy Jorge Valdes Conca, Universidad de Alicante, Spain

Shushma Patel, London South Bank University, UK Islam

A.

M. EI-Maddah, Ain Shams University, Egypt Soraya Kouadri Mostefaoui, Oxford Brookes University, UK

Joo

Y. 

Park, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea Ozlem Bak, University

of

Greenwich Business School, UK

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Virginie Sans, I'universite de Cergy-Pontoise, France K. P. Lam, University of Keele, UK

Zokir Nazarov, Cardiff University, UK Ikram Amous, Universite de Sfax, Tunisia

Krassie Petro va, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand Hasan

A. 

Abbas, Kuwait University, Kuwait

Sue Foster, Monash University, Australia Fahim Akhter, Zayed University, UAE

Paulus Insap Santosa, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore Khamis Omar, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Jordan Tahir Naeem, COMSA TS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan

Kathy J. Liszka, University of Akron, USA Nixon Muganda, University of Cape Town, South Africa

Marite Kirikova, Rrgas Tehniska universitate, Latvia Samir Garbaya, Robotics Laboratory of Versailles, France

Dr Lawrence Green, University of Manchester, UK Khalid Khawaja, American University in Dubai, UAE Dr. Gregor Zellner, Universitat Regensburg, Germany

Katja Harej, University of Maribor, Slovenia Saad Harous, College of Arts & Sciences, UAE Mohamed Salah Hamdi, University of Qatar, Qatar

Mohamad Fauzan Noordin, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia

Nihat Kasap, Sabanci University, Turkey Yahya H Alzoubi, Philadelphia University, Jordan Reggie Davidrajuh, University of Stavanger, Norway

Viii Podgorelec, University of Maribor, Slovenia Anthony Rhodes, Zayed University, UAE Shu Zhou, The University of New Mexico, USA

Fotis Liarokapis, City University, UK

Noor Raihan Ab Hamid, Multimedia University, Malaysia Jaiprakash T. Lallchandani,

D.  D. 

University, India

Marjan Druzovec, University of Maribor, Slovenia Gianmarco Radice, University of Glasgow, UK Euripidis N. Loukis, University of the Aegean, Greece Lepa Vrazalic, University of Wollongong in Dubai, UAE

Ahmad Kayed, Applied Science University, Jordan John Debenham, University of Technology-Sydney, Australia

Emad Bataineh, Zayed University, UAE

Yousef Shahwan, United Arab Emirates University, UAE Richard Chbeir, Universite de Bourgogne, France

Robert

rt

Barbour, Unitec, New Zealand

Halim M. Khelala, University of Wollongong in Dubai, UAE Chew Esyin, University Malaya, Malaysia

Tran Khanh Dang, HoChiMinh City University of Technology, Vietnam Greg Skulmoski, Zayed University, UAE

Albert H

S 

Scott, Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong Markos Kyritsis, BruneI University, UK

Amin Yousef Noaman, King Abdulaziz University, KSA Salaheldin Ismail Salaheldin, Qatar University, Qatar

Sonali S. Morar, BruneI University, UK

Jae-Suk Yun, Korea Information Security Agency, Korea Ahmad Khasawneh, University of Newcastle, Australia

Hossein

S. 

Zadeh, RMIT, Australia

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Mulhim AI-Doori, American University in Dubai, UAE George Giannatos, Monash University, Australia Gordana Jovanovic Dolecek, Institute INA DE, Mexico Haitham Hmoud A/shibly, The University of Newcastle, Australia

Ahmed Guessoum, Univ. of Sharjah, UAE

Ammar Ahmed, CSIRO Manufacturing and Infrastructure Technology, Australia

Rinette Roets, University of Fort Hare, South Africa S,7amshul Bahri, University of Malaya, Malaysia Abdollah Aghaie, K N Taosi University of Technology, Iran

Fayez Ahmad Albadri, MGSM Macquarie Graduate School of Management, Australia

Teuta Cata, Northern Kentucky University, USA Ari M. Wah/stedt, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland Jorge Molea, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela

Hong Lin, University of Houston-Downtown, USA Roman Povalej, Universitat Karlsruhe, Germany

Dave Henderson, Virginia Polytechnic Institute

&

State University, USA Bala Srinivasan, Monash University, Australia

Kha/id Benbachir, Canada

Jaime Ramirez, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain Knolmayer Gerhard, Universitat Bern, Switzerland karim Bourouni, Ecole Nationaie d'ingenieurs de Tunis, Tunisia Ahmed EI-Raga/, Arab Academy for Science and Technology, Egypt Hanene Trichili, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecommunications de

Bretagne, France

Omar EI-Gayar, Dakota State University, USA Doha Abelkhaleq, ESKADENlA, Jordan

Tyng- Yeu Liang, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Taiwan Sylwester Kozak, National Bank of Poland, Poland

Stefan Eicker, Universitt3t DUisburg-Essen, Germany Najib Saylani, Hofstra University, USA

Pankaj Kamthan, Concordia University, Canada Adel Ai-Alawi, University of Bahrain, Bahrian

Markus Bick, ESCP-EAP European School of Management, Germany Asad I. Khan, Monash University, Australia

Susan Koruth, CGI-Australia, Australia Mirja Pulkkinen, University of Jyvt3skyla, Finland Ra'ed Moh'd Masa'deh, Nottingham University, UK

Al1med Subaih, University of Sheffield, UK Berta Batista, Insh"tuto Politecnico do Porto, Portugal Hajo Reijers, Eindhoven Unversity of Technology, Netherlands

Christine Verdier, Universite Lumiere Lyon

2, 

France Akram AI-Rawi, Zayed University, UAE Massimo De Santo, Universita di Salerno, Italy Joao Rocha, Instituto Po/itecnico do Porto, Portugal

Honglei Li Violah, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Alexei Tretiakov, Massey University, New Zealand

Nicolas Larrieu, KAIST University, Korea Tania Pavlou, City University London, UK Iryna Skrypnyk, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland

Azzedine Lansari, Zayed University, UAE Jacek Plodzien, Polish Academy of SCiences, Poland

Ari P. Hirvonen, TietoEnator, Finland

IBIMA :?005  conference 

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Djamel Khadraoui, CRP Henri Tudor, Luxembourg Chiou-Pirng (Ping) Wang, Albany State University, USA Laurel Evelyn Dyson, University of Technology-Sydney, Australia

Rui (Ray) Chen,

State

University of New York at Buffalo, USA Abdelaziz Khadraoui, University of Geneva, Switzerland M.F. Lau, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia

David

A 

Bray, Emory University, USA Snene Mehdi, University of Geneva, Switzerland Roland Kaschek, Massey University, New Zealand

Khalil

A

Abuosba, The Arab Academy for Banking and Financial Sciences, Jordan

Vanessa

Chang, Curtin University of Technology, Australia Damir Kalpic, University of Zagreb, Croatia

Dhayalan Velauthapiflai, University College of Bergen, Norway Mahbubur Rahman Syed, Minnesota

State

University, USA

Kevin

K.

W HO, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong

Deb S/edgianowski, Hofstra University, USA Az-Eddine Bennani, Reims Management School, France

Settapong Mafisuwan, Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy, Thailand Gerald

C. 

Gonsalves, College of Charleston, USA

Henry B. Wolfe, University of Otago, New Zealand

Sam

Lubbe, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa Nabil Mzoughi, ISG of Sousse, Tunisia

Jose Diego De la Cruz, LEcole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland

Upasana G Singh, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Judith Pavon Mendoza, Universidade de

Sao

Paulo, Brazil Wojciech

R,

The Poznan University of EconomiGs, Poland Naveed Ahmed Khan, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,

. Pakistan

Yahya Slim ani, University of Tunis EI Manar, Tunisia

Vass

Karpathiou, RMIT University, Australia Isabel!e Comyn-Wattiau, ESSEC, France

Xin Lucie

Li,

The University of North Carolina

at

Pembroke, USA

Anastase

Adonis, Objective Networks, France Damminda Alahakoon, Monash University, Australia

Regina Connolly, Dublin City University, Ireland

Scott

Rathbone, CGI, Australia

Shushma Patel, London South Bank University, UK Alcina Prata, Inst/tuto Politecn/co de SetUbal, Portugal Emmanuel Matthew, University of Wollongong, Australia Ann Johansson, University of TrollhSttanlUddeva/la, Sweden

Loay Sehwail, Oklahoma State University, USA

Inas

E.

Ezz, Sadat Academy for Mgt

Sc.,

Egypt and BruneI University, UK Indrawati Nataatmadja, University of Technology-Sydney, Australia

Sagarmay Deb, University of Ballarat, Australia Ela Klecun, London School of Economics, UK Wenshin Chen, Prairie View A&M University, USA

TPSE Track Programme Committee

IBIMA :?005 conference 

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Andreas Opdahl, University

of

Bergen Bashar Nuseibeh, The Open University Bhuvan Unhelkar, University

of

Western Sydney

Bran Selic, IBM Rational

Brian Henderson-Sellers, University

of

Technology, Sydney Cesar Gonzalez-Perez, University

of

Technology, Sydney

Colette Rolland, Universile Paris

1 -

Pantheon Sorbonne Colin Atkinson, University

of

Mannheim

Darryl Winder, The Institute for Exil Planning David Lowe, University

of

Technology, Sydney Didar Zowghi, University

of

Technology, Sydney

Dilip Patel, London South Bank University Donald Firesmith, Software Engineering Institute Francisco Ruiz Gonzalez, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha

Franck Barbier, Universile de Pau et des Pays de I'Adour George Feuerlicht, Unwersity

of

Technology, Sydney

Graham Low, University

of

New Soulh Wales Houman Younessi

Ian Graham, TriReme International

Igor Hawryszkiewycz, University of Technology, Sydney Jack Greenfield, Microsoft

Jean-Michel Bruel, Universite de Pau et des Pays de I'Adour Jeff Sutherland

John D. McGregor, Clemson University Jolita Ralyte, University

of

Geneva

Judy Bamberger Karl Wiegers," Process Impact

Khalil Abuosba, The Arab ACEldemy for Banking and Financial Sciences Magpy Serour, University

of

Technology, Sydney

6scar Paslor Lopez, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia Pavel Hruby, Microsoft

Phil Haynes, Virtvalnation Pty Ltd Scott Ambler, independent consultant Sjaak Brinkkemper, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

Stephen Mellor Tony Wasserman

Victor Pankratius, University

of

Karlsruhe

Copyright 

@

2005 International  Business  Information Management Association  Individual  authors  retain copyright on papers.  Please contact the  authors directly for 

reprint permission 

Table of Content 

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Table of Contents

Supply Chain Management

The Role of Emergent Information Systems in EnablingSupply Chain Agility: Dealing With Change, Uncertainty, and Complexity

Zaher Mohdzain and Andrew White

Modelling Smart Label-Supported Production Processes

Bernd Scholz-Reiter, Torsten Hildebrandt, Jan Kolditz, and Hartmut Hohns Supporting Information Mobility in the Fresh Produce e-Supply Chain

loannis Manikas, Dimitris Folinas, Tania Pavlou, and Basil Manos

Determinants and Performance of Electronic Partnership between Buyer and Suppiier Young-Jin Choi

The evolution of knowledge capabilities in third party e-fulfilment companies Paul Alexander

Supply Chain Strategic Management USing Transformed Balanced ScoreCard Mohammad Jafar Tarokh and Davood Farajian Shooshtari

E-Government

IntrodUCing Communication Space Lars-Olof Johansson and Aron Ha!lborg

The potential positive impact of E-government projects - The Flemish Environmental Legislation Navigator: Conclusions of an inquiry about the use and the benefit of an on-line legal environmental expert system

Geert De Meyer, L. Lavrysen, and G. Van Eetvelde

e-Services in Government: Why we need Strategies for Capacity Building and Capacity utilization? Girija Krishnaswamy

The Commitment Generation Process In The G2C Online Relationships Luis V. Casal6, Carlos Flavitm, and Miguel Guinaifu

The economic impact of e-government initiative (G2B) as a tool of ICT upon SMEs in Jordan Ra'ed (Moh'd Taisir) Masa'deh and Emad M. AI-kharabsheh

Joined-up Government: Current Trends and Applications in e-Government and eHea.lth D. D. Pappa and

L.K.

Stergioulas

Business Process Reengineering

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Is Business Process Management an Incarnation of Business Process Reengineering? Leila Jamel Menzli. Sonia Ayachi Ghannouchi. and Henda Hadjami Ben Ghezala

Intelligent Product Change Management - Production Network Perspectives for the Ramp-up Phase Bernd Scholz-Reiter. Hartmut Hbhns. Farian Krohne, and Bing Leng

Paper Usage Management and Information Technology: An Environmental Case Study at an Australian University Venn Hardy. Ho Chung Fung. Guang Sheng Xian, Jing Hua Wu, Xiao Van Zhang. Laurel Evelyn Dyson

Simulation Study of a Distributed Control Scheme in Flexible ManlJfacturing Systems Dania

A.

EI-Kebbe

Knowledge Management

Factors Affecting Successful Implementation of Intranet Based Knowledge Management Systems Norlida Buniyamin and Za!nuddin Mohamad

Need-finding through Narrative Inquiry in Systems Design Holst Marita and Anna Stahlbrbst

Learning across Bcundaries: Developments towards a European Framework for ICT Skills Peter Wei!!. Roman Povalej, and Wolffried Stucky

Getting Knowledge Measured, Getting Knowledge ｍ｡ｮｾ＠   Ivy Chan, Matsuba NG, and C.

K.

FOK Jackson

IT and Psychosocial Occupational Risks: a Delphi Study

Mario Arias Oliva, Teresa Torres Coronas, Mar Souto Romero, and Rosa Queralt

DevelQQment of Knowledge Management System: A Preliminary Study" on Property Management Companies in Malaysia

Muhammad Najib Razali and Zaharah Manaf

Conceptualised Models of Detailed Knowiedge Structures For Different Business Operations Craig A Godley

Jhe Effect of Information Sharimon Empo't{enIlent in Indonesia

v

AjiHermawan

Enterprise Integeration

A Maturity Model Framework for Assessing Organizational Processesin Enterprise Integration of Innovative Iechnology

Garth

R. 

MacKenzie

A Case Study: Enhancing Enterprise System Competitive Advantage Ameena Zafar

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Managing Enterprise Systems Integration in Corporate Mergers and Acquisitions - A Tentative Framework and the Case of TIH

Stefan Henningsson

IT Outsourcing

IT Outsourcing - An Analysis of the State-of-the-Art Michael Amberg, Nadja HoBbach, and Martin Wiener

SME

SMEs in developing Economies - Challenges and Strategies for Enterprise Systems Integration Suhas Raut, Deepak B, Phatak, and

A

R. 

Yardi

Electronic Commerce Adoption and Strategic Alliance Membership: A Study of Regional SMEs in Sweden Robert MacGregor and Lejla Vrazalic

The Impact of IT investment in RSA e-Cornmerce SME Organizations Sam Lubbe

Database

and·

Data Management

A Database Querying Tool for NaIve Users

Solange Nice Alves de Souza, Edit Grassiani Lino de Campos, Luiz Sergio de Souza, Andre Roberto Doreto dos Santos

A Heuristic Object-Oriented Data Schema for Contextual Accounting Mohamed EI-Badawi, Myron Sheu, and Wang C, Wong

The Application of Grid and Agent Technology in CBR Nie Guihua and Liu Pingfeng

Modeling of Updating Moving Object Database Using Timed Petri net Model FATorky, N, Abd el-Wahed, HM, Abdulkader, and WEI-Kholy

E-banking & Finanical Industry

Application and Diachronic Strength of e-Trans Association Rules Vasilis Aggelis

Banking Technology Balanced Scorecard: A Model for Evaluating Banking Technology Effectiveness Lawrence Harold and Thenmozhi

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Beyond the Resource-Based View of the Firm: The Case of Dynamic Capabilities Building at a Saudi Bank Mohammed AI-Jadeed and Alfonso Molina

Multi-Dimensional Role of Trust in I nternet Banking Adoption Shumaila Yousafzai

Strategic Networks to Create e-Banking Value: The Case of a Saudi-European Joint Venture Bank Mohammed AI-Jadeed and Alfonso Molina

M-Commerce

Adoption Factors for Mobile Gaming in South Africa Stanley Van Wyk and Jean-Paul Van Belle

The Impact of Uplink CapacityJQJ:;ell Coverage in WCDMA Mobile Internet Napaporn Petchinda, Settapong Malisuwan, and Arisa Rojnuckarin

Adoption of RFID in Logistics - A Case Study in the Field of Automobile Logistics Felix Bose and Wolf Lampe

Capacity of the WCDMA-FDD Mobile Internet in Hiah-Mobility Environment

Napaporn Petchinda, Settapong Maiisuwan, Panitee Ritthiruangdech, and Vic hate Ungvichian

Intelligent Secure Management of Electric Power Organizations: Data Collection Using Mobile Agents Radwan Tahboub, Vasile Lazarescu, and Imane A. Ｎｓ｡ｾｯｩｴ＠  

Exploring factors affecting the adoption of mobile Internet in Jordan: Empirical Study Ahmad Khasawneh, Patricia Gillard, and Brian Regan

§aving Cost of Ownership for RTA C41 Systems by Utilizing Commercial Satellite Systems Anupon Boriboon, Settapong Malisuwan, Chanawat Phadwichit, and Porakrit Saihassadee

A Framework for QoS-aware m-Commerce Abdelnasser M. Abdelaal and Hesham H. Ali

Location-Determination System for Enabling M-Commerce Applications Moustafa Youssef and Ashok Agrawala

A Preliminary Research Model of Thai Mobile Market Structure

Settapong Malisuwan, Kulthon Kasemsan, Ussanee Malisuwan, and Dulyalak Phuangthong Leveraging Radio Frequency Identification (RFIO) Technology for Halal Tracking Tag

Azah Anir bt Norman

Com puter Networks and Remote Access

Modifications to Bandwidth Allocation Algorithms to Satisfy Remote Access Services Requirements Mohammed Attya Khaliefa, Ali Ali Fahmy, Iman A/y Saroit Ismail, and Tarek Abd EI-Megeed

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Local-Communities Insertion Network Platform: Design and Specifications Djamel Khadraoui, Evren Bulut, Raul Ruggia, Federico Piedrabuena, and Farid Meinkohn

Congestion Control for a Better Performance of Computer Networks Atef Zaki Ghalwash and Sally Osama Anwar

E-Business

A Holistic Framework beyond Traditional Approaches of E-Business Research Practice Az-Eddine Bennani

The Current State of E-Commerce in Jordan - Applicabiliiy and Future Prospects: An Empirical Study Rifat O. Shannak and Mu'taz M. AI-Debei

Impediments of E-business - a Dubai Experience Aisha Ali AI-Alawi, Joze Kuzic, and Mehmood Ahmad Chadhar

Planning and Managing the Organizational Key Success Factors for the Transformation to E-business Environment Magdy Kodsy Serour

Scope and Potential of Teleshoping in India: Case Study of Punjab State Gautam Bansal and Sandhir Sharma

Challenges to an E-Business Model: Pre- and PQst-Adoption Mohamad Fauzan Noordin and Roslina Othman

What Are The Strategic Choices of Electronic Marketplace Functionalities? Sebastien Tran

E-readiness in developing countries: A conceptual e-readiness framework for small tourisr:l enterprises Stan Karanasios and Stephen Burgess

Software Development

Increasing Human-Centred Software Development Maturity in Software Development Organizations Ghassan AL-Qaimari

Metaphors in Co-Design Peter Rittgen

Increasing Efficiency in Service Oriented Architecture Amir Malik

A Test Cases Generation Technique Using Genetic Algorithms Arabi Keshk, Ahmed M. Omira, Nabil

A. 

Ismail, and Fawzy

A. 

Torkey

On-Line Handwritten Character Recognition: An Overview Arnan Deep

Understanding Requirements Engineering Process: a Challenge for Practice and Education Lemai Nguyen, Jocelyn Armarego, and Paul Swatman

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Prosody Generation In Concatenation Malay Language Speech Synthesizer (CMSS)

Siew Hock Ow, Roziati Zainuddin, and Wai Keong Loo

Extreme Cots-Based Software Development Process: A Process Enhancement

Maree Mujeeb-u-Rehman, Abdul Wasim Shaikh, and Memon Abdul Ghafoor

Broker-Oriented Software Development Process from Cots Products -A Process Enhancement

Abdul Wasim Shaikh and Maree Mujeeb-u-Rehman

Challenging the Rules: An Investig9tion of a Fact-BasecL6J:mrQach for Specifying Business Rules

Adrian Hargreaves

An approach to the Human Values Scale from Smart User Models

Javier Guzman-Obando, Gustavo Gonzalez, Josep Lluis de la Rosa, Silvana V. Aciar, Ronald U.

RUlZ, 

Jose A.

Castan

Artificial Intelligence

Conversion of a Fuzzy System to Balanced Scorecard System to improve Management Business

Ronald Uriel Ruiz Ordonez, Josep Lluis De La Rosa I Esteva, Javier Guzman Obando, and Victor Manuel Ardila

Soto

Comparing the Performance of Artificial Immune System and Self-Organizing Map Approaches to Anomaly

Detection

Atef Z. Ghalwash, Aliaa A. A. Youssif, and Samir A. Mohamed

An Intelligent Agent-Based Digital Currency Scheme

Mohamed Aborizka, Mohamed Kouta, Krishna Kavi, and Sherif Saad

Certain Bayesian Network based on Fuzzy knowledge Bases

Abdelkader Heni, Mohamed-Nazih Omri, and Adel M. Alimi

Information Systems in Healthcare Industry

Contribution and Limits of

UML

Models for Task Modelling in a Complex Organizational Context: Case Study in the

Healthcare Domain

Stephanie Bernonville, Christophe Kolski, and Marie-Catherine Beuscart

A web-based Automated Dental Identification System (webADIS)

Satyasrinivas Chekuri, Diaa Eldin M. Nassar, Ayman A. Abaza, Ali Bahu, and Hany

H.

Ammar

E-Health: The New Frontier in Healthcare Management

Hesham O. Dinana and Hatem M. EI Ghamry

Corporate Perform ance Management

Corporate Performance Management: Alignment of Information Technology and Organizational Strategies

Khalid S. Soliman and Tanya C. Myers

Table of Content  file:! / !E:/table.l 

Information Systems Service

&

Quality Management

A Conceptual Framework for Quality Management in Information Systems Khalid I. AI-Shitri and Pam Mayhew

Emerging Issues in IT Service Management Sharman Lichtenstein, Lemai Nguyen, and Alexia Hunter

ERP

Statistical solution for risk management in the implementation of IMIS Adam Wasilewski

The ERP Systems Benefits for the Strategic Decisions Support in the Case of Tunisian Service Nedra Bahri and NabiJ Mzoughi

ERP systems and ROI analysis Adam Wasilewski and Eliza Wrobel

CRM

CRM systems: A Learning Perspective on How Organisations Manage to Understand the Customer Thomas Kalling and Lisen Selander

Electronic Customer Relationship Management (e-CRM): A Strategic Approach to Managing Customer Relationship Forough Karimi and Reza Sarkhosh

Selection Information Sources Based on the Trust of Similar Sources

Silvana Aciar, Josefina L6pez Herrera, Josep LLuis de la Rosa, Javier Guzman Obando, and Ronald Ruiz Ordonez

The Impact of CRM on Customer Loyalty, Retention and Firm Profitability: Modelling with Structural Equations in the Case of the Pharmaceutical Industry

Nabil Mzoughi and Nedra Bahri

Outsou rcing

Management of Critical Success Factors for Offshore Software Development Projects - A German Perspective Michael Amberg and Martin Wiener

Lifecycle of Outsourcing Relationship - A Multiple Case Study Approach Teuta Cata and Vijay Raghavan

Table of Content  fiJe:I/IE:/tabJeJ

Data Mining

An Algorithm for Extracting the Root of Arabic Words

Sameh Ghwanmeh, Riyad AI-Shalabi, Ghassan Kanaan, Khalid Khanfar, and Saif Rabab'ah Question Answering Arabic System based on Passage Selection

Riyad AI-Shalabi, Ghassan Kanaan, Linda Jahjah

Using Cluster Analysis in Classification of Categories: Evidence from the Holly Qur'an Shahinaz Kamal and Ahmed EI Ragal

A New Technique for Automatic Text Categorization for Arabic Documents Samir

A.

Mohamed, Walaa Ata, and Nevin Darwish

Automatic Text Classification using NaIve Bayesian Aigorithm on Arabic Language Ghassan Ghazi Kanaan, Riyad Farhan Alsha!abi, and Omar Ghazi AI - Azzam

An information Retrieval System Based On Various Indexing Schemes

Ahmed

A.

A. Radwan, Bahgat

A.

Abdel Latef, Abdel Mgeid p... AU, and Osman

A.

Sadek A Feature extraction method for automatic web page classification system Eman M. Gmaleldeen, Nabil

A.

Ismail, Mohiey Hadhoud, and Kamel

A.

Mostafa

]3yle Pruning in Associative Classification Mining Fadi Thabtah

Internet

J

WWW 

Causes of I nternet Addiction: Boredom or Loneliness Shafqat Hameed and Carolyn Adagala

The Website Features and Categories in the Context of Fortune e-50 Companies Teuta Cata

Web Globalization: A Methodology for Develo..Qjng Usable Websites for the Global Market Ghassan AI-Qaimari

Web Usability: An Evaluation of the Governments' Websites in Sabah, Malaysia Muzaffar Hamzah

Web Site Reliability in Web Commerce Applications Hasan AI-Saedy

An Innovative Model for Providing Digital Connectivity to Rural Areas Abdelnasser M. Abdelaal and Hesham

H.

Ali

Cultural Issues on Global Websites and Aspect-Oriented Requirements Engineering Kyeong Kang and Joao Araujo

Digital Versus Traditional Press: An Analysis of Readers' Motivations Carlos Flavian Blanco and Raquel Gurrea Sarasa

Table of Content  file:/ / /E:/table.l 

!does Browsers' Quality affect Websites' Functionality

Rania Maher Kilany Abd Elazez and Hawaf Abd AIHakim Teleb

The nearest some of us will ever come to Information Heaven

BK Ngubane, S Lubbe, and R Klopper

Toward an Assessment of Web Engineering Risks

Bouchaib Bahli and Dany Di Tullio

Information Systems Security

Development of Methodology for Evaluation of Information Security Level in CliP (Critical Information Infrastructure

Protection)

Bok-Ki Min, Jong-Whoi Shin, Kwang-Hee Choi, Kang-Shin Lee, and Jae-II Lee

The Bluetooth Needs Braces "A White Hat IT Security Risk Management Approach"

Khaled E. A. Negm

Making Sense of Web Services Security Issues

Stephen Humphreys and Maurice Abi-Raad

Effective Real Time Hybrid Threat Management Using Vulnerability Correlation

Khaled E. A. Negm

A Conceptual Framework for Preventing Tsunami-Like Damage of information Malice: A Human-Factor Approach

Chiou-Pirng Wang, Don Snyder, Kathaleena Monds

Addressing Enterprise Information Security

Anthony Rhodes

Learning Organization

Model LOB-MUT: Build up a Learning Organisation

Roman Povalej and Wolffried Stucky

Data Warehousing

Warehousing of Object Oriented Petroleum Data for Knowledge Mapping

Shastri L Nimmagadda, Heinz Dreher, and Amit Rudra

Towards A Generic Conceptual Model for Data Warehouses

Neveen EI Gamal, Ali EI Bastawissy, and Galal Galal-Edeen

E-Learning

Table of Content  fi le:IIIE:/table.l

Integration of Knowledge Management and E-Learning: A Case Study on Tourism Authority of Thailand Ussanee Malisuwan, Kulthon Kasemsan, and Settapong Malisuwan

Trust and Privacy Issues

Towards Dynamic Control of Users Privacy Amr Ali Eldin, Rene Wagenaar, and Harry Bouwman

Perceptions on SPAM in a South African context

Wallace Chigona, Ashvin Bheekun, Meianie Spath, Saba Derakhashani, and Jean-Paul Van Belle Trust in mobile context aware systems

Semir Daskapan, Amr Ali ｅｾ､ｩｮＬ＠ and Rene W. Wagenaar

Information Systems Research

IS Integration in Corporate M&A: Applicability of Related Theory and Future Advancements of the Research Field Stefan Henningsson

Stages of Growth Theory Revisited: Senior Management on Information Systems and Technology Alan Sixsmith and Gordana Culjak .

Perception and/or Individual Difference: What Affects the Acceptance of New Technology? Khaled Dahawy and Sherif Kamel

Changing User Requirements in an Inter··Organisationallnformation System Raija Halonen

IS Strategic Planning

Developing an ICT Strategic Plan for an African Utility 9orporation Kevin Allan Johnston

Special Tracks

Theory and Practice of Software Engineering (TPSE) Track

Project management improvement in Extreme Programming Houda Zouari Ounaies, Yassine Jamoussi, and Mohamed Ben Ahmed

Modularized Report Form Development Methodology in UFIDA Service-Oriented System-NC 3.0 Chen XueSong and Xu Hua

Table of Content 

fi

le:///E:/table.l 

Database-Assisted Project Management Applied to Software Development Projects of Maritime Research and

Consultation Center (MRCC)

Hend Abdel Halim Hafez

ExPloring Varying Group Size on Software Inspection Performance: Preliminary Evidence from a Laboratory

.Experiment

Peter Patara , Nicholas Jit Chang Yaw, and Lesley Pek Wee Land

An approach for creating project-specific soft,!-,are developmenlmethogologies

Marko Bajec, Damjan Vavpotic, and Marjan Krisper

8 

Simple Metric to Measure Semantic Overlap between Models: Application and Visualization

Jean-Paul Van Belle

An Infrastructure for UML Model Animation

Jose Saez, Ambrosio Toval, and Francisco Maestre

Towards Developing a Software Inspection Model: Preliminary Empirical Evidence

Matthew Reggers, Lesley Pek Wee Land, and Bernard Wong

Conceptual Model for Socio-technical Evaluation of Software Development Methodologies

Damjan Vavpotic, Marko Bajec, and Marjan Krisper

Components Behaviour Specification and Validation with Abstract States Machines

Goiuria'Sagardui, Xabier Aretxandieta, and Leire Etxeberria

A Pre-mortem on Post-mortems

John McAvoy

Evolution of Software Engineering Education'in Canada

Siamak Rezaei

A Framework for Representation of Software Patterns

Pankaj Kamthan

A global approach for consoiidating Trust-centric requirements in Large Collaborative Spaces

A. Adonis, K Drira, J.M. Rosario, and

.J.R. 

Silva

Bringing Smailtalk Blocks to Java through Transformation Techniques

Mina Askari and Raihan AI-Ekram

Information Systems Research in French Track

Le droit d'auteur dans la societe d'information

Lotti Harnzi

M3C: Une Methodologie de Cartographie des Connaissances Critiques dans I'entreprise

Thierno Tounkara, Imed Boughzala, et Jean-Louis Ermine

Application de I'approche des Stakeholders au management du e-gouvernement

Table of Content  file:IIIE:/table.l

Soumaya Intissar Ben Dhaou et Yousra Essid

Bases de donnees: fiabilite et perennite Tarik Beldjilali

I ndexation des images rm§dicales par Ie tatouage

Hanene Trichili, Mohamed Salim Bouhlil, Imen Fourati, et Bassel Solaiman

Vel's un Modele Integre de Gestion des Communautes Virtuelies Professionnelles Thierry Isckia, Thierno Tcunkara, and Imed Boughzala

Vers une Approche d'Architecture d'un Systeme Hypermedia Adaptatif

Zayani Corinne Arne!, Sedes Florence, Canut Marie-Fran<;oise, Amous Ikram, et Peninou Andre

Besoin de reconceptualisation de la culture organisationnelle dans les recherches en Systeme d'information Yousra Essid and Soumaya Intissar Ben Dhaou

Le tatouage des informations pour la protection de la propriete inteliectuelle Hanene Trichili, Mohamed Salim Bouhlel, et Bassel Soliaiman

E-Gouvernement dans un pays emergent: la Tunisie :Pour une integration de la perception des citoyens Asrna Chaouch

Information Systems Research in Spanish Track

Calidad De Datos - De La Teoria A La Practica

Edit Grassiani Lino de Campos, Solange N, Alves de Souza, Luiz Se'rgio de Souza, Judith Pav6n, Vera Lucia R Y.

, 

ｓｾｾ＠

, 

Tutorials

Software Architecture Metrics Hany

H. 

Ammar

Method Engineering

Magdy Serour, Brian Henderson-Sellers, and Cesar Gonzalez-Perez

End of Table

Internet and  Information Technology in  Modern Organizations: Challenges & Answers  348 

The Effect of Information Sharing on Empowerment in Indonesia

Aji  Hermawan  

Lecturer,  Department of Agro­industrial Technology,  Bogor Agricultural University,  Indonesia   and  Doctoral Researcher, Manchester Business School, United Kingdom.  E­mail:  ajiher@ipb.ac.id  

Abstract 

This study examines the differences in information sharing and psychological empowerment in organisations, as well as the relationship of both. Using multiple case study research in four manufacturing companies in Indonesia, this study found that the levels and the relationships are different across the companies studied. The differences are explained by the extensiveness use of empowering initiatives and the contextual factors surrounding the companies. The limitations

of the universal measures of information and empowerment are also discussed ..

1. Introduction 

This  paper  is  a  part  of  a  wider  study  about  empowerment  theory  and  practices  in  Indonesia.  Empowerment  has  been  extensively  studied  and  it  might  be  the  most  popular  term  used  across  disciplines  in  the  1990s.  This paper focuses  on  the  reiationship  between  information  sharing  ­ which  is  regarded  as  a  part  of structural  empowerment  -and psychological empowerment. 

The  relationship  between  information  sharing  and  empowerment  is  well  supported  in  management  literature.  To·empower  organisations  it  is  believed  that  more  information  should  be  available  to  more  people  at  more  levels ·through  more  devices.  Such  information  might  iHclude  data  about  workflow,  productivity,  external  environment,  competition,  and  firm  strategy.  According  to Bowen  and  Lawler  (1992),  there  are  two  specific  pieces  of  information,  which  are  critical  to  empowerment: 

(I) information  about  organisation's  mission  and  (2)  information  about  performance  of a  work  unit  Spreitzer  (1995,  1996)  shows  that  access  to  information  is  significantly  related  to  empowerment.  Individuals  who  perceive  that  they  have  a high  degree of access to information report a  higher  level  of  empowerment  than  those  who  perceive they have less access to information.  Additionally,  the  effects  of  empowerment  on  organisational  performance  are  widely  recognised.  Empowerment  is  believed  as  mediator  for  performance  by  many  writers  such  as  Spreitzer  (1995),  Spreitzer  et  al  (1997),  Spreitzer  et  al  (1999), Fuller et al  ( 1999), Koberg et al  ( 1999), and  Kraimer et al  (1999). 

This  paper  aims  to  examine (I) the  variations  of  information  sharing  and  psychological  empowerment,  and  (2)  the  effect  of  information  sharing  on  psychological  empowerment  in  four  manufacturing companies in Indonesia. 

2. Methods 

This  study  used  mUltiple  case  study  research.  There  were  four  cases  selected  from  the 

manufacturing  sector  in  Indonesia.  As  a  case  study  research,  the cases  were  not  selected  on  the  basis  of  statistical  sampling,  but  it  used  the  principle  of  maximum  variation  by  including  compar.ies  from  different industrial sectors and  differenl technologies.  The  four  companies  were  Food­Co,  Stel­Co,  Chem-Co,  and  Wood­Co (the names are disguised).  A  combination  of data  collection  methods  was  used  in  this study.  This combination or triangulation was  expected  to be highly  synergistic  (Yin,  1994).  The  multiple  data  collection  methods  were  used  including: (1) interviews and (2) questionnaires.  Mainly  semi­structured  interview  was  used  because  it  would  make  the  interview  move  freely  and  more  conversational  but  the  focus  on  predetermined  questions  were  able  to  be  maintained.  The questions  were  open­ended  to  allow  respondents  to  say  freely  whatever they  wanted  to  say.  To  achieve  this,  some  interview  ｧｵｩ､･ｾ＠ were  developed.  All  interviews  were recorded and  transcribed.  The interviews  were  conducted  with  (a)  senior  managers  and  (d)  employees.  Senior manager expected to involve  was  senior human ｲ･ｾｯｵｲ｣･＠ manager since  he/she  was  the  person  responsible  for  the  issues.  The  employees  were  asked  about  their  perception  of empowerment  and  information  sharing.  The  interviews  were  conducted  in  order  to  yield  more  information  than  could be obtained from  the questionnaire. 

Questionnaires  were  used  to  obtain  quantitative  data  on  information  sharing  and  psychological  empowerment.  The  number  of  participating  respondents  depended  on  the  number  of employees  occupying  supervisory  levels  (below  managerial  levels)  in  the  companies.  There  was  no  sampling  taken  since  the  questionnaire  distributed  to  all  employees  at  the  levels.  The  questionnaire  consists  of questions  about  psychological  empowermen1  and  information  sharing.  The  detail  of  each  questionnaire  is  described  below. 

Internet and Information Technology in  Modern Organizations: Challenges & Answers  349 

averaging  the  number  of the  types  of  information  the  employees receive. 

Psychological  empowerment.  To  measure  this  aspect,  Spreitzer's  questionnaire,  which  has  been  widely  used  in  measuring  psychological  empowerment,  was  employed.  Because it has  been  widely  accepted,  Spreitzer'S  construct  has  proved  its  validity  and  reliability  in  much  research  in  the  field  of  organisational  behaviour.  Even  though  there are  many criticisms of this concept,  there  is  a  lack  of  alternative  concepts  that  have  been  validated  empirically.  The ­ mere  comprehensive  measure  is  difficult to develop  and  it  is  realised  by  its  critics  such  as  Zimmerman  (1995,  2000).  The  weaknesses  of  this  construct  for  not  including  interpersonal  and  behavioural  components  can  be  handled  by  including  the  structural  dimension  of  empowerment,  which  will  be described later.  Spreitzer's  questionnaire  measures  psychological  empowerment  including  senses  of  meaning,  competence,  self­determination,  and  impact.  The  definitions  of  each  component,  as  discussed  in  previous chapter. are as follows: 

•   Meaning  is defined as the  value of a work  goal  or  purpose,  judged  in  relation  to  an  individual's own ideals and  standards. 

•   Competence  or  self­efficacv  is  the  self­belief  that  one  possesses  the  skills  and  abilities  necessary to  perform a job or task well.  •   Self­determination  is  an  individual  sense  of 

having  choice  in  initiating  and  regulating  actions  or  a  feeling  of  having  control  over  one's own work. 

•   Impact  is  the  belief  that  one  has  significant  influence  ·over  strategic,  administrative,  or  operational  outcomes  at  work  (Spreitzer, 

1995). 

Based  on  the  definitions,  Spreitzer's  questionnaire  composes  12  (twelve)  questions  in  7­point Likert scale. 

The  characteristic  of the  company,  the  number  of 

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ｾｵ･ｳｴｩｾｮｮ｡ｩｲ･＠ distributed,  and  the  number of people  IOtervlewed can be seen in  Table I below. 

Table I. Summary of the fieldwork 

587  3,909 

107  26  52  119 

107  26  52  119 

69  26  40  108 

64%  100%  77%  91% 

5  3  2 3 

10  8  28

33 

ａｮ｡ｬｹｳｾｳＮ＠ The  data  was  analysed  using  mean  comparISon and  post hoc  analysis to see the  different  among  the  cases.  While  the  analysis  within  each  case  used  correlation  analysis.  The  qualitative  data  was  used  to enrich the  finding  and  to give contextual  sense to the quantitative analysis. 

3. Results and Discussion 

The discussion  (If the  results  will  begin  by  analysing  the  difference  in  the  levels  of  information  sharing  and  psychological  empowerment;  and  is  then  followed  by  discussing  the  relationship  between  information  sharing  and  psychological  empowerment. 

The  levels  of  information  sharing  across  the  companies  are  significantly  different.  Food­Co  has  the  highest  information  sharing  index  among  the  cases  (see  Table  2).  Statistically  Food­Co  is  the  highest  and  significantly  different  from  Chern­Co  aild  Wood­Co,  while  Steel­Co  is  in­between  and  indifferent  from  either  Food­Co  or  Chern­Co  and  Wood­Co.  Food­Co  is  clearly  the  highest  since  it  employs  various  participation  initiatives  especially  TQM.  A  great  range  of  quality  and  productivity  mformation  is  publicly given.  The channels  include  quality  circles,  quality  ceremony,  and  related  activities. Steel­Co has a similar approach though  not 

ｾｳ＠ ･ｸｴ･ｮｾｩｶ･＠ as  Food­Co,  but  problems  in  Implementmg  TQM  inhibit  the  amount  and  the  quality  of  information  which  may  flow.  The  informal  approach of the  supervisors· also contributes  to  the  limited  information  sharing  since  informal  communication  tends  to  involve  limited  numbers  of  individuals.  On  the  other  hand,  thl;:  strict  control  at  Chern­Co  and  Wood­Co  may  explain  the  difference.  While  Wood­Co  uses  close  supervision  to  control  employees,  Chern­Co  adopts  formal  SOP  controls.  These  types  of control  limit  the  flow  of information  in  the  companies  since  this  is  usually  under  tight  control.  The  statemel"!t  of  the  human  resource  manager at.Chem­Co, that information  is deliberately 

ｾｯｮｴｲｯｬｬ･､＠ In order  to  make  employees  undisturbed, 

IS  an  obvious  example  that  information  flow  is 

strictly controlled in  the company.  Table 2.  Comparison of empowerment and 

information index across the cOlmoames 

•  Meaning  5.75  5.71  5.51  5.46  560 

•  Competence  5.46  5.59  5.43  5.12  5.40 

•  Choice  4.15  4.28  4.03  3.73  4.05 

•  Impact  4.85  4.83  4.28  4.43  4.60 

*

*

Internet and  Information Technology in Modern Organizations: Challenges & Answers  350 

lnfonnation 

Avg=Average 

** the mean difference is significant at the  .0 I level  (2­tailed). 

*

the mean difference  is significant at the  .05 level  (2­tailed). 

Even  though  there  are  differences  in  the  information  sharing  index,  we  need  to  be  alert  to  the  use  of  the  index.  First,  there  is  a  common  opinion  across  the  cases  that  the  type  of  information  shared  in  the  companies  is  generally  generated  for  the  management  interest.  The  range  of  information  listed,  which  is  regarded  as  important  information  for  empowerment,  clearly  serves  the  company's  concern,  not  the  workers'. 

•

The  workers  in  almost  every  company  studied  complained  that  the  information  is  given  to  make  them  work  harder.  The most  common  information  received related  to company problems (deviation of  expected  performance) and  required  the  workers  to  improve  the  quality  of  their  work.  It seems  that  information  was  used  selectively  to  enable  managers  to  reriuce  negative  divergences  and  exploit  the  positive  divergences  which  individuals  make.  As  Braverman  (1974)  says  the  prioritisation  of information  in  the  manager's  role  is  the  key  to  scientific  management.  Similarly  Webster  and  Robins  (1993)  argile  that  information  can  be  used  to  continue  and  extend  the  established  control  mechanisms.  In  similar  vein,  Marchington  and  Grugulis  (200 I)  argue  that  information  sharing  is  no  more  than  a  cascade'  of  infor11}ation  from  management  to  employees,  which  ignores  the  employee  contribution.  This  one  way  information  flow  rather  than  being  seen  as  empowering  could  more easily be  interpreted  instead as  indoctrinating,  emasculating, and controlling. 

Second,  the  information  index  ignores  the  depth,  usefulness,  and  quality  of  information  given.  Instead  of  the  extensiveness,  other  important  dimensions  are  not  considered.  For  example,  the  type  of  corporate  performance  shared  with  employees  could  have  different  effects.  The  company  could  explain  its  performance  to  employces,  yet  hide  some vital  information in order  to  control  employees'  reactions;  or  use  performance  information  such  as  decreasing  profit  or market share to make employees work  harder.  Third,  the  information  listed  is  based  on  an  assumption  that  the  practice  is  the  best  practice  of  information  sharing  for  every  organisation.  For  example,  information  about  performance  and  competitor  were  used  as  the  best  proxy  of  information  without considering the  variety and  the  problematic  implementation  of such  information  in  organisation. 

In  terms  of  psychological  empowerment,  all  the  cases  show  high  levels  of  it.  This  can  be  seen  in  the  empowerment  scores  which  are  in  the  neighbourhood  of five  (see Table  3).  Food­Co and  Steel­Co  show  higher  scores  than  Wood­Co  and  Chem­Co.  Statistically,  there  is  a  significant 

difference  in  overall  psychological  empowerment  levels between the  four companies.  The post hoc  test  shows  that  Wood­Co's  psychological  empowerment  level  is  significantly  different  from  Steel­Co  and  Food­Co,  while  there  is  no  significant  different  between  Chem­Co,  Steel­Co,  and  Food­Co.  Thus,  the  difference  is  mainly  because  Wood­Co  has  the  lowest scale. 

Before  discussing  the  relationships  between  information  and  psychological  empowerment,  there  is  an  important finding  that  needs  more  attention.  In  each  company,  choice  and  impact  are  almost  lower  than  meaning  and  competence  dimensions.  Choice  and  impact  indices  in  each  company  are  around  four  ­ (the  choice  index  is  4.05  and  the  impact  index  is  4.60),  while  meaning  and  competence  indices  are  always  above five (the meaning index  is  5.60 and  the  competence  index  is 5.40).  This fmding  is  similar to  Spreitzer's  (1995)  surveys  on  different  employee  groups:  mid­level  managers,  clerical  workers,  and  front­line  employees;  Siegal  and  Gardner's  (1999)  study  on  employees  in  a  manufacturing  company;  and  Kraimer  et  al.' s  (1999)  survey  on  nursing  professionals.  This similar pattern  to  the dimensions  of  psychological  empowerment  creates  some  interesting  questions  for  further  exploration.  First,  though  many studies support the existence of the  four  dimensions  of empowerment,  the  choice  and  impact  dimensions  could  be  the  most  important  measures  when  viewed  from  a  structural  perspective.  Though  the  approach  is  psychological,  this  notion  of  psychological  empowerment  is  originally  conceptualised  from  the  root  of  power  and'  control  construct  of Conger  and  Kanungo  (1988).  Feelings  of choice ­ which  reflect autonomy or having control  over  ones'  work  ­ and  feelings  of  impact  ­ which  indicate  significant  influences  over  strategic,  administrative,  or  operational  outcomes  ­ are  closer  to  structural  perspectives  of  empowerment.  Choice  can  be  regarded  as  power  potential  while  impact  reflects  actual  power (Kraimcr et ai  1999).  This note  is  important  when  we  analyse  the  relationship  between  structural  and  psychological  empowerment  in  the  next  section.  Second, some studies  also report  that  meaning and competence are distmct dimensions  but  choice/self­determination  and  impact  can  come  together  as  one  dimension  (Full ford  and  Enz,  1995).  Therefore,  Wall,  Wood,  and  Leach  (2004)  suggest  further  qualification  for  the  measures  as  Spreitzer  (1995)  comments  that  the  measures  need  continued  refinements.  Finally,  there  is  a  possibility  that  the  dimensions  are  sequentially  related.  For  example,  choice  can  be  a  precursor  of  meaning  while  competence can be a precursor of impact. 

Internet and Information Technology in  Modern Organizations: Challenges & Answers  351 

psychological  empowerment  but  it  does  not  in  other circumstances. 

[image:24.599.97.300.195.308.2]

There  are  some  possible  explanations  of  this  finding.  First,  at  Food­Co,  the  relationships  are  significant  since  psychological  empowerment  at  Food­Co  is  at  high  level.  It can  be  argued  that  information  influences the  feeling of empowerment  when  this  is  at  a  high  level.  In  other  words,  information  is  relevant  when  individual  has  reached  a  certain  level  of  psychological  empowerment. 

Table 3.  Correlation between Information Sharing and 

** Correlation is significant at the .01  level (2­tailed).  Correlation is significant at the  .05  level  (:i­tailed). 

Second, since  the relationship between information  and  psychological  empowerment  is  not  consistent,  contextual  factors  might  influence  the  lir.ks.  The  factors  can  be  psychologicai,  individual,  and  organisational.  Therefore,  contextual  factors  beyond the relationship need  to be explored further.  Spreitzer  (1995)  mentions  a  persona!ity  variable  and  individual  difference  factors  such  as  self  esteem and  locus of control 

Third, one of the  possible  organisational  factors  is  the  extensiveness  of  Food­Co  in  using  various  involvement  techniques.  Food­Co  has  the  mosl  extensive  empowerment  climate  and  the  organisational  environment  is  supportive  for  psychological empowerment.  While  in  other cases,  the  control  climate  dominated  the  environment  at  Chern­Co,  Wood­Co,  and  Steel­Co.  At  Wood­Co,  control  is  manifested  in  close  personal  supervision,  while  at  Chern­Co  it  shows  in  standard  operating  procedures.  Furthermore,  closer  analysis  can  be  done  by  looking  at  which  psychological  dimensions are  influenced by information.  We find  that  at  Food­Co  competence  and  impact  dimensions  are  significantly  influenced  by  information.  I  argue  that  information  about  individual  performance will  influence the feeling of  competence,  while  information  about  company  or  unit  performance  will  influence  the  feeling  of  impact. 

Fourth, the  measures  of  both  information  and  psychological  empowerment  might  fail  to  reflect  the  complexity  of  information  sharing  and  empowerment  at  the  workplace.  Information  measure  has  considered  the  extensiveness  of  information  issues  and  but  not  the  degree  of  information  shared,  while  psychological  empowerment  has  only  measure  the  cognitive  intra­personal element of individual,  while  ignoring 

the  inter­personal  and  behavioural  elements  (Zimmerman, 2000) 

Fifth,  the  reality  of  information  in  organisation  might  contribute  to  the  relationship  given  the  facts  that  information  sharing  gives  only  limited  information  to  employees.  This  study  found  employees  were  given  information  as  a  condition  to  make  them  work  harder.  Therefore,  information  is  not  genuinely  intended  to  empower  the  workers.  This  finding  supports  some  studies  that  doubt  the  impact of information (see Wagner,  1994). 

Finally,  I  would  argue  that  in  certain  circumstances  the  psychological  empowerment  construct  is  not  relevant  especially  when  the  organisation  has  collective culture.  Adapting the  notion  of co!lective-efficacy  of  Lam,  Chen,  and  Schaubroek  (2002)  I  suggest  that  the  development  of  collective  empowerment  is  more  appropriate.  As  discussed  before,  Spreitzer'S  psychological  empowerment  is  borrowed  from  self­efficacy,  therefore  it  can  be  regarded  as  self­empowerment.  In  the  Indonesian  case,  where  collective  culture  is  evident,  the  conception  of  collective­empowerment  could  be  useful.  For  example,  the  relationship  between  information sharing and  psychological  empowerment  at  Wood­Co  and  Steel­Co  where  the  individual  culture IS  more  evident  than  at  Food­Co  may  be 

explained  better  if  collective  empowerment  is  used  rather than self­empowerment. 

4.  Conclusions 

The .levels  of information  sharing and  psychological  . empowerment   were'  found  different  across  the  companies  studied,  The  differences  might  be  explained  by  the  different  structural  initiatives  like  TQM employed  by each organisation. 

The  relationship  between  information  sharing  and  empowerment  is  not  consistent  in  each  case.  Therefore,  the  universal  effect of information sharing  on  empowerment  is  not  confirmed.  The  contextual  factors  in  which  information  influencing  psychological empowerment ­ need further analysis.  The  more  complete  dimensions  in  measuring  information  sharing and  psychological empowerment  are  argued  able  to  give  better  understanding  of­both  variables and  their relationships. 

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