Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Natural Feed Additive on
Leucocyte Profile and Lymfoid Organ of Broiler
R. Mutia*, Deyusma, & D. M. Suci
Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl.Rasamala, Darmaga Bogor, Indonesia
*E-mail: rmutia.1@gmail.com
Abstract
Herbal, probiotic and prebiotic as natural feed additive have potential to replace antibiotic in poultry diet. This experiment was conducted to study the effect supplementation of herbal, probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic in the diet on leucocyte profile and lymfoid organ of broiler. The experiment used 180 day- old Ross broiler chicks (unsexed) which were reared for 5 weeks. This experiment used completely randomized design with 6 dietary treatments and 3 replications. The dietary treatments were : 1. Basal diet as negative control (without feed additive), 2. Basal diet + antibiotic (bambermycin 0.05%) as positive control, 3.Basal diet + probiotic (EM4, 1cc/l), 4. Basal diet + prebotic (fermacto, 0.2%), 5. Basal diet + herbal mixed (Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorriza and Zingiber officinale, 1.5%), 6. Basal diet + synbiotic (EM4 , 1cc/l and Fermacto, 0.2%). At the end of feeding trial (5 weeks of age), 6 birds each treatment were sacrificed to measure the lymfoid organ (sleen and bursal fabricius). Blood sample were collected for heterofil and lymfosit measurement. There were no significant difference on spleen, heterofil (H) and lymfosit (L) due to dietary treatments. However, bursal fabricius of birds fed antibiotic, probiotic and synbiotic diets significantly (p<0.05) lower than birds fed negative control diet. Birds fed probiotic diet had lowest mortality as compared to other treatments. In conclusion, probiotic supplementation gives better health performance than other natural feed additive.
Key words: broiler, herbal, lymfoid organ, prebiotic, probiotic
Introducton
Probotc, prebotc and herbal can be used as alternatves to replace antbotc as growth promoter n poultry det. Probotcs are lvng mcroorgansm, not absorbed n the dgestve tract, no tssue resdue, no mutaton of other mocroorgansm and they mproved growth and feed effcency (Lopez, 2000). It was reported that probotcs beneft to host anmal by mprovng mmunty, preventng harmful mcroorgansm, provdng dgestve enzymes and stmulatng syntess B groups vtamn (Rolfe, 2000; Guna etal., 2006; Asl et al., 2007). Prebotc have been defned as non dgestble feed ngredent as substrates for growth benefcal bactera already exstng n caecum and colon. Several studes have shown that addton of prebotcs to poultry det mproved the performace and mmune response through mprovng gut mcroflora ( Pray et al., 2007, El- Husseny et al., 2008). Synbotc was combnaton of prebotc and probotc. The aplcaton of probotcs and prebotcs n broler det mproved the performace (Aftah et al., 2006; Kermanshah and Rostam, 2006).
Herbs and spces can be use as alternatves to AGPs (antbotc growth promot-ers) n poultry det due to ther ant mcrobal propertes, antoxdant actvty and d-geston ad ncludng stmulaton of endogenous enzym actvty. Among the herbs,
Curcuma longa (turmerc), Curcuma xanthorrhiza (javanese turmerc) and Zingiber officinale (gnger) has been used for centures as medcnal plant n Indonesa. The man boactve compound from Curcuma longa and Curcuma xanthorrhiza s cur-cumn. Curcumn have wde spectrum of bologcal actons ncludng ant nflam-matory, antoxdant, antcarcnogenc, antmutagenc, antcoagulant, antfertlty, an-tdabetes, antbacteral, antfungal, antprotozoa, antvral, antvbrotc, antulcer, hypotensve and hypocholesteremc actvty as revewed recently (Chattopadhyay
et al., 2004). Curcuma xanthorrhiza also had essental ol known as xanthorrhzol. Ths compound have some bologcal acton ncludng antbactera, antfungal (Ru-kayad, 2011), antoxdant, antplatelet effect, mmnomodulatory and cardovascular protectve propertes (Jantan, 2011). Zingiber officinale or gnger contan zngberen and zngerol as mayor componen that can stmulate dgestve enzyme. The boactve of gnger can reduce phatogenc bactera and mprove the appette. Herawat (2010) reported that feedng red gnger n the det mproved broler performance and feed effcency.
Today, the farmer can choose one of some natural products for mprove poultry productvty and health performance. Therefore, ths study was conducted to evalu-ate the effects of detary probotc, prebotc and herbal on leucocyte profle and lymfod organ of broler.
Materals and Methods
Animals and Diets
old Ross broler chcks (unsexed) whch were reared for 5 weeks. The chcks were reared on deep ltter system n open sde house wth standard management con-dtons. The detary treatments were : 1. Basal det as negatve control (wthout feed addtve), 2. Basal det + antbotc (bambermycn 0.05%) as postve control, 3.Basal det + probotc (EM4, 1cc/l), 4. Basal det + prebotc (fermacto, 0.2%), 5. Basal det + herbal mxed (Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorriza and Zingiber officinale, 1.5%), 6. Basal det + synbotc (EM4 , 1cc/l and Fermacto, 0.2%). Cur-cuma longa, Curcuma xanthorrhiza and Zingiber officinale powder were purchased from local market. These herbal were mxed (rato 1:1:1) before ncorporated at level 1.5% to the expermental det. Level of herbal n ths experment base on our prevous research. Antbotc, probotc and prebotc used n ths experment were commercal product. All level of these feed addtve accordng to company reco-mendaton. Basal det was formulated to met broler requrement accordng to NRC (1994) recommendaton. The ngredent and nutrent composton are presented n Table 1. Proxmate analyss of basal det was conducted accordng to AOAC (1984). At the end of feedng tral (5 weeks of age), 6 brds each treatment were sacrfced to measure the lymfod organ (spleen and bursal fabrcus). Blood sample were col-lected for heterophl and lymphocyte measurement.
Note: 1Each kg premx contan : Vt.A 9000 IU, Vt.D 2000 IU, Vt.E 12 IU, Vt.B1 0.5 mg, Vt. B6 1
mg, Nacn 15 mg, Panthotenc acd 12.5 mg, antoksdan 100 mg.
Ingredents %
Statistical analysis
Ths experment used completely randomzed desgn wth sx detary treatments and three replcatons (10 brds/replcaton). All data were subjected to analyss of varance accordng to Steel and Torre (1995). Sgnfcant treatment means were futher tested usng Duncan’s multple range test (Duncan, 1955).
Results and Dscusson
The effects detary supplementaton of natural feed addtve on leucocyte profle and lymfod organs of broler are presented n Table 2.
There was no sgnfcant dfferent on spleen, heterophl and lymphocyte per-centage due to detary treatments. Spleen s cte for lymphocyte producton. Supple-mented natural feed addtve dd not affect the spleen organ, t ndcated that lym-phocyte producton dd not affected by the treatments. Lymlym-phocytes are mportant mmune cells that play crtcal role n mantanng mmune functon. Results n ths experment showed that hen fed natural feed addtve had a good mmun functon as compared to that of antbotc.
Bursa fabrcus of hen fed herbal det sgnfcantly (p<0.05) hgher than those of other treatments. Herbal used n ths experment contan some boactve compound from gnger, turmerc and javanese turmerc. These boactve compound mght be cause bursal fabrcus bgger than other natural feed addtve. Our results showed that natural feed addtve can replace antbotc n poultry det. Among natural feed addtve, probotc was better than prebotc, synbotc and herbal, t has the lowest mortalty rate.
Table 2. Effects of natural feed addtve on spleen,bursal fabrcus, heterofl, lymfost, and mortalty of broler at 5 weeks of age
Treatment Spleen
Basal det 0.17±0.06 0.12±0.02b 34.67±19.60 64.33±18.04 6
Antbotc 0.18±0.05 0.09±0.01c 22.33± 4.04 77.00± 5.00 5
Herbal 0.14±0.01 0.36±0.01a 20.67±15.04 78.67±14.57 8
Probotc 0.17±0.04 0.08±0.01c 51.33±24.83 48.33±25.38 3
Prebotc 0.24±0.09 0.11±0.03b 21.00± 8.19 78.00± 7.94 8
Synbotc 0.20±0.07 0.09±0.01c 36.67± 5.69 62.67± 5.13 4
Concluson
In concluson, probotc, prebotc, synbotc and herbal could replace antbotc as antbotc growth promoter n poultry det. Among natural feed addtve, probotc was better n decreasng mortalty.
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