I mp a c t o f t h e Cr e a t i v e P a r e n t i n g P r o g r a m Ha r ol d C. Ra t z l a f f , J ohn D. Fr i e s e n, Gor don Ne uf e l d Uni ver s i t y o f Br i t i s h Col umbi a
Ga e l M. P a d d o c k Vancouver , Br i t i s h Col umbi a
Abst r act
Sevent y parent s vol unt eer ed t o par t i ci pat e i n a pr ogr am cal l ed Cr eat i ve Par ent i ng. A Sol omon f our - gr oup desi gn was used t o r egi st er change on measur es r el at ed t o pr ogr am cont ent . Two of t he fi ve measur es r esul t ed i n st at i st i cal l y si gni f i cant gai ns. The resul t s suppor t ed t he pr oposi t i on t hat t he Cr eat i ve Par ent i ng pr ogr am was effect i ve i n changi ng par ent al behavi our s on t wo di mensi ons. Par ent s became mor e accept i ng of t hei r chi l dr en and r el i ed l ess on par ent al aut hor i t y i n t hei r r el at i onshi p wi t h t hei r chi l dr en.
Ré s umé
Soi xant e- di x par ent s se sont port é vol ont ai r es pour par t i ci per à un pr ogr amme appel é Cr eat i ve Par ent i ng. Le Modèl e de gr oupe de quat r e de Sol omon a été utilisé pour cumul er les mesur es reliées au cont enu du pr ogr amme. Deux des ci nq mesur es ont mont r é des gai ns st at i st i quement si gni fi cat i fs. Les résultats ont support é l ' hypot hèse sel on l aquel l e l e pr o-gr amme Cr eat i ve Par ent i ng était ef f i cace pour appor t er des changement s compor t ement aux chez l es par ent s sur deux pl ans. Les par ent s se sont mont r é pl us réceptifs enver s l eur enf ant et f ai sai ent moi ns usage de l eur aut ori t é par ent al e dans l eur r el at i on avec l eur enf ant .
Pa r e n t i n g has ne ve r be e n e a s y at t he bes t o f t i me s . To d a y , wh e n s i gni f i c a nt l i f e s t yl e c ha nge s ha ve o c c u r r e d a n d ne w f a mi l y s t r uc t ur e s ha ve e vol ve d, p a r e n t i n g c ont i nue s t o be a c ha l l e nge . Nu me r o u s pr o-gr a ms ha ve be e n d e v e l o p e d i n r e s pons e t o p a r e n t i n g ne e ds a n d s t r uggl e s ( Cr o a k e & Gl o v e r , 1977; Fi n e , 1976; Ha r ma n & Br i m, 1980) . Re c e n t l i t e r a t u r e i nc l ude s r e f e r e nc e s t o di ve r s e p r o g r a ms t o as s i s t pa r e nt s ( Ho l l a n d & Ha l l e r s l e y , 1980; Sc h u ma k e r , 1980) . An g l i n ( 1984) has de s c r i be d t he wi d e v a r i e t y of p a r e n t i n g p r o g r a ms as a " f i e l d wi t h a t h o u s a n d f l owe r s b l o o mi n g ( p. 3) .
Wh i l e s ome p r o g r a ms a r e de s i gne d f r o m one t he or e t i c a l f r a me wor k, s u c h as Gor don' s ( 1975) Pa r e n t Ef f e c t i ve ne s s Tr a i n i n g ( P. E. T. ) a n d Di n k me y e r & Mc Ka y ' s ( 1976) Sy s t e ma t i c Tr a i n i n g f or Ef f e c t i ve Pa r e n t i n g ( S. T. E. P. ) , ot he r s , l i ke Gr e e n' s ( 1975) Pos i t i ve Pa r e n t i n g , i nt e -gr a t e s e ve r a l t he or i e s . Th e l i t e r a t ur e i de nt i f i e s f our ma j o r or i e nt a t i ons f r o m wh i c h p a r e n t i n g p r o g r a ms h a v e de ve l ope d. Th e s e a r e b e h a v i o u r mo d i f i c a t i o n pr ogr a ms , c o mmu n i c a t i o n o r i e n t e d pr ogr a ms , Al d e r i a n p r o g r a ms a n d h u ma n d e v e l o p me n t pr ogr a ms .
Cr eat i ve Par ent i ng 167
s i gni f i c a nt pos i t i ve c ha nge i n pa r e nt s ' a t t i t ude s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t he di me ns i ons of i nde pe nde nc e , t r us t a n d c o mmu n i c a t i o n .
A n u mb e r of ot he r r e s e a r c he r s ha ve e va l ua t e d t he e f f e c t i ve ne s s o f S. T. E. P. , a n Ad l e r n i a n ba s e d s ki l l t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m. Fi n d i n g s f r o m s t udi e s by St e e d ( 1971) , Be r r e t ( 1975) , Ki e r a n s ( 1976) a n d No r d a l ( 1976) r e por t e d no e vi de nc e of s i gni f i c a nt c ha nge i n p a r e n t a l a t t i t ude s c o n c e r n i n g t he p a r e n t - c h i l d r e l a t i o n s h i p us i ng t he S. T. E. P. p r o g r a m. Le v a n t a n d Do y l e ( 1983) , e mp l o y i n g Por t e r ' s Ac c e p t a n c e Sc a l e ( 1954) , f oc us e d o n t he e f f e c t i ve ne s s of t he Sys t e ma t i c Co mmu n i c a t i o n Ski l l s p r o g r a m. Th e i r s t udy i n v o l v e d f a t he r s of s c hool a ge c h i l d r e n a n d f o u n d no s i gni f i c a nt c h a n g e as a r e s ul t of t r e a t me nt .
Cr e a t i v e Pa r e n t i n g ( Ne uf e l d, 1983) , a r e l a t i ve l y n e w p a r e n t e duc a -t i o n p r o g r a m, of f er s a pe r s pe c -t i ve a n d a p p r o a c h -t ha -t di f f e r s f r o m -t he s e be t t e r k n o wn pr ogr a ms . Th e t h e o r e t i c a l pe r s pe c t i ve t ha t Cr e a t i v e Pa r e n t i n g of f er s i s ba s e d o n t he ps yc hol ogy of h u ma n de ve l opme nt . Hi s t o r i c a l l y , t hi s pe r s pe c t i ve f i nds i t s r oot s i n t he wr i t i n g of J e a n J a c q u e s Ro u s s e a u ( 1712 1778) . Ro u s s e a u ( 1962) pr opos e d t ha t h u ma n de ve l -o p me n t pr -oc e e ds a c c -o r d i n g t -o a n i nne r , pe r s -ona l t i me t a b l e wh i c h unf ol ds i n a s er i es of d e v e l o p me n t a l s t ages . Du r i n g t h e s e s t ages , c h i l d r e n e xpe r i e nc e t he wo r l d i n di f f e r e nt wa ys a n d ma k e de c i s i ons f or t he m-s el vem-s ba m-s e d o n t he i r o wn e xpe r i e nc e m-s a n d u n d e r m-s t a n d i n g ( Cr a i n , 1980) . J o h n Bowl by' s ( 1969) t he or y o f a t t a c h me n t be ha vi our s , J e a n Pi a ge t ' s
( 1964) t he or y of c ogni t i ve d e v e l o p me n t a n d Er i k Er i ks on' s ( 1950) s t ages of i d e n t i t y de ve l opme nt s e x p a n d Rous s e a u' s ke y c onc e pt s a n d t oge t he r
T ABL E 1
Ske l e t on Out l i ne of t he Pr ogr a m*
Par t Ti t l e / Topi cfs) Session
I Pa r e nt i ng i n Per s pect i ve: i nt r oduc t i on & pr ogr a m ove r vi e w 1 I I Bui l di ng a Founda t i on of Tr us t : f act or s i n de ve l opme nt of t r us t 2 I I I A Chi l d' s Sens e of Sel f :
I V A Chi l d' s Se l f - Be l i e f s :
V Emot i ona l De ve l opme nt :
VI Appr oa c he s t o Di s c i pl i ne :
a) s t age of a ut onomy 3 b) s t age of i ni t i a t i ve 4 a) s el f - bel i ef s 5 b) s el f - conf i dence 6 a) r es pect f or t he c hi l d 7 b) ef f ect i ve ways of c a r i ng 8 a) pur pos e of di s c i pl i ne 9 b) st y l es / model s of di s c i pl i ne 10 * For pr ogr am det ai l s wr i t e: Dr . Gor don Neuf el d, Depar t ment of Psychol ogy, Uni ver si t y
[image:2.432.35.367.384.593.2]Gr oup J a nua r y Ma r c hi Apr i l J une
0 0 ( 13) * 0 ( 13)
1 0 ( 1 4 ) X 0( 14) 2 X 0( 11)
3 0- ( 32) - 0 ( 18) X 0 ( 11) ( 4) ^ - 0 ( 14) X 0 ( 9 ) *0 = obser vat i on( s) ; X = t r eat ment ; n i n br acket s.
FI GURE 1
De s i gn e mpl oye d f or t he s t udy
f or m t he ba s i s f or t he t opi c s a nd c onc e pt s pr e s e nt e d i n t he Cr e a t i ve Pa r e n t i n g p r o g r a m.
Th e c our s e c ont e nt i nvol ve s t he a p p l i c a t i o n t o p a r e n t i n g of pr i nc i pl e s t a k e n d i r e c t l y f r o m t he ps yc hol ogy o f h u ma n de ve l opme nt . Cr e a t i v e Pa r e n t i n g e me r ge s f r o m i ns i ght a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g , not t e c h n o l o g y a n d s ki l l . Pr e s c r i p t i o n a n d a d v i c e a r e a v o i d e d s i nc e t he y f oc us o n t r a i n i n g , not e d u c a t i o n . Th e obj e c t i s t o r e l e a s e t he i n d i v i d u a l d e v e l o p me n t a l pr oc e s s wi t h i n t he c h i l d .
Ta b l e 1 pr ovi de s a b r i e f s u mma r y o f t he pr ogr a m' s c ont e nt . An e v a l u a t i o n o f t he e f f e c t i ve ne s s o f t hi s t en- s es s i on, t we nt y- hour p r o g r a m wa s t he f oc us o f t hi s s t udy.
METHOD
The Cr e a t i ve Pa r e nt i ng pr ogr a m wa s a dve r t i s e d i n t he Va nc ouve r ,
Br i t i s h Co l u mb i a a r e a u s i n g br oc hur e s a n d not i c e s d i s t r i b u t e d t o c o mmu n i t y , d a y c a r e a n d f a mi l y d r o p - i n c e nt r e s . Pe o p l e r e gi s t e r e d f or e i t he r t he J a n u a r y - Ma r c h o r Ap r i l - J u n e cl as s es by c o mp l e t i n g a n d ma i l i n g a t t a c h e d r e gi s t r a t i on f or ms . Th e y c o u l d a l s o r e gi s t e r b y t e l e -p h o n i n g t he i ns t r uc t or .
Fo l l o wi n g r e gi s t r a t i on, p a r t i c i p a n t s we r e c ont a c t e d, f i r s t b y l e t t e r a n d t h e n b y a f o l l o w- u p t e l e phone c a l l , t o a s c e r t a i n t h e i r wi l l i ngne s s t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n a r e s e a r c h- ba s e d e v a l u a t i o n o f t he p r o g r a m. Wi l l i n g p a r t i c i p a n t s we r e a s s i gne d t o gr oups a c c o r d i n g t o a So l o mo n f our - gr oup e x p e r i me n t a l de s i gn. Th i s de s i gn wa s c hos e n be c a us e of t he pos s i bi l i t y of pr e t e s t - t r e a t me nt i n t e r a c t i o n e s pe c i a l l y wh e n a t t i t u d i n a l me a s ur e s a r e us e d ( Bo r g & Ga l l , p. 641) .
Cr eat i ve Par ent i ng 169
Gr o u p 3 pos t t e s t s cor es f u n c t i o n e d as pr e t e s t s as we l l s i nc e t h e i r Ap r i l -J u n e t r e a t me nt f o l l o we d i mme d i a t e l y . Fo l l o wi n g t he i n i t i a l pos t t e s t i ng a n d be f or e t he Ap r i l - J u n e t r e a t me nt , Gr o u p 3 wa s s e pa r a t e d i nt o t wo gr oups ( 3, 4) ( s ee Fi g u r e 1. )
I ns t r ume nt s us e d we r e t he Po r t e r Ac c e p t a n c e Sc a l e ( 1954) , t he Sc h l u d e r ma n Re p o r t o f Pa r e n t Be h a v i o r I nve nt or y ( 1979) a n d t he Ol s o n Fa mi l y Ad a p t a b i l i t y a n d Co h e s i o n Sc a l e ( 1979) . Th e f i r s t of t hes e ha s a pa ge us e d f or c o l l e c t i n g d e mo g r a p h i c d a t a f r o m e a c h p a r t i c i p a n t .
Al l me mb e r s of t he f i r s t t r e a t me nt g r o u p ( Gr o u p 1) r e c e i ve d c opi e s of t he t hr e e i ns t r ume nt s a t t he f i r s t s e s s i on i n J a n u a r y wi t h t he r e que s t t o c o mp l e t e t h e m i n d e p e n d e n t l y a n d r e t u r n t h e m a t t he s e c ond s e s s i on a we e k l a t e r . Me mb e r s of t he pr e t e s t e d c o n t r o l g r o u p ( Gr o u p 0) h a d t he i ns t r ume nt s d e l i v e r e d i n J a n u a r y a n d we r e c ol l e c t e d a we e k l a t e r . Th e s e s a me pr oc e dur e s we r e r e pe a t e d i n Ma r c h d u r i n g s e s s i on ni ne o f t he p r o g r a m a t wh i c h t i me t he i ns t r ume nt s we r e a p p l i e d as pos t t e s t s t o a l l gr oups ( Gr o u p s 0, 1, 2, 3) . Th e i n d e p e n d e n t c o mp l e t i o n of a l l i ns t r u-me nt s wa s a g a i n e mpha s i z e d.
RESULTS
An i mpor t a nt c ons i de r a t i on f or t he pur pos e of ge ne r a l i z i ng t he r e s ul t s of t hi s s t udy wa s wh e t h e r t he v o l u n t e e r s a mpl e of 70 pa r e nt s ( 55 f e ma l e , 15 ma l e ) wa s r e pr e s e nt a t i ve o f s ome de f i ne d p o p u l a t i o n . Th e d e mo g r a p h i c d a t a r e ve a l e d t ha t mos t pa r e nt s ( 84%) we r e i n t he 25- 35 y e a r a ge r a nge ; t ha t mos t ( 83%) we r e ma r r i e d a n d l i v i n g wi t h a s pous e; t ha t 8 2 % h a d be e n ma r r i e d f i ve ye a r s or mor e ; t ha t 8 4 % h a d one or mo r e ye a r s o f pos t -s e c onda r y e d u c a t i o n a n d t ha t 8 5 % h a d e i t he r one or t wo c h i l d r e n . A-s a r e s ul t , t he t a r ge t p o p u l a t i o n wa s de f i ne d as pa r e nt s wh o ( i ) a r e ma r r i e d , ( i i ) a r e r e l a t i ve l y young, ( i i i ) ha ve one or t wo c h i l d r e n , a n d ( i v) ha ve one or mo r e ye a r s o f pos t s e c onda r y e duc a t i on. Ge n e r a l l y , pa r e nt s v o l u n t e e r i n g f or t he p r o g r a m t e n d e d t o c o me f r o m t he mi d d l e t o uppe r -mi d d l e s oc i o- e c ono-mi c p o p u l a t i o n .
Eq u i v a l e n c y o f t he r a n d o ml y a s s i gne d gr oups wa s a l s o a c onc e r n. A one - wa y a na l ys i s of v a r i a n c e ( ANOVA) F- t es t a p p l i e d t o t he pr e t e s t s r e ve a l e d no s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i gni f i c a nt di f f e r e nc e s a mo n g me a ns a t t he . 05 l e ve l ( Ta b l e 2) . A t h i r d c o n c e r n i n v o l v e d a t hr e a t t o i n t e r n a l v a l i d i t y , na me l y, t he pos s i bi l i t y o f pr e t e s t - t r e a t me nt i nt e r a c t i on. A t wo- wa y ANOVA F- t es t r e ve a l e d no s i gni f i c a nt pos t t e s t me a n di f f e r e nc e s bet we e n bet hos e bet a k i n g a n d bet hos e nobet bet a k i n g bet he pr ebet es bet s . ( F r a bet i o p r o b a b i l i -t i es r a n g e d f r o m . 084 -t o . 782. )
A mu l t i p l e - c o mp a r i s o n s p r o c e d u r e r e ve a l e d t ha t t hr e e gr oups ( 1, 3, 4) h a d me a n s c or e s t ha t we r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y di f f e r e nt f r o m t he c o n t r o l gr oup. No n e o f t he e x p e r i me n t a l g r o u p me a ns we r e s i gni f i c a nt l y di f f e r e nt f r o m e a c h ot he r .
De s p i t e t he c o n c l u s i o n r e a c h e d e a r l i e r t ha t t he r e wa s n o s i gni f i c a nt pr e t e s t - t r e a t me nt i n t e r a c t i o n ef f ect , i t wa s o f i nt e r e s t t o not e t ha t t he Gr o u p 2 ( no pr e t e s t ) me a n s c or e wa s not s i gni f i c a nt l y di f f e r e nt f r o m t he c o n t r o l g r o u p ( 0) me a n wh i l e Gr o u p s 1, 3 a n d 4 ( pr e t e s t e d) we r e .
T ABL E 2
Pr e t e s t a nd Pos t t e s t Me a ns , St a nda r d De vi a t i ons ( S. D. ) a nd F- r at i os f o r One- way AJ VOVA Acr os s Al l Gr oups
Pret est (n=59) Posttest («=56)
Group Mean S. D. F-val ue Mean S. D. F-val ue
Por t e r 0 147. 2 18. 4 146. 5 17. 00
( Accept ance) 1 145. 4 15. 2 160. 8 16. 8
2 — — 155. 4 16. 1
3 151. 6 15. 2 162. 7 15. 4
4 143. 9 15. 4 0. 71 165. 9 10. 8 2. 54*
Ol s on 0 248. 2 23. 8 256. 1 21. 8
( Cohes i on) 1 255. 9 10. 8 254. 2 19. 6
2 — — 246. 0 16. 8
3 252. 6 16. 8 245. 7 15. 6
4 241. 4 16. 5 1. 87 242. 7 19. 7 1. 10
Ol s on 0 178. 0 15. 2 173. 8 11. 1
( Ada pt a bi l i t y) 1 180. 0 14. 0 182. 4 12. 7
2 — — 179. 8 13. 2
3 177. 2 9. 0 179. 1 12. 8
4 170. 9 16. 7 1. 29 166. 4 15. 1 2. 31**
Sc hl ude r ma n 0 12. 0 0. 8 11. 8 0. 9
( Aut hor i t y) 1 11. 5 1. 0 11. 4 0. 8
2 — — 11. 2 0. 6
3 11. 5 0. 6 10. 8 0. 5
4 11. 7 0. 6 1. 27 11. 6 0. 6 3. 38*
Sc hl ude r ma n 0 13. 2 2. 3 13. 5 2. 2
( Fa mi l y 1 13. 7 1. 9 13. 6 1. 8
di s ha r mony) 2 — — 14. 1 1. 4
3 13. 9 1. 9 13. 4 1. 4
4 13. 8 1. 4 0. 45 14. 0 1. 6 0. 37
[image:5.432.28.365.190.587.2]Cr eat i ve Par ent i ng 171
Ho we v e r , t he Gr o u p 2 me a n wa s not s i gni f i c a nt l y di f f e r e nt f r o m Gr o u p 1, 3 a n d 4 me a ns e i t he r . On e mi g h t c o n c l u d e a we a k, non- s i gni f i c a nt i nt e r a c t i on. Ne ve r t he l e s s , t he e vi de nc e doe s s ugge s t gr e a t e r p a r e n t a l a c c e pt a nc e o f c h i l d r e n f o l l o wi n g t r e a t me nt .
Th e pos t hoc mu l t i p l e - c o mp a r i s o n s t es t a l s o r e ve a l e d a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i gni f i c a nt di f f e r e nc e a mo n g t he Sc h l u d e r ma n " a u t h o r i t y " s ubs c a l e me a n s cor es . Two of t he e x p e r i me n t a l g r o u p me a ns ( 2, 3) we r e s i gni f i c a n t l y di f f e r e nt f r o m t he c o n t r o l g r o u p me a n but t he ot he r t wo e xpe r i -me n t a l gr oup -me a ns ( 1, 4) we r e not . A s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i gni f i c a nt di f f e r e nc e wa s a l s o r e gi s t e r e d be t we e n t he me a ns f or Gr o u p s 3 a nd 4. He n c e , o n l y t wo of t he f our " e q u a l l y t r e a t e d " gr oups r e gi s t e r e d s i gni f i c a nt ga i ns o n t hi s me a s ur e r e f l e c t i ng a r e d u c t i o n i n p a r e n t a l us e of a u t h o r i t y wh e n r e l a t i n g t o t he i r c h i l d r e n .
DI SCUSSI ON
The t hr e e i ns t r ume nt s c hos e n f or t hi s s t udy a t t e mpt e d t o doc ume nt c ha nge as a r e s ul t of p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t he Cr e a t i v e Pa r e n t i n g p r o g r a m. Two me a s ur e s ( Por t e r ' s Ac c e p t a n c e s cal e; Sc hl ude r ma n' s " a u t h o r i t y " s ubs c a l e ) r e gi s t e r e d c h a n g e wh i l e t hr e e ( Sc hl ude r ma n' s " d i s h a r mo n y " s ubs c a l e ; Ol s on' s " c o h e s i o n " a n d " a d a p t a b i l i t y " s ubs c a l e s ) d i d not .
Pa r e nt s ' a c c e pt a nc e o f t he i r c h i l d r e n i nc r e a s e d s i gni f i c a nt l y as a r e s ul t of t a k i n g Cr e a t i v e Pa r e n t i n g . Th i s e vi de nc e s ugges t s t ha t onc e pa r e nt s be t t e r u n d e r s t a n d t he d e v e l o p me n t a l s t age of t he i r c h i l d , t he i r a c c e p-t a nc e of p-t ha p-t c h i l d i s gr e a p-t e r .
Th i s r e s ul t i s s i mi l a r t o t he r e s e a r c h f i ndi ngs of Su mme r l i n a n d Wa r d ( 1981) , Th e r r i e n ( 1979) a n d P a i n ( 1984) . Th e i r r e s e a r c h r e ve a l e d a s i gni f i c a nt pos i t i ve c ha nge i n pa r e nt s ' a t t i t ude s as a r e s ul t of p a r t i c i -p a t i n g i n a -p a r e n t i n g -p r o g r a m. Pa r e nt s t e nde d t o e xt e nd gr e a t e r t r us t a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e t o t he i r c h i l d r e n a n d p a r e n t - c h i l d c o mmu n i c a t i o n i mp r o v e d .
Th e s e c ond s i gni f i c a nt c h a n g e wa s r e gi s t e r e d wi t h t he " a u t h o r i t y " s ubs c a l e of Sc hl ude r ma n' s Re p o r t o f Pa r e n t Be h a v i o r I nve nt or y. Th e e vi de nc e s ugge s t e d t ha t t he r e wa s a s i gni f i c a nt r e d u c t i o n i n t he pa r e nt s ' us e o f a u t h o r i t y i n t he p a r e n t - c h i l d r e l a t i ons hi p. Al o n g t he s oc i o-p o l i t i c a l c o n t i n u u m one wo u l d t e n d t o a s s oc i a t e s uc h r e d u c t i o n i n t he us e of a u t h o r i t y wi t h a mo v e me n t t o wa r d d e mo c r a t i c p a r e n t i n g . Re -s e a r c he r -s -s uc h a-s St e a m ( 1971) , St ol z of f ( 1980) a n d P a i n ( 1984) ha ve a l s o s h o wn t ha t pa r e nt s ha ve t a ke n a mo r e d e mo c r a t i c s t a nc e t o wa r d t he i r c h i l d r e n as a r e s ul t o f b e i n g i n v o l v e d i n p a r e n t i n g pr ogr a ms .
CONCLUSI ON
c h i l d , a n d ( i i ) t he pa r e nt ' s us e o f a u t h o r i t y i n t he p a r e n t c h i l d r e l a t i o n -s hi p. Wh i l e t hi -s -s t udy ha -s d e mo n -s t r a t e d t ha t t he p r o g r a m i -s e f f e c t i ve i n t he s e t wo di me ns i ons , i t mus t be r e me mb e r e d t ha t t he s ubj e c t s r e pr e -s e nt e d a r a t h e r -s pe c i f i c p o p u l a t i o n a n d t ha t t he i n -s t r u c t o r wa -s t he a u t h o r o f t he Cr e a t i v e Pa r e n t i n g p r o g r a m. He nc e , e x t e r n a l v a l i d i t y i s s o me wh a t c i r c u ms c r i b e d . Fu r t h e r r e s e a r c h wi l l be ne e de d t o e x p a n d a n d e xt e nd h o w t hes e p r e l i mi n a r y a n d p r o mi s i n g r e s ul t s a p p l y ge ne r a l l y.
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Ha r ol d Rat zl af f , Ph. D. , i s a n As s i s t a nt Pr of e s s or i n t he De pa r t me nt of Educ a t i ona l Ps y-chol ogy and Speci al Educat i on at t he Uni ver si t y of Br i t i sh Col umbi a. Hi s r esear ch i nt erest s
i ncl ude measur ement , eval uat i on and st at i st i cs.
J ohn D. Fr i esen, Ph. D., is a Pr of essor i n t he Depar t ment of Counsel l i ng Psychol ogy at t he Uni ver si t y of Br i t i sh Col umbi a. Hi s r esear ch i nt erest s i ncl ude f ami l y and mar r i age counsel l i ng and enr i chment , and al cohol and dr ug abuse.
Dr . Gor don Neuf el d is an i nst r uct or i n t he Depar t ment of Psychol ogy at t he Uni ver si t y of Br i t i sh Col umbi a. Hi s i nt erest s i ncl ude par ent educat i on, chi l d and adul t pat hol ogy and per sonal i t y devel opment .
Gael M. Paddock is a mar r i age and f ami l y counsel l or i n pr i vat e pr act i ce. Her r esear ch i nt erest s i ncl ude mar r i age and f ami l y enr i chment and par ent educat i on.
