Improvement the Genetic Potential of Local Chicken By Combination of Crossbreeding, Selection Method, Cellular Analysis and Nutritional
Adjustment to Produce the Candidate of Local Layer
M. Aman Yaman*, Yurliasni, Zulfan, & Muhammad Daud
Laboratory of Poultry Science and Technology - Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam-Banda Aceh
*e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
local chickens. In fact, Kamaras could be developed as a candidate of local laying chicken for future.
Keywords: cellular analysis, crossbreeding, local chicken, nutritional requirements, selection method
Introducton
Breedng program of local anmal wll be able to support economc stablty and food securty programs whch are more valuable than the mport of anmal from abroad. Ths program wll stmulate the Indonesan people to produce ts own products and have alternatve jobs for communty. One of the great potental of local anmal n Indonesa s local chcken (ayam kampung) whch could be developed by genetc mprovement to reduce the domnance of mported chcken (broler or layer). Ths effort wll support the genetc development of local chckens as a commercal layer chcken that s more productve and proftable for busness actvty. These objectves could be acheved by a sustanable strategc approach ncludng genetc
selecton and nutrtonal adjustment (M. Aman Yaman et al., 2000a: 2000b: 2010)
and up-gradng technology through genetc approach and breedng technology (May, 1971: Brllard, 2003).
The breedng technology developed for local chcken selecton should have
advantages n terms of output, applcatve and more economcal (Ansah et al., 1985:
Bennewtz et al., 2007). The prevous studes of local chcken have categorzed
two types of local chcken from Aceh Provnce resulted by genetc selecton usng exteror parameters, namely (a) the type of potentally meat chcken and (b) the type that can be orented as layng hens. The prevous results also showed that the average local chcken eggs only produced between 70 to 90 eggs /year. Untl now, the conventonal program of genetc selecton for local chcken have not been able to rase the potental of local chckens as productve layng hens (M. Aman Yaman
et al., 2008: 2009). In order to solve such problems, the applcaton of genetc programs for selectng local chcken needs to be done through a combnaton of a more comprehensve, more effectve and applcable method usng crossbreedng program.
In prncple, to stmulate the gene expresson of local chcken as layer requres the supply of nutrents accordng to ther requrements snce the starter, grower,
pre-layng and layng perod (M. Aman Yaman et al., 2002: Wattaux, 2006).
et al., 2000: Sapp et al., 2004). The present research wll focus on producng a layer chckens resulted by crossbreedng between local chcken, Arab chcken and Hy-Lne Brown layer. The combnaton of breedng and nutrtonal approach could be consdered to produce a new stran of local chcken whch genetcally able to produce egg hgher than the orgnal local chcken. The characterstc of egg produce by ths chcken also must be qualfed for market standard as a commercal chcken egg.
Materals and Methods
Ten adult male selected chckens (crossng between female of Kampung chcken wth male of layng commercal chcken) and sxty female Arab chcken were used to evaluate the qualty of offsprng as a canddate of layer chcken. Crossbreedng was carred out by artfcal nsemnaton and all parameters were performed on offsprngs (F1 – F3). The research desgn used was randomzed factoral (2x4) and data was processed statstcally usng analyss of varance. Evaluaton of genetc potental was performed n any growth stage of chcken durng the selecton process. The effect of nutrtonal adjustment on selecton program was examned by treatment of proten and energy balance to evaluate feed converson parameter.
The treatment of energy and proten balance were A (3000 Kcal:21%), B(2900 Kcal:20%), C(2800 Kcal:19%) and D(2700 Kcal:18%). At 90 days of age, analyss of cellular parameters (proten, RNA and mRNA) n muscle tssue was performed on breast muscle sample of offsprng (F3) to ndentfy selected chcken as a canddate of layng chcken. At the end of perod, other parameters were measured: egg producton, egg weght, haugh unt (HU), egg grade, egg shape and eggshell color.
Samplng of hatchng egg resulted by crossbreedng to produce F1-F3 offsprng were selected by the followng crtera ; eggshell color s reddsh-whte, oval shape, egg weght from 35 to45 gram and fertle. Sample of breast muscle and lver tssue were collected from chcken to evaluate the response of chcken type and nutrtonal treatments on cellular parameters for selecton program carred out by the method of dslocaton neck (cervcal spne fracture) and chemcal analyss. All sample tssue was preserved by mmersng nto lqud ntrogen and stored at -80° C untl analyss. Proten, RNA and mRNA contents were analyzed by chemcal treatment
and measured by spectrophotometer (M. Aman Yaman et al., 2000).
Results and Dscusson
Heavy type chcken has a black domnant color and gray dotted, whle medum type has a black domnant color and whte/golden dotted. At the age of mature sex, body weght was 1580 gram (heavy type) and 1420 gram (medum type). The average of egg producton of both types of Kamaras chcken ranged between 171 to 177 eggs /year. There was no dfference n egg qualty of both types of chcken. However, the FCR of medum was lower (2.6 kg) compared to the heavy type chcken (2.9 kg) durng 90 days of rearng perod. The results also show that through crossbreedng program and combnaton of selecton methods produced a dervatve type of local chcken whch has an ablty to produce eggs was hgher than the orgn of local chcken but stll has a smlar characterstc n egg qualty.
Table 1. Parameter of Kamaras chcken (female lne) resulted by cross breedng program as a canddate of local productve layng hens
Specfcaton Heavy type Medum type
Body shape Layer Layer
Domnant color Black and gray
dotted
Black and whte dotted
Body weght of pra-laying (gram) 1580 1420
Frst layng age (week) 19 18
Clutch (egg/week) 5 4
Mean of egg producton (egg/year) 177 171
Egg weght (gram) 35-47 32 - 43
Haugh unt 74 72
Egg shell color Creamy whte Creamy whte
brown
Hatchablty (%) 93 91
Feed converson rate (FCR) for 90 days 2.9 2.6
Combnaton selecton program and matng strategy to explore the potental of genetc durng breedng process wll largely affect the dervatve type of chcken (M.
Aman Yaman et al., 2008 and 2009). On poultry breedng program, the domnant
characterstc that appears n exteror parameter followed by analyss of cellular parameter wll be used as a very useful parameters to produce a new type of chcken
n accordance wth the breedng purpose (Brah, 2005; Bennewtz et al., 2007)
chcken and female Arab produced a new type of chcken whch can replace the role of local chckens as layng hens n the future.
Analyss of cellular parameters (Table 2) n the two types of chcken Kamaras showed that proten, RNA and mRNA contents n the pectoral muscle has equal to those n commercal layng hens. These ndcatons show that the chcken Kamaras could be categorzed as slow-growng type of chcken smlar to the characterstcs of layng hens. Cellular content n breast muscles of poultry could be used as a reference for functonal selecton of layng hens or brolers, n whch the concentraton of proten, RNA and mRNA of chcken breast muscle layer s lower than brolers due
to the dfferent types of fber muscle (Kta et al., 2002 and M. Aman Yaman, 2010).
The results of ths study approved that the chcken Kamaras have a very strong character as layng hens that can be developed nto a productve layng hens.
Table 2. The concentraton Proten, RNA and mRNA contents on breast muscle of Kamaras chcken (F3) resulted by crossbreedng between male selected chcken and female Arab chcken
Parameter Medum type Heavy type
Chcken age (days) 90 90
Body weght (gram) 857 993
Breast muscle weght (gram) 17.15 18.49
Proten (mg) 3023 3155
RNA (mg) 12.93 13.24
mRNA (ug) 3276 3340
It was also observed that proten and energy balance n the feed sgnfcantly affected on egg producton rate and egg qualty (HU value) n both type of Kama-ras chcken. However, there was no nfluence of chcken type (heavy and medum types) on egg producton of Kamaras chcken. It was known that adjustment of ten and energy balance ncreased the number of eggs and egg qualty. The egg pro-ducton of Kamaras chcken fed on det contanng 19% of crude proten and 2800 Kcal of energy sgnfcantly ncreased than other nutrtonal treatments (Table 3). It was also nformed that the requrement of proten and energy balance was dfferent between Kamaras chcken and commercal layer chcken. In general, commercal layng hens requre 17% of proten and 2900 Kcal of energy n raton. It was due to the dfference n genetc characterstc as the result of crossbreedng between 3 types of chcken. The present result also showed that breed and chcken type, genetcally affected the egg producton but the nutrtonal balance n partcular; proten, energy and mnerals s a mportant factor affectng the producton and egg qualty of
produced between 147-170 eggs/year hgher than orgn chcken (70-90 eggs / year). The nfluence of genetc characterstc from the Arab and layer chckens as male and female lne durng crossbreedng program caused an ncrease n egg producton of Kamaras chcken.
Table 3. The effect of chcken type and nutrtonal treatment on number and egg qualty of Kamaras chcken (F3) resulted by crossbreedng between male selected chcken and female Arab chcken
Dfferent superscrpt n the same lne means sgnfcantly dfferent (P<0.05)
The dfferences n proten and energy balance n raton also effected egg weght, shell thckness, albumen heght, yolk color of egg. It was also observed that the value of HU and grade eggs on both types of chcken Kamaras was sgnfcantly affected by proten and energy balance n raton. The egg weght of Kamaras chcken fed on raton contaned 19% of crude proten and 2800 kcal of energy was hgher and t was also followed by an ncrease n egg components, egg grade and HU. The results are consstent wth several prevous studes that nutrtonal adjustment resulted n ncreased egg weght and albumen qualty that have an mpact on ncreasng the
Haugh Unt of egg (M. Aman Yaman et al., 2008:2009 and 2010).
Conclusons
In concluson, egg producton and egg qualty of Kamaras chcken from cross breedng, genetc selecton and nutrtonal adjusment was better than ther orgns so t could potentally be developed as a local chcken layng.
Acknowledgment
I would lke to thank LIPI- Mnstry of Research and Technology, Republc of Indonesa through research grant ncentve program n 2011 as fundng support n the mplementaton of ths study.
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