An Analysis of the types and the factors influencing the code switching and code mixing used by vj of mtv ampuh

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Switching and Code Mixing Used by VJ of MTV Ampuh. Thesis. English Letter Department: Adab and Humanity Faculty, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, April 2010.

This research is aimed at finding out the types and the factors influencing the code switching and mixing used by VJ of MTV Ampuh.

Moreover, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method by collecting the selected data for the research. In determining the types and the factors influencing, the writer paid attention to the context involving VJ’s conversation. In collecting the data for the research, the writer followed five steps. Firstly, the writer observed the “MTV Ampuh” program by watching and recording this program. Secondly, the writer watches again the recorded program which contains of codes language that used by VJ on MTV Ampuh. Thirdly, the writer chooses the utterances that consisted of codes switching or code mixing. Fourthly, the writer wrote down the data into table. The final step is to analyze the data based on the types and the factors influencing codes switching and code mixing.

To help revealing the code switching and code mixing strategy, the writer decided to conduct a research on one of MTV programs. The writer chooses MTV Ampuh as the research, because MTV Ampuh is one of the best teenage programs on MTV Indonesia and usually the VJ of this program mix Indonesian and English as their character and style when they speak each other. Therefore, the writer chooses the dialogues of MTV’s VJ on MTV Ampuh program as his research because the writer finds so many types and factors is influenced the code switching and mixing cases in their dialogues.

In this papers, the writer analyses about eighteen character’s dialogs that use code switching and mixing. He chooses the dialogs randomly which are interested to be analyzed. Here are the dialogs which will be analyzed in this paper.

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USED BY VJ OF MTV AMPUH

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata 1

Pahruli 106026001017

Approved by:

Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd. NIP. 19640710 199303 1 006

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH” JAKARTA

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Code Switching and Code Mixing Used by VJ of MTV Ampuh.” has been defended before the Letter and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on July 21, 2010. The thesis has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata 1.

Jakarta, July 21, 2010

Examination Committee

Signature Date

1. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd (Chair Person) __________ _________ 19650919 200003 1 002

2. Drs Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd (Secretary) __________ _________ 19640710 199303 1 006

3. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd (Advisor) __________ _________ 9640710 199303 1 006

1

4. Dr. Frans Sayogi, M.Pd

Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum

(Examiner I) _________ _________ 19700310 200003 1 002

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knowledge and belief, it contains no ma rial previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the

stus 2010

te

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Jakarta, 9 Agu

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to Allah SWT, the Lord o fection and generosity in ompleting the writer’s study in the State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta

a.

han, M.Pd., The secreta

nly my initial step to the future.

are of his eve

f the universe for his help, af c

. Then, peace and blessing is upon to our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW and all of his family, his disciplines, and his followers.

The thesis is submitted in partial accomplishment of the requirement for the Strata 1 Degree to The Faculty of Adab and Humanities, English Letters Department State Islamic Unversity Syarif Hidayatullah Jakart

In the terms of completion my study, the writer would like to express his deepest gratitude to the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, Dr.H. Abdul Chair, MA, The Head of English Letters Department, Dr. M. Fark

ry of English Letters, Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd., and to all his lectures had taught him a lot of things during the study.

My family who deserves the writer deepest esteem more than whoever (Zainal Arifin and Ida Farida), since they who always support me; financial assistance, moral and spiritual. This is the o

Additionally, the writer is deeply grateful to the individuals too numerous to mention that have sent him suggestions, corrections, and criticisms, especially, Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd. as his thesis advisor, since the writer is awfully aw

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acquaintances: my beloved student of class A 2006 and Linguistic class for being my cla

Jakarta, 9 Agustus 2010

ssmates – I really enjoyed the four – year - friendship with all you guys by their memories their laughs, their activities, their supports, their spirit, their souls, their love conveyed me into life-mature and finally my great thanks to all the place that gave me pleasures within my study process.

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APPROVEMENT ……….. ii

v Research question ……….. Research methodology ………... 2. Method of the study ……….… 4. Unit analysis ……… APTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK C. LEGALIZATION ………... iii

DECLARATION ………... iv

ACKNOWLEDMENT ……….. v

TABLE OF CONTENT ……… ii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study ……… 1

B. Focus of the study ……….. 6

C. 7 D. Significance of the study ………... 7

E. 8 1. Objective of the study ……….. 8

8 3. Instrument of the study ……… 8

9 5. Technique of data analysis ……….. 9

CH A. Bilingualism ……….. 11

B. Language choice ……… 12

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R III. RESEARCH FINDING

A. Data descriptios ……… 25

R IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A.

B. Suggestions ………... 49

LIOGRAPHY CHAPTE

B. Data analysis ……… 29

CHAPTE

Conclusions ………... 48

BIB

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Program : The data of MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request with Peterpan. VJ / Guest : Daniel / Peterpan Band

Opening act by Peterpan …

VJ Daniel: Ok anak nongkrong, welcome to MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request. Jadi, di sini loe bisa nge-request-nge-request juga yaa di hari minggu yang nyantai ini dengan email yang udah loe berikan ke kita kemaren itu. Alright, dan pastinya masih bersama Peterpan disini. Yeahhh..tadi loe udah ngeliat lagu mereka yang gokil banget.

VJ Daniel: ... Oh iyaa anak nongkrong pada akhir acara nanti, kita akan memberikan hadiah satu juta rupiah untuk klip request-an yang nomor satu terbanyak, yaa anak nongkrong kalo misalnya loe belom tau gimana caranya, gampang ajah. Loe tinggal kirim e-mail ke kita. All you have to do is just, e-mailnya tau dimana??

mtvampuh@globaltv.co.id.

VJ Daniel: Nah cara ketiknya SCS (spasi) nama penyanyi (spasi) judul lagu.. alright. Dan nanti peterpan bakal nge-VJ juga bareng kita.. iyehhh.. man!! Loe harus ngomong juga harus gini juga. Coba loe baca tuh skrip Riel.

Ariel : Peterpan‼ sebelum mereka ganti nama sapa tau kita daoat ilham buat nama

VJ Daniel: So anyway, ok yang pastinya di posisi 8 ada klip yang dipilih sama anak nongkrong, the changcuters dengan gila-gilaan, check this out!!! ..

VJ Daniel: What’s up guys, yes ... kembali lagi pastinya di MTV Ampuh... Sunday Chart Requets. So, Sunday Chart Special by Request. Dan pastinya masih bersama Peterpan, dan ini terakhir kalinya mereka pake nama Peterpan.

VJ Daniel: Sampai sekarang mereka belum mau ngebocorin kira-kira nama yang bakal mau digunakan apa nih nama terakhirnya. Kalo gue saran namanya Kuburan Band. Lukman: Tuh ada yang bilang drakula Band.

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VJ Daniel: gila loe man. Heheheh… yaudah yang pasti nya kita bakal ngobrol bareng Peterpan, sekarang saatnya kasih tau siapa yang ada di Chart SCS no.7.

Ariel: Mengawali karirnya dengan start sempurna cowo yang nama lengkapnya Afghan Syahreza ini mampu mengukir namanya di belantika musik Indonesia. Ini dia single pertamanya Afghan dengan Terima Kasih cinta.

VJ Daniel: ok langsung ajah, ini dia Afghan dengan Terima Kasih Cinta.

--- VJ Daniel: ... gue pengen ngomong banyak banget ci man tapi ya nanti off air aja kali yahh..

heheh.. ya udah, nanti kita bakal ngeliat dan bakal dengerin juga “Kisah Cintaku”. Tapi yang pastinya loe jangan kemana-mana, will be right back after this messages, check it out!!

Uki: Back on MTV Sunday Chart Special by Request, masih bareng, Peterpan!!! .. Di urutan empat ada band yang mempunyai arti dapat dilihat dan dapat didengar, yapp! Apa lagi kalo bukan The Video. Well, this is the video, detik untuk dikenang.

Ariel: diperingkat ketiga klip Letto dengan klip Ruang Rindu, Here they are Letto dengan Ruang Rindu check it out‼

VJ Daniel: saatnya masuk by request, kita langsung ajah check Slank dengan Khilaf… itu videonya total abis yah..

--- VJ Daniel: Dan sekarang gue bakal menginformasikan siapakah yang akan mendaoatkan

hadiah satu juta rupiah tapi sebelumnya gue bakal mengumumkan siapa yang menjadi juara satu. Dia adalah Peterpan‼‼‼ yeaaahhhhh……. Coba loe bacain sapa juaranya.

Lukman : pemenangnya adalah Fahzah‼‼‼

VJ Daniel: Yeahh!! Loe ngomongnya enggak semangat banget sih. Yeahh.. Ok, yah!! Pemenangnya yang berhasil mendapatkan satu juta rupiah adalah Fahzah89@yahoo.com. Jadi kalo misalnya loe ngerasa loe punya email itu. Well, you should be very very happy yeah Fahzah.

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beli CD bajakan. It’s a crime people and you should be embarrassed a little bit, alright. Peterpan dengan kisah cintaku. MTV Ampuh Banget!

Closing by Peterpan Act ……

Source II

Date : Saturday, March 13th, 2010.

Program : The data of MTV Ampuh Top 100 with Agnes Monica as a VJ. VJ / Guest : Agnes Monica / -

VJ Agnes: Talking about this band i don’t have any comment beside one word,outstanding!! Four thumbs up. Berkarir hampir hampir 20 tahun di kancah musik indonesia memang hal yang luar biasa. Darah darah muda geng potlot ini akhirnya berkomitmen untuk berkarir di musik lewat bendera benama slank karena gaya mereka slengehan banget...

VJ Agnes: ... dan komitmen tersebut sudah menghasilkan begitu banyak prestasi, dan sampai sekarang Slank sudah meluncurkan sebelas album. Dan di MTV Ampuh Top 100 ini kita bakal melihat salah satu albumnya yang berhasil nongkrong di posisi thirty four. Yes, this is Biru. Yang di ambil dari soundtrack film Banyu Biru. Ok guys, please enjoy “Slank” with “Biru”.

VJ Agnes: Anak nongkrong MTV lets movin’ on to number thirty three. Di peringkat ini berhasil diduduki Ari Lasso, dan yang berhasil masuk sekarang ini nih anak nongkrong adalah video ke dua Ari Lasso dari albumnya “Kulihat, Kudengar, Kurasa”, judulya dalem banget. patah hati!! hikshiks ...

VJ Agnes: As you gonna find out that!! nuansa timur tengah di video ini kena banget. Dan ari Lasso disini ceritanya jadi sebagai story teller ... well, any way!! langsung aja kita lihat Ari Lasso dengan “Patah Hati” ...

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100. Ok, what do we’ve got here? Let me see. Oh yap, di posisi ini kita punya satu penyanyi cowo yang mempunyai karakter suara yang khas banget, pokonya ngebass abis, dan dia adalah Bebi Romeo. Ok, here is “Lagu Tentang Cinta”. Viedo clip …

VJ Agnes: Helo helo heloo!!! Everybody we back again on Special Edition of MTV Ampuh Top 100, and today, we gonna see who sitting on number fourty till twenty-one a long days with me the one and only Agnes Monica. Well, are you ready guys? here is i’m ready. Ok anak nongrong.

VJ Agnes: Ok anak nongkrong without any further a due, langsung aja kita lihat siapa yang ada di peringkat empat puluh. Dan ternyata di peringkat ini kita punya salah satu penyanyi senior yang merupakan senior gue juga yang bisa dibilang one of the great great living legend in our musical industry. Pasti tau dong siapa? Dia adalah mas Crisye ... Lets find who Crisye when he featuring with Project Pop. Viedo clip …

VJ Agnes: Masuk diperingkat 39 here Ada Band dengan Manusia Bodoh. Viedo clip …

VJ Agnes: masuk peringkat 38 ada Project Pop yang dirilis pada hari kemerdekaan Indonesia. salut buat nasionalismenya. Viedo clip … END.

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A. Background of the Study

In daily life, people use language to communicate what they want to say. Language is very important and only means of communication. Without language, the process of communication will not work. “people will not be able to get involved with their surroundings without using language and because of that language has become a vital thing in human life”.1 There are various styles used by people in communication in their native language or foreign language, for example the Indonesian people. In communicating they may use Indonesian, English, Javanese, Sundanese, etc. In making relationship with others, people use language for communication, in their activity, people can express their mind, idea, thought, even what their opinion at the time. According to Darjowidjojo in his book entitled Psikolinguistik: Pengantar Pemahaman Bahasa Manusia, he says as follows, “Manusia menggunakan bahasa sebagai alat komunikasi untuk berinteraksi satu sama lain, sebagai alat untuk bertanya, memberi informasi ke B belowpada orang lain, dan mengungkapkan gagasan dan perasaan”.2 (people use language as a communication tool for making an interaction each other, either as an asking a question tool, giving an information to the other, and expressing their idea and mind).

1

Janet Holmes, An Introduction to linguistics, 2nd edition(England: Pearson Education Limited, 2001).p.11.

2

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From explanation above, language defines an arbitrary vocal symbol used by human being for communication and interaction each other, base on culture and situation get involved.

Language utilized reveals human’s thought. People will not give their expression if they have not getting of their language overbearingly. For example, the actualization such as sculpture, landscaping, paint, poem, poetry, and the other art of literature. The painters pour their mind out through their potrayal and design. The mathematician pour their concept and idea out through create a new formula to solve the problems of numericals in term of mathematic’s cases.3

In conversation, there are also many people who speak one language also called as monolingual that they have had since they was born, it is also called mother tongue. Now, many people all over the world speak more than one language this so called bilingual even multilingual. For example in Indonesia, which is the archipelagos country, bilingual or even multilingual have become culture and civilization. Because Indonesia is multiligual country.4

Many coutries are also practicing bilingual or multilingual. It means that people who are living in these countries communicate using at least two different languages. English is used by 80% of the people in the woorld as their first or second language. The other top language such as Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, German, French, Portuguese, Korean, italian, and Rusian also come afterward.5

3

http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=81641 (accessed on 12th November 2009, 17:35 p.m. ).

4

Abdul Chaer, Linguistik Umum (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1994). p. 65.

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There are many kinds of people according to their race in the world found in many place of countries. People who come from different backgrounds and countries may and often live in one community. It can happen if those people in that community are not isolated from the outsides world. They may speak in different codes as well. In this case, codes may refer to a language or language variety which can be used in a conversation of two or more people because they have a chance to meet people from other coutries.

According to Hudson (1996, p. 22) as quoted by Wardhaugh, the explanation about a variety of language, as “a set of linguistics items with similar distribution”.6 A definitionn that allow us to say that all of the following are varieties: English Indonesian, Javanese Indonesia, Sundanese Javanese, or Indonesian English, and so on. A variety can therefore be somthing greater than single language as well as something less, less even than something traditionally referred to as a dielect.

Ferguson (quoted by Wardhaugh) has another definition of variety, he says, “Any body of human speech pattern which is sufficiently homogeneous to be analysed by available technique of synchronic description and which has a sufficiently large repertory of elements and their arrangements or processes with broad enough semanic scope to function in all formal contexts of communication”.7 It means language is system of sounds, words, patterns which is used by human to communicate thoughts and feelings and can uniquely

6

Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition (Massachusetts: Blackwell Publisher, 2002). p. 25.

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associate becomes a code with some external factor even internal factor as participant, social, status, and topic of conversation.

From the explanation before, where the place we live, there are many kinds of people according to their race in the world found. They come from different backgrounds and countries may and often live in one community, being bilingual or multilingual is needed. Beside that, it is interesting and beneficial, it gives benefit to the users since both of the speakers and listeners who come from different parts of the world will be able to communicate each other without the obstacles. In line with the globalization era, reason people can become bilingual or multilingual, since the need of communicating or interacting to run the business, increase the relationship with foreign people, enlarge the economical relationship from another part of the world which will go on for modern life and need.

Wardhaugh explains in his book, when they speak to the other who come from different countries, they are always faced with the problem of code choice.8 It means that people who want to speak, they must consider and select codes that are intelligibly spoken by both side. So, the speaker and listener know each other about the conversation that they use. The choice of code includes the choice of dialect, style, register, or variety depending on the situation context.

Hoffmann explains that code switching can occur quite frequently in an informal conversation among people who are familiar and have a shared educational, ethnic, and socio-economic background. It is avoided in a formal

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speech situation among people, especially to those who have little in common factors in term of social status, language loyalty, and formality.9

Nowdays, code switching has become part of our daily conversation strategy, especially in multi-ethnic societies such a Jakarta, Bandung, or Tangerang, or any other metropolitan cities in the world. People may select a code and switch back and forth from one code to another code. Holmes says people switch codes when they interact with others in a situation.10 Despite the fact that mixing and switching are often stigmatized in the communities in which they occur, they often serve such important functions as marking ethnic and group boundaries. Among minorities, the home language is used to signify in-group, informal, and personalized activities, while the other language is used to mark outgroup, more formal, and distant events. Speakers use a change of language to indicate their attitude to what is being said.11

In communication with other, code switching, the altenative use of two languages, has becomes an increasingly topical important field of research. Code switching seems to serve important communicative and cognitive functions. Code switching also brings together contributions from a wide variety of sociolinguistic setting in which the phenomenon is observed. It addresses not only the structure and function but also the ideological values of such bilingual behaviour.

This phenomenon occurs within a domain or social situation. There are some obvious changes in situation, such as the students talk with the teachers. It

9

http://www.infoskripsi.com/Artikel-Penelitian/Artikel-Skripsi-Code-Switching-and-Code-Mixing.html

10

Janet Holmes (2001). op.cit. p. 43.

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easy to explain to the switch. A speaker may similary switch to another language as a signal of group membership and shared ethnicity with an addressee.

To help revealing the code switching strategy, the writer decided to conduct a research on one of MTV pograms. For the study, the writer chooses MTV Ampuh as the research. MTV Ampuh is one of the best teenage programs on MTV Indonesia and usually the VJ of this program mix Indonesian and English as their character and style when they speak each other.

Therefore, the writer chooses the dialogues of MTV’s VJ on MTV Ampuh program as a unit analysis because the writer finds so many factors is influenced the code switching or mixing cases in their dialogues. Beside that, the writer wants to learn deeply about code switching.

B. Focus of the Study

Base on the background of the study, the writer would like to analyze about the codes which are used by VJ on MTV Ampuh on Global TV. As well as, the writer is also to find out the the factor which mostly influence the VJ for code or mixing on MTV Ampuh.

C. Research Question

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1. What are the types of code switching or code mixing used by the VJ in presenting the program?

2. What are the factors influencing of code switching or mixing used by the VJ on MTV Ampuh?

D. Significance of the study

This papers are expected to give not only benefit for the reader, but also give valuable knowledge of code switching or code mixing to the students who want to make further in this field. The writer also hopes that this study will provide information for people especially bilingual speakers in bilingual context and environment that codes is important for them in communicating smoothly with others.

Besides, he hopes this study will also broaden the knowledge in the field of sociolinguistics since the research related to people’s daily conversation. Finally, teh writer hopes that this study will be useful as an additional reference for those who are interested in learning ,ore about code switching and also in making a further study on this topic.

E. Research Metodology

1. The Objectives of the Research

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a) To know the types of codes switching or mixing which is usually used by the MTV’s VJ in presenting the program.

b) To know the factors influencing code switching or mixing is usually used by the VJ on MTV Ampuh.

2. Method of the Study

The method that is used in this research is descriciptive qualitative method. Qualitative method is research which relies on verbal data and non numerical in the same manner as the basic of analyze and creative problem solving of the research.12 The writer will describes the data which are found in two videos about code switching between Indonesian-English or English-Indonesian. After that, the writter will classify the data in order to make an easier interpretation for people.

3. Instrument of the Study

In this study, the instrument is the writer’s himself. In conducting this study, the writer was supported by some equipment such as the supporting library of the research, television, video recorder, and internet.

4. Unit Analysis

In conducting this research, the writer used the VJ of “MTV Ampuh” as his subjects and examined the use of the code switching in Indonesia – English or English – Indonesia utterances. The VJ of MTV March 13th, 2009

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in “MTV Ampuh” program usually produces Indonesian, English, Javanese, Sundanese utterances. But in this project, the writer focused on English – indonesian and Indonesian – English utteances. The writer, in this case limited the subject to the types of code switching or code mixing and the factors influencing that happened on ‘MTV Ampuh” is presented by the VJ of this program. He restricted to episodes on MTV Ampuh Special Chart with Peterpan and MTV Ampuh with VJ Agnes Monica in March 19, 2009.

5. Technique of Data Analysis

According to the method which is used, sociolinguistics theoretical approximation method becomes the references of the research. Sociolinguistics theoretical approached related to the teory or knowledge which observes to the languages utitized in term of people.13

In term of sociolinguistics research, Mahsun says sociolinguistics research includes collect the data, analyze the data and explaination of the end result of the data is analized.14 In collecting the data for the research, the writer followed five step. Firstly, the writer observed the “MTV Ampuh” program by watching and recording this program. Secondly, the writer watches again the recorded program which contains of codes language that used by VJ on MTV Ampuh. Thirdly, the writer choose the utterances that consisted of codes switching. Fourthly, the writer wrote down the data into

13

Abdul Chaer (1994). op. cit. p. 3.

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table. The final step is to analyze the data based on the types and the factors of codes switching.

[image:22.595.85.482.232.554.2]

In order to answer the research questions, the writer determined the factors that influence codes switching based on the related theories. In determining the factors, the writer paid attention to the context involving VJ’s conversation. Whenever the codes (switching or mixing) occured, the writer put marks on the specified column of the following table:

Table 1.1. Types and Factors influencing Code Switching

No of Data Title of the program Context Sentence

Code Switching Code Mixing

Participant Solidarity Status Topic

Note

F. Place and Time of the Study

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A. Sociolinguistics

The study of language in society is called sociolinguistics, and we can say that language and people are one and can not be separated since people and language fulfill the need of each other. From the birth, people in all around the world learn language that so called mother tounge and this language will be used by them in their every day live, in order to communicate each other such as gives an idea, shows an expression, and mind.1

Sociolinguistics is branch of linguistics. It derives from the words sociology and linguistics, the differences of study which have different function. Sociology is the study of nature and growth of society and social behavior from an individual or group within human’s institutional and social process.2 Sociology is the study which gets to know about the procces of people that go on and keep in exist. And linguistics itself has a different set of meaning. Linguistics is a study of language. So, sociolinguistics is the study of linguistics that related to social phenomeno and sociological point of view. The relation between socio and linguistics has possible been a long history of mandkind since sociolinguistics deals with language and society, and linguistics have still actively involved in this field of study.

1

Bernard Spolsky, Sociolinguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p.2.

2

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Spolsky says sociolinguistics is the study about the relations between language and community. Wardhaugh agree with Spolsky’s statement and he gives an additional for its statement, sociolinguistics studies the relations of language and society purpose and direction to get to know language structure, rule and function of language within comunnication of society.3

Holmes says sociolinguistics not only studies about the relations between language and the society, but also explains why we speak differently in different social contexts, which are concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the way which is used to convey social meaning. Through the language, Investigating the way people in a particular environment and situation use language in different social context provides a wealth of information about the way language works, as well as about the social relationship in a community, and the way people signal aspect of their social identity.4

Blom and Gumperz described an example about the way people use language in different social context and the way language, as well as, situation of relationship in a community. Observating shows that the speakers able to use norm is applied when they involved in the right enviorment of conversation. The statements above give clear explaination about the functions of sociolinguistics and defines role of the way people use language.5

3

Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition (Massachusetts: Blackwell Publisher, 2002). p.10.

4

Ibid. p.11.

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According to Gumperz, as quoted by Ronald Wardhaugh sociolinguistics is an attempt to find correlations between social structure and linguistic structure and to observe any changes that occur.6

B. Language Choice

There are several possible relationship between language and society. One is that social structure may either influance or determine linguistics structure and/or behaviour. Certain evidance may be adduced to support the view: the age-grading phenomenon whereby young children speak differently from older children and, in turn, children speak differently from mature adults; studies which show that the varieties of language that speakers use reflect such matters as their regional, social, or ethnic origin and possibly even their gender; and other studies which show that particular ways of speaking, choices of words, and even rules for conversing are in fact highly determined by certain social requirements.7

Hymes (1974) says that communicate with one another use language need to paid attention to eight element also called as acronym is SPEAKING, such us:

1. Setting and scene, consists of place and time that conversation is taken place suc as at home, a party, work place, etc.

2. Participant, people who get involved in conversation. In the interaction that cover their age, sex, occupation, socio-economic status, origin, ethnicity, and their role in relations to one another.

6

Ronald Wardhaugh (2002). op. cit. p.10

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3. Ends, point of conversation and how the speaker and listener made a success of conversation within express their idea, mind and though.

4. Act sequances, topic of conversation. This refer to the recognized and expected outcomes of an exchanges aas to the personal goals that participants seek to accoplish on particular occasions.

5. Key, this refers to manner, tone, spirit, or enthusiasm those set in conversation which a particular message is conveyed. The key may also be marked non-verbally by certain kinds of behaviour, gesture, posture, and event.

6. Instrumentalities, this refers to indicate the manner of oral conversation or does not. And this refer to the choice of channel, e.g. oral, written oor telegraphic, and to the actual forms of speech employed, such as the language, dialect, code, or register that is chosen.

7. Norms, it refers to the specific behaviours and properties that attach to speaking and also to how these may be viewed by someone who does not share, i.e. loudness, silence, gaze, return, etc. And the term only for attitude and norm between speaker and listener. 8. Genres, refer to catagory or variety of language is used.8

Janet Holmes explains, those are several social factor that affect someone to choose the language included in:

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1. Social distance. How well do they know each other, what is the social distance between the participants. Familly, strangers, or friends

2. Status relationship between people. Social identity from listener who got mixed up with the conversation.

3. Social role. Typical role relationship, for example, doctor-patient, teacher-sudent.

4. Setting and dimension of formality. For example, in Singapore, English is most frequently selected code for official transaction, regardless of the speaker’s ethnicity.

5. Function. What is language is being used for? Is the speaker asking a favor or giving orders to someone.9

Basically, Language choice is the sequences of speech act composition which has stucture and object. If speech act becomes a social phenomenon in certain situation even when in one particulary direction, speech act tends to be an individual phenomenon, psychological and affected by linguistic’s ability of the speaker when someone express their mind, idea, and though. It is influanced by combinating of specific times, settings, and role relationship.

9

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C. Bilingualism

Bilingualism according to Linguistics Dictionary means the use of at least two language either by an individual or group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.

Acording Bloomfield, as qouted by Abdul Chaer, bilingualism is someone who has a good compentency for both language and well to do it together. Uriel Weinrich says bilingualism is laguage uses in a turns manner by the speakers. Whereas, Einar Haugan says bilingualism is someone who has competency to use another language completely that is not their mother tongue.10

Spolsky defines a bilingual as a person who has some functional ability in the second languaage. This may vary from a limited ability in one or more domains, to very strong command of both languages (sometimes called balanced bilinguallism).11

Related to speech community, Hamers and Blanc define bilingualism as the state of a linguistic community in which two languages are in contact with the result that two codes can be used in the same interaction and that a number of individuals are bilingual.12 Because that bilingual people usually use their own idioms for in-group communication and the common language for their interaction and communication with outsiders. In this case, Spolsky says the bilinguals have a repertoire of domain-related rules of language choice meaning

10

Abdul Chaer (1994). op.cit. pp. 65-66.

11

Spolsky (1998). op cit. p. 45

12

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that bilinguals are able to choose which language he is going to use.13 In other words, since the members of a bilingual community vary in the capacity of mastering the languages used in the community, they have to be able to set a condition where they can communicate effectively. This condition leads them to do code switching and code mixing.

D. Definition of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Code-switching and code-mixing are well-known traited in the speech pattern of the average bilingual in any human society the world over. It is also one of sociolinguistics problems that occurs in bilingual community.

Code mixing and code switching terms in sociolinguistics for language and especially speech that draws to differing extents on at least two languages combined in different ways. A Code may be a language or a variety or style of a language. The term code mixing emphasizes hybridization, and the term code switching emphasizes movement from one language to another. Mixing and switching probably occur to some extent in the speech of all bilinguals, so that there is a sense in which a person capable of using two languages. 14

Thera are a lot of definition of code switching. Chaer and Leonie Agustina quoted Appel’s perception about code switching definition.

Apple (1976) mendefinisikan alih kode sebagai gejala peralihan pemakaian bahasa karena berubahnya situasi.15

13

Spolsky (1998). op. cit. p. 46. 14

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-CODEMIXINGANDCODESWITCHNG.html. (8/03/2010)

15

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Apple defined code switching as the phenomonon of language use changing because of the change of the situation.

Rajen Mesthrie, Joan Swann, Andrea Deumert, and William L. Leap say in other definition about code switching in their book entitled Introducing Sociolinguistics.

Code-switching may be associated with a series of unmarked choices when aspects of the context such as a change in topic or in the person addressed make a different language variety more appropriate.16

Code switching is a linguistics term denoting the concurrent use of more than one language, or language variety, in conversation. Multilinguals, people who speak more than one language, sometimes use elements of multiple languages in conversing with each other. Thus, code-switching is the syntactically and phonologically appropriate use of more than one linguistic variety.17

The motivation for switching is basically stylistic and that code switching is to be treated as a discourse phenomenon which cannot be satisfactorily handled in terms of the internal structure of sentence.18

Hymes (1974) defines only code-switching as “a common term for alternative use of two or more languages, varieties of a language or even speech styles” while Bokamba (1989) defines both concepts thus:

Code-switching is the mixing of words, phrases and sentences from two distinct grammatical (sub) systems across sentence boundaries within the same speech event… code-mixing is the embedding of various linguistic units such as affixes (bound morphemes), words (unbound morphemes), phrases and clauses from a co-operative activity where the participants, in

16

Rajen Mesthrie, et al., Introducing Sociolinguistics (Great Britanian: Edinburg University Press, 2002). p. 167.

17

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching. (08/03/2010).

18

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order to infer what is intended, must reconcile what they hear with what they understand.19

According to Abdul Chaer in his book entitled Linguisik Umum. Code switching is going happen because of the differences of language between an individual or community of speech where is happening around.

Alih kode yaitu beralihnya penggunaan suatu kode (entah bahasa ataupun ragam bahasa tertentu) ke dalam kode yang lain (bahasa atau ragam bahasa lain) karena alasan tertentu.20

Code switching is the change of code using (even language or variety of language) to the other code (language or variety of language) because of specific reason.

Here is an example of code switching from conversation of MTV’s VJ VJ Agnes : Talking about this band I don’t have any comment beside one

word. Outstanding!! pokoknya four thumbs up ...

The underline sentences is phenomenon is called code switching. The VJ used English at the first and then in second she changes to Indonesian language.

Code switching differ from code mixing. Code switching the point at which the language change corresponds to a point where the situation changes, either on its own or precisely because the language changes. There are other cases, however, where a fluent bilingual talking to another fluent bilingual changes laanguage without any change at all in the situation. This kind of alternation is called code mixing.21

Code mixing occurs when conversations use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single

19

Nordic Journal of African Studie, Code-Switching and Code-Mixing: Style of Language Use in Childhood in Yoruba Speech Community, AYEOMONI, M.O., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol15num1/ayeomoni.pdf. p. 91. (08/03/1010).

20

Abdul Chaer (1994). op.cit. p. 67.

21

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utterance.22 It means that the conversantions just change some of the elements in their utterance. Code mixing takes place without a change of topic and can involve various levels of language, e.g., morphology and lexical items even grammar.

The purpose of code mixing seems to be to symbolise ambiguous situation for which neither language on its own would be quite right. To get right effect the speakers balance the two languages againts each other as a kind of linguistic cocktail such a few words of one laguage, then a few words of the other, then back to the first for a few more word and so on. The changes generally take place more or less randomly as far as ssubject-matter is concerned, but they seem to be limited by the structure of sentence.

Janet Holmes says code mixing suggests the speaker is mixing up code indiscriminately or perhaps because of incompetence, whereas the switches are very well-motivated in relation to the symbolic or social meaning of the two codes.23 This kind of rapid switching is itself a specific sociolinguistics variety.

Abdul Chaer and Leonie provide the following exmples of conversational code mixing between Hindi and English which is quoted from Velma (1976:158).

Vinod : mai to kuhungaa ki yah one of the best novels of the year is? (i just wanna say what this novel one of the best novels of the year is)

Mira : That’s right. It is decidedly one of the best novel of the year. (Benar. Diputuskan novel ini memang novel terbaik tahun ini.24

22

Ronald Wardhaugh (2002). op. cit. p.103.

23

Janet Holmes (2001). op. cit. p. 50.

24

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E. Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Based on Wardaugh’s theory code switching code switching is classified into three kinds. They are situational code switching, methaporical code switching, and conversational code switching which called as intra-sentential code switching or code mixing. Each type is related to each factor of code switching namely participant, solidarity (affective function), status, and topic.

The first type is situational code switching. Situational code switching is related to the factors of code switching that are participant, solidarity, and status.

Situational code switching occurs when the language used change according to the situation in which the conversantion find themselves. They speak one language in one situation and in a different one.25

Situational code switching because the switches between languages always coincide with changes from one external situation (for example, talking to member of the family) to another (for example, talking to neighbours).26

Situational code switching described about arrival of a new person and status relation between people or the formality of their interaction. For example, some new switches from English to Maori to greet his or her friend. The Maori’s greeting is an expression of solidarity. So, a code switch may be related to a particular or addressee.27

Methaporical code switching occurs with in a single situation, but adds meaning to such components as the role-relationship, which is being expressed.

25

Ronald Wardhaugh (2002). op. cit. p.103

26

Richard A Hudson (1996). op. cit. p. 24.

27

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According to Blom and Gumperz (1971) which is quoted by Hudson, methaporical code switching is where the choice of language that determines the situation. Blom and Gumperz give an example that arose out of their research in a own in northen Norway, Hemnesberget, where the re is a diglossic situation.

In the course of a morning spent at the community administration office, we notice that clerk used both standard and dialect phrases, depending on whether they were talking about official affairs or not. Likewise, when residents step up to a clerk’s desk, greeting and iquiries about family affairs tend to be exchanged in the dialect, while the business part of the transaction is carried on in standard. (Blom and Gumperz 1971:425).28

Example like this show that speakers are able to manipulate the norms governing the use of varieties in just the same way as they can manipulate those governing the meanings of words by using them metaporichally.

Furthermore, Wardhaugh says metaphorical code switching is a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have. The interesting point here is that some topics may be disscused in either code, but the choice of code adds the distinct flavor to what is said about the topic. 29

Intra-sentencial code switching or conversational code switching or code mixing according to Wardaugh who enhances Gumperz’s theory that conversational code switching is the same with code mixing. To this, Wardaugh states that conversational code switching which is also recognized as intra-sentencial code switching is a switch of codes within a simple utterance without any associated topic change.30

28

Richard A Hudson (1996). op. cit., p. 25.

29

Ronald Wardhaugh (2002). op. cit., p.103.

30

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F. The Factors Influencing Code Switching and Code Mixing

According to Holmes, there are four factors that may influence people to code switch, they are:

1. Participants. The participants that use code switching to his or her partners because they have certain will and goal. If a group of people are talking in one language and a non-speaker enters, they will switch code or topic or both. Viewing from the personality of the participant, there are will and goal of code switching such as the speaker who wants to change the situation without any information in time and space. 31

we can see as an example by looking conversation below: A: Well I’m glad I met you. Ok?

M: andale pues (OK SWELL), and do come again. Mm? (Switch between Spanish and English)

By using the Spanish tag, M signaled to A that she recognized the relevance of their shared ethnic backround to their future relationship. The tag served a solidarity marker between two minority ethnic group member’s whose previous conversation has been entirely in Engish.

2. Solidarity (affective function). A speaker may similarly to another language as a signal of group membership and shared ethnicity with an addressee. Even speaker who is not very proficient in a second language may use brief phrases and words for his purpose.32

31

Janet Holmes (2001). op.cit. p. 42.

32

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We can see as an example by looking conversation below:

(The Maori is in italic. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITALS). Sarah : I think everyone’s here except Mere.

John : She said she might be a bit late but actually I think that’s her arriving now.

Sarah : You’re right. Kia ora Mere. Haere mai. Kei te pehea koe? ( HI MERE. COME IN. HOW ARE YOU) Mere : Kia ora hoa. Kei te pai. Have you started yet?

(HELLO MY FRIEND. I’M FINE).

In the conversation above, code switching appears with English as the main language and Maori is code switching language. People sometimes switch code within a domain or social situation. When there is some obvious change in the situatioon, such us the arrival of a new person, it is easy to explain the switch. Mere is Maori and although the rest of the meeting will be conducted in English, Sarah switches to Maori to greet Mere. The Maori greeting is an participant of adressee.33

3. Status. A switch may also reflect a change in the other dimensions, such as the status relationship between people or the formality of their interaction. More formal relationship, which sometimes involve status differences too, such as doctor-patient, administrator–client, or teacher-student. Friendly

33

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relationship involving minimal social distance, such as neighbour or friend.34 Look conversation below as an example:

(BOKMAL IS IN SMALL CAPITALS. Ranamal is not). Jan : Hello Petter. How is your wife now?

Petter : Oh she’s much better thank you Jan. She’s out of hospital and convalescing well.

Jan : That’s good I’m pleased to hear it. DO YOU THINK YOU COULD HELP ME WITH THIS PESKY FROM? I AM HAVING A GREAT DEAL OF DIFFICULT WITH IT.

Petter : OF COURSE. GIVE IT THERE...

This conversation took place in somewhere of Hemnesberget, between two neighbour, Jan and Petter. Nothing appears to change except the topic of discussion and with it the code. In fact the change of topic here symbolizes a change in the relationship between men. They switch from their roles as neighbours to their roles as bureaucrat and member of the public. They switch from a personal interaction to a more formal transaction.35

4. Topic. According to Holmes, people may switch code within a speech event to dicuss a particula topic. Bilinguall often find it easier to discuss particular topics in one code rather than another. For many bilinguals certain kinds of referential content are more appropriately or more easily expressed in one language than the other. Look illustrated below for an example:

34

Holmes, Janet (2001). op. cit. p. 41.

35

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(the Chinese is in italic. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITALS.) A group of Chinese stidents are discusing Chinese customs.

Li : People here get divorce too easily. Like exchanging faulty goods. In China it’s not the same. Jia gou sui gou, jia ji sui ji.

(IF YOU HAVE MARIED A DOG. YOU FOLLOW A DOG. IF YOU’VE MARRIED A CHICKEN, YOU FOLLOW A CHICKEN.)

This partly because they have learned the vocabulary of their studies in English, so they do not always know the word like “morpheme” in Cantonese. In these example the switches not only emphasise the precise message content, they also sognal ethnic identity. In other words they have an affectives as well as a referential function.36

36

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In this chapter the writer will discuss the research finding. In collecting the data for the research, the writer followed five steps. Firstly, the writer observed the “MTV Ampuh” program by watching and recording this program. Secondly, the writer watches again the recorded program which contains of codes language that used by VJ on MTV Ampuh. Thirdly, the writer chooses the utterances that consisted of codes switching. Fourthly, the writer wrote down the data into table. The final step is to analyze the data based on the types and the factors of codes switching.

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Data I

Program : The data of MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request with Peterpan.

VJ / Guest : Daniel / Peterpan Band

1. VJ Daniel: Ok anak nongkrong, welcome to MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request. Jadi, di sini loe bisa

nge-request-nge-request juga yaa di hari minggu yang nyantai ini dengan email yang udah loe berikan ke kita kemaren itu. Alright, dan pastinya masih bersama Peterpan disini. Yeahhh...

2. VJ Daniel: ... Oh iyaa anak nongkrong pada akhir acara nanti, kita akan memberikan hadiah satu juta rupiah untuk klip request-an yang nomor satu terbanyak, yaa anak nongkrong kalo misalnya loe belom tau gimana caranya, gampang ajah. Loe tinggal kirim mail ke kita. All you have to do is just, e-mailnya tau dimana?? mtvampuh@globaltv.co.id.

3. VJ Daniel: Nah cara ketiknya SCS (spasi) nama penyanyi (spasi) judul lagu.. alright. Dan nanti peterpan bakal nge-VJ juga bareng kita.. iyehhh.. man!! Loe harus ngomong juga harus gini juga. So anyway, ok yang pastinya di posisi 8 ada klip yang dipilih sama anak nongkrong, the changcuters dengan gila-gilaan, check this out!!! ..

4. VJ Daniel: What’s up guys, yes ... kembali lagi pastinya di MTV Ampuh... Sunday Chart Requets. So, Sunday Chart Special by Request. Dan pastinya masih bersama Peterpan, dan ini

terakhir kalinya mereka pake nama Peterpan.

5. VJ Daniel: ... gue pengen ngomong banyak banget ci man tapi ya nanti off air aja kali yahh.. heheh.. ya udah, nanti kita bakal ngeliat dan bakal dengerin juga “Kisah Cintaku”. Tapi yang pastinya loe jangan kemana-mana, will be right back after this messages, check it out!!

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7. VJ Daniel: Yeahh!! Loe ngomongnya enggak semangat banget sih. Yeahh.. Ok, yah!! Pemenangnya yang berhasil mendapatkan satu juta rupiah adalah Fahzah89@yahoo.com. Jadi kalo misalnya loe ngerasa loe punya email itu. Well, you should be very very happy yeah Fahzah.

8. VJ Daniel: Alright. So, it’s time for we to go. Jangan lupa tuk terus tongkrongin MTV Ampuh Daily Monday Edition. Karena ada

Seventeen yang bakal nemenin kalian semua.

9. VJ Daniel: And now, it’s time for me to go, don’t forget to stay away from drugs, coz loe bakalan rugi banget dan kematian

mendekati, wuehh gila, serem banget!!. Ok terus kampanyekan stop global warming jangan sampe bumi kita rusak.

10.VJ Daniel: And the last but not least, gua yakin peterpan juga setuju banget jangan pernah beli CD bajakan. It’s a crime people and you should be embarrassed a little bit, alright. Peterpan dengan kisah cintaku. MTV Ampuh Banget!

Data II

Program : The data of MTV Ampuh Top 100 with Agnes Monica as a VJ. VJ / Guest : Daniel / Peterpan Band

1. VJ Agnes: Talking about this band i don’t have any comment beside one word, outstanding!! Four thumbs up. Berkarir hampir hampir 20 tahun di kancah musik indonesia memang hal yang luar biasa. Darah darah muda geng potlot ini akhirnya berkomitmen untuk berkarir di musik lewat bendera benama slank karena gaya mereka slengehan banget...

2. VJ Agnes: ... dan komitmen tersebut sudah menghasilkan begitu banyak prestasi, dan sampai sekarang Slank sudah meluncurkan sebelas album. Dan di MTV Ampuh Top 100 ini kita bakal melihat salah satu albumnya yang berhasil nongkrong di posisi thirty four. Yes, this is Biru. Yang di ambil dari soundtrack film Banyu Biru. Ok guys, please enjoy “Slank”

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3. VJ Agnes: Anak nongkrong MTV lets movin’ on to number thirty three. Di peringkat ini berhasil diduduki Ari Lasso, dan yang berhasil masuk sekarang ini nih anak nongkrong adalah video ke dua Ari Lasso dari albumnya “Kulihat, Kudengar, Kurasa”, judulya dalem banget. patah hati!! hikshiks ...

4. VJ Agnes: As you gonna find out that!! nuansa timur tengah di video ini ngena banget. Dan ari Lasso disini ceritanya jadi sebagai story teller ... well, any way!! langsung aja kita lihat Ari Lasso dengan “Patah Hati” ...

5. VJ Agnes: Band yang personil-personilnya mantan jebolan IKJ ini justru mengusung aliran 80an, keren juga!! Mungkin bisa dibilang sekarang mereka adalah satu-satunya band yang bernuansa 80an. It’s Club eighties. Dengan style-nya yang unik Lembu

cs mampu meraih tempat sendiri untuk para fansnya. and the song that we gonna hear is taken from their new album which is standing on thirty two MTV Ampuh Top 100. Well, give it out once again from Club Eighties with “Dari Hati”.

6. VJ Agnes: Ok, anak nongkrong naik satu peringkat ke posisi tiga puluh MTV Ampuh Top 100. Ok, what do we’ve got here? Let me see. Oh yap, di posisi ini kita punya satu penyanyi cowo yang mempunyai karakter suara yang khas banget, pokonya

ngebass abis, dan dia adalah Bebi Romeo. Ok, here is “Lagu Tentang Cinta”.

7. VJ Agnes: Helo helo heloo!!! Everybody we back again on Special Edition of MTV Ampuh Top 100, and today, we gonna see who sitting on number fourty till twenty-one a long days with me the one and only Agnes Monica. Well, are you ready guys? here is i’m ready. Ok anak nongrong.

8. VJ Agnes: Ok anak nongkrong without any further a due, langsung aja kita lihat siapa yang ada di peringkat empat puluh. Dan ternyata di peringkat ini kita punya salah satu penyanyi senior yang merupakan senior gue juga yang bisa dibilang one of the great great living legend in our musical industry. Pasti tau dung siapa? Dia adalah mas Crisye ...

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participant, status, solidarity, and topic. The writer also uses other supporting theory related to code switching that relevance.

B. Data Analysis

Having been mentioned in the previous chapter, the purpose of the study is to find out the type of codes switching or mixing and the factors that influence codes switching based on the related theories.

In determining the types and the factors influencing, the writer paid attention to the context involving VJ’s conversation. Whenever, the codes (switching or mixing) occured, the writer put marks on the specified column of the table.

Data 1 MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request with Peterpan.

VJ Daniel: Ok anak nongkrong, welcome to MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request. Jadi, di sini loe bisa nge-request-nge-request juga yaa di hari minggu yang nyantai ini dengan email yang udah loe berikan ke kita kemaren itu. Alright, dan pastinya masih bersama Peterpan disini. Yeahhh...

Sentence

Ok squat, Welcome to MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request.

... Alright, and still here with Peterpan certainly. yeahh... Code Switching Code Mixing

- √

√ √ - √

Note

►Participant: VJ and Guest star.

►Solidaritas: Greeting to the audiences.

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In the beginning of the show after Peterpan’s performance, VJ Daniel start the program by enthusiastic greeting his audience and also introduced the name of the program is presented to the audiences in a single utterance. So in his greeting, he mixed from Indonesia language to English as code mixing.

Daniel’s greeting in the beginning of the show is solidarity. Daniel wants to say hello to all of his audience inside the studio and outside that mostly audiences who have requested before. The topic is when Daniel asks attention to his guest that is Peterpan Band. And also VJ Daniel’s greeting as introduction shows who is the participant in concerned within the program.

VJ Daniel: ... Oh iyaa anak nongkrong pada akhir acara nanti, kita akan memberikan hadiah satu juta rupiah untuk klip request-an yang nomor satu terbanyak, yaa anak nongkrong kalo misalnya loe belom tau gimana caranya, gampang ajah. Loe tinggal kirim e-mail ke kita. All you have to do is just, e-mailnya tau dimana?? mtvampuh@globaltv.co.id.

Sentence

yaa squat if you don’t know about the way sending a message, piece of cake. You just send your e-mail to us. All you have to do is just, if you don’t know the e-mail address as yet?? Send us at mtvampuh@globaltv.co.id. Code Switching Code Mixing

- √

- - √ √

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VJ Daniel tries to inform the audiences at home who have not understand or the audiences who do not know the steps in sending the messages or e-mail to MTV Ampuh. It shows a code mixing because Daniel speaks different language in a single utterance. The code mixing between Indonesian – English which Daniel did was considered to express his status as an informant. He did it because he wanted to gives the direction to the audiences.

VJ Daniel’s status in this statement was an informant. It was showed by the topic appeared when Daniel gave an information to the audiences. Daniel preferred using the code switching between Indonesian to English and vice versa to express his status as an informant.

VJ Daniel: Nah cara ketiknya SCS (spasi) nama penyanyi (spasi) judul lagu.. alright. Dan nanti peterpan bakal nge-VJ juga bareng kita.. iyehhh.. man!! Loe harus ngomong juga harus gini juga. So anyway, ok yang pastinya di posisi 8 ada klip yang dipilih sama anak nongkrong, the changcuters dengan gila-gilaan, check this out!!! ..

Sentence

... iyehhh.. man!! You have to speak anyway, you should be able to be like what i do. So anyway, ok, absolutly, position number eight there is a video clip which is choosen by young people, The Changcuters with “Gila-gilaan”, check this out!!!

- √

- - √ √

Note

► Status: Daniel as a VJ asks the audience to watch the next video.

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The statement was made by Daniel after makes sure personnel of Peterpan that they must be taken part in presenting and then Daniel says next position at chart Ampuh number eight to the audience, there is The Changcuter.

The bilingual between Indonesian – English which Daniel did was considered to express his certainty of feeling. He did it because he wanted to convince the audiences. Thus, because of this reason, this statement was considered as code mixing.

The topic appears when Daniel uses conjunction which changes the topic is talking about. The first, he tries to convice Peterpan’s personnel. Next, he informs the audiences. It shows his status as presenter.

VJ Daniel: What’s up guys, yes ... kembali lagi pastinya di MTV ampuh... Sunday Chart Requets. So, Sunday Chart Special by Request. Dan pastinya masih bersama Peterpan, dan ini terakhir kalinya mereka pake nama Peterpan.

Sentence

What’s up guys, yes... welcome back again with me on MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart by Request. So, Sunday Chart Special by Request.

- √

- √ - -

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Daniel makes a simple greeting to his audience to ask their attention. He also introduce or re-introduce his guest star of the day and then he start continues his interview with Peterpan’s personnel.

Daniel preferred using English to Indonesia language to express his greeting. This statement can be considered as solidarity because Daniel preferred to express his greeting in code switching between English and Indonesia language.

The statement is code mixing because according the situation, Daniel plays his role as the VJ who presented his program who tries to greet his audience as a new person for him.

VJ Daniel: ... gue pengen ngomong banyak banget ci man tapi ya nanti off air aja kali yahh.. heheh.. ya udah, nanti kita bakal ngeliat dan bakal dengerin juga “Kisah Cintaku”. Tapi yang pastinya loe jangan kemana-mana, will be right back after this messages, check it out!! Sentence But don’t go anywhere definitly, will be right back after

this messages, check it out!!

√ -

- - √ -

Note ► Status: Daniel notices the audience and asks them to watch the video.

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there is external situation, when he speaks with Peterpan then he turned to the audiences along with giving an attention. Thus, he preferred using code switching as it was situational factors.

The above example is status because Daniel calls attention to the audiences and he advices to the audiences that MTV will be right back after another entertainment. He may similarly to another language as a signal of group membership (anak Nongkrong MTV Ampuh) and friendly relationship involving minimal social distance.

Uki Peterpan: Back on MTV Sunday Chart Special by Request, masih bareng, Peterpan!!! .. Di urutan empat ada band yang mempunyai arti dapat dilihat dan dapat didengar, yapp! Apa lagi kalo bukan The Video. Well, this is the video, detik untuk dikenang.

Sentence

Back on MTV Sunday Chart Special by Request, still here with Peterpan!!! ..

well this is “The Video” with “Detik Untuk Dikenang”. Code Switching Code Mixing

- √

- √ - √

Note

► Solidarity: Uki greets the audiences and re-introduce the guest.

► Topic: Uki gives information of the next video.

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smixing because according the illustrated conversation. Uki plays his role as the VJ who presented his program who tries to greet his audience as a member addressee (anak Nongkrong MTV Ampuh).

Uki preferred using English to Indonesia language to express his greeting. This statement can be considered as solidarity because Uki preferred to express his greeting in code mixing between English and Indonesia language after the commercial break.

The topic appears when Uki gives information of the next video will be played. Uki uses verbal strategy to move the other topic.

Data 7 MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request with Peterpan

VJ Daniel: Yeahh!! Loe ngomongnya enggak semangat banget sih. Yeahh.. Ok, yah!! Pemenangnya yang berhasil mendapatkan satu juta rupiah adalah Fahzah89@yahoo.com. Jadi kalo misalnya loe ngerasa loe punya email itu. Well, you should be very very happy yeah Fahzah.

Sentence So, whether you think or feel that you have that e-mail. Well, you should be very very happy yeah Fahzah.

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(50)

The statement was made by Daniel after Lukman announced who is the winner of request of the day. Daniel hopes the e-mail sender should be very happy.

The code switching between Indonesian – English which Daniel did was considered to express his emotion or feeling to the e-mail sender. He did it because he comes along happy for Fahzah (e-mail sender). Thus, because of this reason this statement was considered as the situational becomes code switching as a code.

The above example is solidarity because the statement shows that Daniel as the VJ after he announced a letter. He plays the role as a VJ who amazed to the e-mail sender that he was the winner.

VJ Daniel: Alright. So, it’s time for we to go. Jangan lupa tuk terus tongkrongin MTV Ampuh Daily Monday Edition. Karena ada Seventeen yang bakal nemenin kalian semua.

Sentence

Alright. So, it’s time for we to go. Don’t forget to keep watching and keep your eyes on MTV Ampuh Daily Monday Edition.

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Note

► Status: Daniel asks for permission and he gives an information.

(51)

It is a situasional that motivated the code switching because Daniel statement showed status relation between presenter with audience. The code switching between Indonesian – English which Daniel did was considered to asks for permission and he gives an information. He did it because he wanted to gives an information to the audiences.

The status of Daniel is seen as a VJ who advised of the audiences to watch another MTV program on Monday with the guest is Seventeen. Previously, he asks for permission that the program is almost over.

In the change of topic here symbolizes a change in the relationship between Daniel and the audiences.

VJ Daniel: And now, it’s time for me to go, don’t forget to stay away from drugs. coz loe bakalan rugi banget dan kematian mendekati, wuehh gila, serem banget!!. Ok terus kampanyekan stop global warming jangan sampe bumi kita rusak.

Sentence

And now, it’s time for me to go, don’t forget to stay away from drugs, cuz’ you will very extremely lose out and demises close upon one’s last legs,

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Note

► Solidarity: Daniel explains that the program is almost over.

(52)

The situation of conversation describes that the program is going to end. Daniel pleads for signed up because the time is up. The bilingual between Indonesian – English which Daniel did was considered to asks give an advice. He did it because he wanted to gives an expression of his mind about how riskiness of drugs by using different language was considered as code switching.

This is Solidarity because before Daniel closes the program, he says the pemission as a greeting. After a permission, he plays his role as a young agent who warns the teenagers to stay away from the drugs. The topic is when Daniel makes an interaction with the audiences to which he gives an advice of stay away from drugs and stop global warming and he expresses his mind about how riskiness of drugs.

VJ Daniel: and the last but not least, gua yakin peterpan juga setuju banget jangan pernah beli CD bajakan. It’s a crime people and you should be embarrassed a little bit, alright. Peterpan dengan kisah cintaku. MTV Ampuh Banget!

Sentence

I am sure that also Peterpan will excessively agree in order that don’t ever buy counterfeit CD. It’s a crime people and you should be embarrassed a little bit, alright.

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Note

► Status: Daniel plays his role as a VJ is being young agent.

(53)

Daniel as a VJ plays his role becomes a young agent who asks the young people or teenagers (anak nongkrong MTV) do not buy an counterfeit CD. When Daniel became a young agent, he preferred using code switching as a code.

Daniel’s advisory is a topic. Because he expresses how embarrased and It’s absolutely criminal if there are young people or teenagers who did not appreciate with a creation of musician of Indonesian.

code switching occurs with in a single situation, but adds meaning to such components as the role-relationship, which is being expressed by VJ Daniel. And formed by a personal interaction to a formal transaction.

Data 11 MTV Ampuh Top 100 with Agnes Monica a