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SUBJECT CATEGORY : Comp11Cr Science E.ogg .• lnfonnalioo Tcdlnology, Elccironic and Tdccomnu.micaioo f.ngjnccring . f.karit.11 Engina:ring. ｍ｣ ｣ ｨＮ｡ｮｩｾ＠ Engineering. Cn-il Engineering
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Dr.
MaaoJ
K l'lllHle)'International Journal of Elnf1'11ng Technology and Advanced Englnttring , INDIA.
ａ｣ｦ｜Ｂｩﾧｏｲｾ ﾷ Ｏｅ､ｩｴｯｲｩ｡ｬ＠ Board
Dr. HuyuQu
Sr. Wireless Rcscardi Scicnrist,HoncywcU International Inc" Cupenino, CA.9SO 14, USA.
Dr. Bensall Abd-El-Hamld
Facury of Sciences, Abou Bckr Bclbid Univcnity ofTicmccn, 13000 llcmccn, ALGERIA.
Dr. Aln R.-y Mnllew Assoc. Professor Ac Chm
Dcpc. of lnfonmtion Technology, CAS-Minimy of Higba E.dutalion Sullamle of Omm.. OMAN.
l
of7
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
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Exploring Research and
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Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012 ( ISSN 2250- 2459 (Online))
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1
ll.
l_JETRE
E.lPLORING RE5EARCH ANO INNOV4T'°"'5
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: l\"ft'l\'.ijetae.com (ISS'\ ＲＲＺＧＱＱ ＭＲ ｾＺＧＧＩＬ＠ Volume 2, Issue 11, No\•ember 2012)The Prospect of Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy as
Non-destructive Evaluation of Citrus Fruits Acidity
J. Juansah1, I W. ｂｵ､ｩ｡ｳｴｲ｡ｾＮ＠ K. Dahlan3• K . Boroseminar4
UBiophy.sic.s Division, Phy.sics Department, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, 16880, Indonesia HDepartment of Mechanical and Biosy.stem Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16002, Indonesia
Abrtrad - Main objective ol the prnrnt work was to invndcate the Garut citrus fruits acidity mine electrical impedance me-remmts. Furthermore., the mrasunmmts ol
electrical properties or Garut citrus fruits Wett c:mdudrd at various In-els ol pH and frequencies. This is done as a first step in order to n-aluate the Garut citrus fruits Kidity that does not damace il The electrical paramders have si,,Uficant responK to acidity ol Guut citrus fruits. 'Ille
chances
of acidity lead toch•ca
in electrical propertiesor
fruits. Resistance per wdght, nactance per wdcfit, inductance per wdght, and impedance per wdghtor
Garut citrus fuits dtdined whm the pH is increased. Whik the capacitance per wdghtor
the Garut citrus fruits incttaes as pH incnues. The correlations betwem pH and electrical paramders are estimated by usinc multiple ｾｯｮｳ＠ equatiOIL Their correlation was highly linear at frequency ol l Mlh. Those estimation equations an the primary basis in nondestructive dderminin& of Garut citrus acidity with electrical impedance measuttmmls.Keywords Electrical Impedance spectroscopy, Nondestructive evaluation, Fruits acidity, Garut citrus
I. INmODUCTION
Nowadays, citrus is a
high
importance in agricultureand
a substantial source of income for several countries. Citrus is primarily valued for hWTIAlls, which is either eaten alone as fresh fruit or processed into juice, added to dishes and beverages. Citrus has many other uses including animal fodder, craft and oil. Physical specifications of agricultural products are important parameters needed in the design of grading, transfer, processing, and packaging systems. Physical specifications, mechanical, electrical, thermal, light, acoustic and chemical properties are among properties of useful engineering applications ( l ].One of the important chemical properties of citrus fruits is acidity. It is generally determined by destructive methods. Therefore it is necessary to explore the new methods of nondestructive evaluation of Garut citrus fruits acidity. Measurement and interpretation of electrical properties give a cha.nee to solve the problem for nondestructive acidity evaluation of Garut citrus fruits.
58
Electrical measurement provides the opportunity for simple, low cost, and quick assessment of product quality such as moisture and salt content determining in smoking fish (2), soluble solids content of apples (3), or in determination of damage and loss of quality in apples (4) . Furthermore, the electrical properties of the fruits are important in the cognitive aspect, especially to find out responses of the fruits to electric fields of variable frequency . The purpose of the study is to analyze the electrical impedance properties of the Garut citrus fruit at various level of acidity by using low voltage electrical signals that do not damage it.
The measurement of impedance spectra of biological samples is called bioimpedance spectroscopy. The ｾ＠
dispersion region (I kHz - JO MHz) is intt:resting for the consideration of the cell structures. If frequencies at the top of this dispersion region are chosen, the current flows through the cell. If frequencies in the lower ｾｩｳｰ･ｲｳｩｯｮ＠
region are selected, the current can only flow through the extracellular space (4). Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measures the dielectric properties of materials, such as fruits and other agricultural products, as a function of frequency. It is
based
onthe
interaction ofan
external electric field with the electric dipole moment of materials(5) . EIS bas been widely used to assess the in vivo
l_JETRE
E.lPl..ORING RE.SCAllOt ANO INNOVATIONSInternational Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijelae.com (ISS '\ ＲＲＺＢＰ Ｍ ＲｾＺＢ ﾷ ＾Ｌ＠ Volume 2, Iuue II, Nonmber 2012)
Electrical impedance was used to measure fruit ripening Electrical parameters of citrus fruits were measured by such as the kiwi fruit [ 11). tomato [ 12) , and nectarine [ 13) . using LCR meter ( 3532-50 LCR HiTESTER, Hioki, Also, electrical impedance was used to measure the quality Tokyo, Japan). These parameters are electrical impedance, and decay of apples [3 , 4) , and beef meat ageing (14) . The resistance, reactance, inductance and capacitance. The Q value is a fairly good indicator of the loss of freshness in parameter values of electricity were measured within a meat [15). Vozary and BenkO (16) reported that the frequency ofO. l kHz, 1.0 kHz, 0 .01
MHz,
0. 1 MHz and 1 resistance and relaxation time parameters of the secondMHz.
Each measurement of different shoots repeated four distributed element can be used for characterizing the state times and then the a\'erage is calculated.of apple flesh. In this investigation, the measured electricity was
Afzal et al. [ 17) estimated leaf moisture content by divided by the weight of citrus fruits in an attempt to measuring the dielectric constant of leaves in five different compensate for the weight variation. It has also been done types of crops. They used two semi oval isolated copper by Zachariah and Erick.son (22) in assessing the maturity of plates and a Keithly 590 C -V Analyzer as the capacitance avocado fruits with a capacitance per weight measurement. measuring instrument, \\hich had the ability of measuring For the regression models based on electrical parameters capacitance at two frequencies of I 00 kHz and 1
MHz.
and pH, all data were subjected to regression analysis using Nelson (18) measured dielectric properties of fresh fruit, the Microsoft Excel program and SPSS 10.0 program . fresh chicken breast meat, and hard red winter wheat. The Based on the electrical properties of materials, multiple dielectric constant and loss factor decrease monotonically regressions are divided into two groups. The first group \\ith increasing frequency , except that the loss factor can consists of capacitance per weight (c_.J, inductance per increase or decrease with frequency in regions of dielectric weight(L..,.gt),
and resistance per weight (X"") of Garutrelaxation. citrus fruits . The impedance per weight (R,.91) , resistance
per weight (Z..,.91), and reactance per weight of Garut citrus II . MA lERIALS AND MEruoos fruit are included in the second group.
A. Materials
The experiment was carried out on various levels of pH of Garut citrus fruits. The fruits were taken from Garut Regency (7°13 'S 107°54'E), in Indonesia. Fruits were picked at ambient temperature. The measurements of all parameters were done when the fruits were still in fresh condition
B. Acidity and Weight Measurements
The pH of citrus juices provides an idea about the acidity of fruit, and it could be one way of expressing acidity. The pH is an important parameter from a processing point of view [ 19). Acidity was determined by using a pH meter (YSI EcoSense pH 100, Xylem Inc., USA). The weight of these citrus was measured by using an electronic balance with an accuracy of 0 .01 gram (Sartorius ED 822, Goettingen, Germany).
C. Electrical Measurements and Analysis
A capacitive sensor bas favorable characteristics such as robustness, high speed, resistance to the bad environmental conditions, easy operation and low cost (20), so it used in this research. The samples of citrus are placed between two plate conductive electrodes as dielectric material. This method has been done by previous researchers on different products [7, 17, 21]. The conductive plates selected from copper material.
59
III . REsUL TS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Dependence of Electrical Properties on Frequency
Typical results showing the frequency dependence of electrical parameters per weight (impedance, resistance, reactance, inductance, and capacitance) for Garut citrus fruits are shown in Fig. I . The figure shows that the all electrical properties of Garut citrus fruits decreased with increasing frequency . Especially in the lower frequency regions, electrical parameters of fruits decreased sharply as frequency increased. As an illustration, it can be reviewed on a sample of fruit that has a pH of 2 .86. Decreasing of resistance per weight, reactance per weight, and impedance per weight of Garut citrus fruits at lower frequency are respectively 229.87, 127.032, and 182.794, while at higher frequency are respectively 0 .00237, 0 .00051 , and 0 .00052 ohm/ (gram Hz). Declining of inductance per weight and capacitance per weight of citrus at lower frequency are 0 .24726 Henry/ (gram Hz) and 0 .00032 pF/ (gram Hz), while at higher frequency are 8.SE- 10 Hemy/ (gram Hz) and l.2E-7 pf/ (gram Hz).
l_JETRE
fJlPLOAING RESEARCH ANO INNOVA TIOl'<S
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISS'\ ＲＲＺＢＱＱＭｾｾＺＢＧｬＬ＠ Volume 2, Issue 11, Nonmber 2012)Frequency changes \\ill affect the condition of the ions in the material . Ionic Joss is inversely proportional to frequency and become critical as \\1! go to the lower frequency. High values of electrical impedance, resistance or react.ance of citrus at low frequency (Figure I a, I b, and
le) could be attributed to high mobility of dipole due to free water state and electrode polarization. Dissipation of dipolar energy at higher frequencies is Jess dominant and ionic loss become almost absent (23) .
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ｃＸｾ＠ (ti), . . . .u..tt (e) per wft&llt ore;... dtna .. selttRd .Wley ... or(-+-) ror pH 4.49, (--0-) ror pH
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Total polarization processes occurring in the material require sufficient time. With the high frequency causes a short time in the process of polarization, so that the polarization does not occur completely. Thus, the increasing frequency values will lead to the decrease in the total polarization. This caused the low polarity of the materials. This is being the reason for capacitive phenomenon that occurs in Garut citrus fruits (Figure 1 d). For proper description of the dielectric behavior of the Garut citrus fruits and other biological materials, contributing phenomena other than dipolar relaxation also need to be taken into account, such as the ionic conduction at lower frequencies, the behavior of bmmd water, and the influence of constituents other than ｷｾｴ･ｲＮ＠
LJETRE
El<PLORING RESCAJ!Ot ANO !NO.OVA T>ONS
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISS"i ＲＲＺＧＱＱＭＲｾＺＧＧＱＬ＠ Volume 2, Issue 11, Nol·ember 2012)Garut ciuus fruits show resistive properties at low frequency , so it is a poor conductor. Thus, the ions and
electrons in the Garut citrus fruits are bowld relatively
stable at low frequency .
B. Dependence of Electrical Properties on Fruits .-lcidity
Fruit pH is a hydrogen-ion concentration and provides
an estimate of the extent of acidity in the fruit juice. Garut
ciuus fruits have a pH range of 2.86 - 4.5. As in most of
the fruits, the maturity of Garut citrus fruits heralds the accumulation of the loss of acidity and host of other biochemical changes. Increased maturity of the citrus fruit \\ill cause the acidity is reduced and pH will increase. The decrease in acidity or increasing in pH was considered to be due to dilution as the fruit increased in size and juice content (l 9) .
The high total acid correlated with low pH or high concentration of hydrogen ions. The pH value depends on
the type of substance that is dissolved in water and its
concentration. If the pH is low, it means that the substances
contained in water are dominated by the acids. Organic
acids are respiratory substrates in the fruits. Higher respiratory quotient indicates utilization of acids, mainly
citric and malic acids through the lricarboxylic acid cycle,
in which acids are oxidized and A TPs are formed for
synthesis of new compounds [ 19).
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Flgw'r 1. Thr rll'ttt of pH oa dw lmprdantt per weichl Ｈ｡ＩＬｾ＠
prr wright (It), nmlantt per wrlcht (t), lndutlantt per wrl1ht (d) and ｴ｡ｾ＠ per -ichl (r) ofGuw tllna al I MHz. The results showing an electrical dependence with
acidity of Garut citrus fruits are disclosed in Figure 2. All
of the samples fruits have same phenomenon that the
decreases of electrical parameters per weight as increasing
of pH. The correlation of each electrical parameters and pH
did not show a linear. The best correlation equation is
exponential form. All of deterministic coefficients are
fairly good especially at frequency of 1
MHz
(Figure 2)except on capacitance parameter, so that the correlation
l_JETRE
ｾ＠ RES(AllCH ANO INNOVA TIOr<S
International Journal of Emerging Ttthnology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISS'\ ＮＡＮＡＺＧｏ Ｍ ＮＡｾＺＧＧｊＬ＠ Volume 2, luue 11, Nonmber 2012) This phenomenon is possibly happened because the ACcurrent can flow and penetrate to the sample more deeply when the signal frequency is high enough. The current tlows through the cell if frequencies at the top of
p..
dispersion region are chosen. If frequencies in the lower P-dispersion region are selected, the current can only flow through the e:>..1racellular space (4) .The capacitance per weight of fruit showing in Figure 2 does not show a strong correlation and has a different profile with other parameters. Increase in pH values is accompanied by an increase in the electrical capacitaoce
per weight ofGarul citrm fruits.
All the constituent parts of citrm, i.e. seed, segment, peel, etc., has contributed to the electrical properties. Although the segment of citrm was a lot of water content and acidic, but it's was in a sealed condition. So the important rule of ion mobility defends on cell membrane and wall permeability. A decrease in fruit impedance, resistance, inductance, and reactance may be related to increased concentration of mobile ions in cell wall and/or increase in cross-section of the cell wall accessible to low-frequency current. Cell wall resistance declined as freshly han1ested fruit ripened, and this decline was closely related to changes in fruit texture (24). Most
fresh
fruits andvegetables are high in water, but nonnally have very poor electrical conductivity because much of the water is held immobile, trapped within the cells and the intercellular spaces within the tissue structure of these plant materials (25) . Landaniya [ 19) reported that the more granulation developed, the more the electrical conductivity increased. Increased conductivity and granulation have the same meaning with the decreases in resistivity and increasing cross sectional area of the membrane cell. It was support in llllderstanding the phenomenon obtained in this study. The decreases in acidity (indicated by an increase in pH) occurs when fruit growth and maturation. In addition, there is also growth of granulation.
62
The changes of tissue resistanee indicate the changes in mobility of ion in cell and physiological changes of fruits during ripening (26). It is enough reasonably related to a decrease in impedance properties when the pH increased.
C. pH Estimation Using Electrical Parameters
In order to estimate the pH (acidity) of the fruit by using the electrical parameters, multiple correlation equation between them should be caught early. In this case, the SPSS program for multiple linear regressions was used. So, the pH value could be predicted by using the electricitv
parameters of Garul citrm fruits. .
Multiple linear regression equations for pH prediction using the electrical parameters of the citrus fruits at various frequencies are shown in Table I. Also, the linearity between pH predictions and experiments are sho\\n in Figure 3 for the first group (Cwg1,
Lw,..
and R..,,.) and Figure 4 for the second group CR.,,.,z.,,.,
and X,.gt). The level of linearity is showed by the point distribution of datas on graph of y = x equation.By reviewing its deterministic coefficients (R2) and standard error of estimations (SE), those equations give a fairly good estimate (Table l). The lowest correlation for
the both of group was occurring at a frequency of 0.1 kHz
(Figure 3a and 4.l). The highest correlation for the first group occurred at a frequency of I MHz (Figure 3b) and the second group occurTed at a frequency of 0.01 MHz
(Figure 4b ).
According to the average value of deterministic coefficients and standard error of estimations, the best correlation occurred at a frequency of I MHz which is characterized by the highest deterministic coefficient
(R2.,,.,.,.,
=
0.9255) and lowest standard error of estimationｾ＠
l_JETRE
El<P\.OR1NG RESCARCH ANO INNOVATIONS
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: wl'l·w.ijetae.com (ISS\' ＲＲＺＧＱＱＭＲｾＺＧＧｊＬ＠ Volume 2, Issue II, November 2012)Tabk l
Muldpk rqrnsiona for pH estimation lllinc dtttrital ｾｮ＠ ol <Nut dtnn f'nllts. Fttqurndes Equadom or ntlJmdoa
0. 1 kHz pH = 0 .0000493R..., + 0.0001314X..., - 0 .000031Z..., + .i.182 pH = --0.0000166R...,.,. 0.01475L..,. .,. (2.5E-t-09)C...,.,. 4.113
1.0 kHz pH = 0 .0001349R..., - 0.0002190X..., • O.OOOIS90Z..., + 4.411 pH = 0 .0001313R..., - 2.6S2L..,. - (l.IE+IO)Z, + 4.424
0.01 ｾＡｈｺ＠ pH-=4.531E--04R..., -7.9SOE--06X..., -1.990E-03Z..., +.i.661 pH = 5.055E-0-1 R...,·l.492E+02 l..,.·l .OOOE+09 C...,+ 4.652
0 .1 MHz pH = O.OOl 154R..., + 0.00964SX..., • 0 .01810Z..., + 4.714 pH = O.OOIS88R..., - 735 .4L..,. - (8.2E+09)Z, + 4.788
I ｾｲｮｺ＠ pH = 0.01449R..., • 0.2.270X..., + 0 .1310Z..., + 4.724
pH= 0.012SR, - (S.4S4E+OS)L,- (8.6E+IO)Z, + 4.971
4 70
y
="
4 20
..
c Ｍ ｾ＠ ｾ＠ 3 70
0.
:i:
0.
320
2 70-t---.----.---...----... ｾ＠ 70
4.70
• 4.20 §
·::i
0
:.;:;
ｾ＠ 3.70 ::c:
0.
3.20
3 20 3.70 4 20 4 70 pH cxpcruncnts
(11)
y = x
2.70
"t---....----....---...---2.70 3.20 3.70 4.20 4.70pH experiments
R' R ' - SE
SE-0.685
0.663 0.212.i 0.2817
0.641 0.2909
0.822
0.806 0.2049 0.2138
0 .790 0.2226
0.93
0 .9205 o.12f18 0.1369
0.911 0. 1450
0.1194
0.900 0.1581 0. 1535
0.906 0.1489
0.917
0.92SS 0.1401 0. 1323
0.934 0.1245
4.70
y = x
4.30
.
c
0
3.90
.,,,
0
ｾ＠
0. 3.50:i:
0.
.
c 3. 102. 70 +-'"--r--..,...--r---r---. 2.70 3. 10 3. 50 3.90 4.30 4.70
pH experiments
(•)
4.70
y =x
4.30
Ｍｾ＠ 3.90
ｾ＠
;;. 3 .50 ::i::
0.
3.10
2.70 + - - - r - - - r - - - r - - - r - - - .
2.70 3 . 10 3.50 3 .90 4.30 4.70
pH experiments
(b)
(b)
ｾ＠ l. The l!Marity or pH predkdona and experiments of Guw dtrus mine elec1rWal lndurtante, rnisa.ntt and capadtanrt per
weight parameters at rrequrnty oro.1 kHz (a) llDd 1 MHz (b).
ｾ＠ 4. The HMarity of pH predkdom and experimmts of Guw dtrus us1nc e1ec1rWa1 lmpedante, rn1stantt and re.rtance per weight
panmeten at hqurnty ol0.1 kHz(•) and 0.01 MHz (b).
ｾ＠
LJETRE
ｾ＠ RESCARCH AND INNOVAnot<S
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISS'\ 22:'0 -2-4'\'), Volume 2, Issue II, No,•ember 2012)IV . CONCLUSIONS (Ill Bauchot. A.O .• Harter, F.R and Arnold, ｗ Ｎ ｾｴＮ＠ 2000. The use of Electrical impedance measurements were able to
determine the acidity of Garut citrus fruits and it depends on the frequency . The electrical parameters have significant response to acidity of Garut citrus fruits. The pH estimations by using multiple regressions of electrical parameters were highly linear especially at frequency of l
MHz. Thus, the electrical impedance measurements of
Garut citrus fruits have a high potential for determining the acidity of the Garut citrus fruits that is not destructive. So it becomes an alternative technique to complement and even replace existing tools. The results of this study can be
utilized and further developed by agricultural technicians, farmers, chemists, other researchers and the industry to become more useful.
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