REFERENCES
Addison, H. 1985. Land, Water, and Food. London: Champman& Hall. Frank, Bernard. 1980. Water, Land, and People. New York: Knoft. Lane, F.C. 1982. The World’s Grate Lakes. New York: Doubleday.
Moleong, Lexy J. 1993. MetodologiPenelitianKualitatif. Bandung: RemajaRosdakarya. Surachmad, Winarno. 1982. PengantarPenelitianIlmiah. Bandung: Tarsito.
Suryabrata, Sumadi. 2002. MetodologiPenelitian. Jakarta: Raja GrafindoPersada. Suryabrata. 1984. MetodePenelitian. Jakarta: angkasa.
3. THE DESCRIPTION
3.1 Human Beings
A society is a group of human beings who have the same needs. The members of the
society cannot live their lives without having the group. Individuals needs to add himself the
group for the purposes of livings. One individual cannot live his lif by himself. The members
of the group must have the mutual assistance. The first thing that required by the individual to
have the group is a language. It cannot be denied that without the present of a language to the
members of the group will be impossible to have the society. It will be the same thing to the
function of the water to the individual of the human beings. Without the present of water to
the human beings they cannot escaped from death.
The fact that the surface of the earth is chiefly water is something which we, as
dwellers on the land, are apt to ignore or completely forget. As noted earlier, the Pacific
Ocean alone covers nearly one-third of the globe. The combined areas of all water bodies,
including oceans, seas, and lakes, add up to nearly two and one half times that of all the land
of the earth. In other words, about seventy one per cent of the earth’s surface is water. In
addition to the large expanses just mentioned, there are small ponds, waters which run as
streams on the top of the land, and other waters which lie or move within the upper portion of
the earth’s crust. There is water in vapor form and in condensed form in the atmosphere.
Thus, water is an important and practically all-pervasive element in human beings’ habitat.
Water is fundamentally important for drinking purposes. Town and city dwellers,
accustomed to obtaining drinking water by the mere turning of a faucet handle, are generally
unaware of the amount they use and cannot fully appreciate this type of water use. However,
in carrying water from a spring or stream, or pumping or lifting it from a well, know its
significance frilly. Most aware are those who live in steppes and deserts, where drinking
water is most precious because it is most scarce. Other home, or domestic, uses of water are
many: for cooking, washing, bathing, and for lawn and garden. On the farm, the daily
consumption of water, per capita, ranges from in to o gallons. This does not include many
more gallons used by farm animals. A milk cow, for example, consumes about 50 litres each
day. In the city, the quantity of water used is far greater. One can appreciate the problem of
ordinary domestic water supply in a city of several million persons, particularly in those cities
which have outgrown their local supplies and must send many miles away for the bulk of
their water.
In the country of Indonesia which has thousands of islands or it can be said about 40
per cent of all water used is used for irrigation. Currently, this amounts to about 100 billion
gallons per day. Figure out how many gallons this means each year.
Indonesia has two great aqueducts which reach out across hills, deserts, and
mountains for about 300 miles. So dependent is Indonesia is that major abandonment would
quickly follow if the water supply were stopped. Other large urban centers, even those in
more humid regions, are only slightly less dependent.
In town or city wherever manufacturing and processing are going on, there is
demand for water far in excess of domestic requirements. Water is needed to wash materials,
to add to materials and goods, to flush sewage, to make steam in boilers, to cool or
air-condition equipment and buildings, and to serve many other purposes. Jakarta alone is said to
use from one billion to two billion gallons of water each day, the larger portion being used
outside of the home. Just to supply. Jakarta with water is a gigantic business in itself.
Particularly in the dry regions, man needs water for other than drinking and
production of irrigated crops. Irrigation water may come from shallow or deep wells, from
springs, from rivers, or it may be imported over long distances by means of ditches and pipes.
The amount of water available largely determines the size and importance of any region’s
development.
The following short discussion suggests some of the aspects of change wrought in
the economy of a small segment of the landscape of the introduction of adequate water
supply to an area of meager precipitation and scant and intermittent surface water.
Until fairly recent years, most of the North Sulawesi appeared to all who saw it as
merely another dry-land waste with little apparent economic use, even as seasonal grazing
land.
It was not until nearly two decades after became a state, and other neighboring areas
had been largely settled, that individuals first came into the any idea of taking up lands and
establishing permanent settlements. By then, a meager water supply had been found in a few
shallow, dug wells. With such small promise of water for man and animals, the initial settlers
moved into the valley in 1867 and established the first small and feeble beginnings of the
thriving economy of the valley today. Today more wells producing water for domestic and
animal uses, the economic fortunes of the valleys had improved considerably. But during the
dry seasons the valley experienced a nearly total drought and all dry-farmed crops failed
completely. Considered in retrospect, this catastrophe was a blessing in disguise, for out of it
came .the introduction of irrigation. Irrigation was first practiced in very simple form, using
water from dug wells, but slowly increasing demands for irrigation water eventually brought
about the necessary developments of deep, drilled wells and large power pumps.
Many kinds of irrigated crops, from grains to tree fruits, were experimented with
through the early years of the present century. But commercial vegetable production, first
crops combined. By this time, it utilized most of the valley’s irrigated acreage and accounted
for most of the commercial income. The expansive trend of commercial vegetable agriculture
has continued unabated to the present time, keeping pace with the increasing availability of
water supply, as more and more deep, drilled wells have tapped the invisible underground
water.
Thus, with successive increases in water supply during the past few decades, the
economic fortunes of the valleys have been reassessed many times. Each stage has been more
elaborate than its predecessor, and each stage has also been far more economically productive
and financially profitable than the stage before. Land-use adjustments have been
implemented almost continuously, until they have become practically a way of life and an
economic creed. They have brought this once nearly barren land to an extremely high state of
productivity, a productivity based upon an ever-expanding irrigation system and a
commercial specialty foodstuff production with large surpluses for export to national
markets.
It should he pointed out, too, that the use of water for irrigation is not restricted to
regions deficient in precipitation. Near large cities in humid lands great amounts are used to
encourage a rapid and certain growth of truck crops for urban markets. In the extensive and
humid rice-lands of the Orient, the wet-land or paddy rice requires untold billions of gallons
of slowly circulating irrigation water throughout the season of growth, even in those parts of
the rainy tropics which receive very heavy precipitation.
Since primitive man first made a raft or hollowed out a log canoe, water has served
as a highway, a highway built and maintained by nature and so buoyant that carriers using it
can support and move burdens far greater than can be supported in land or air vehicles. To
toads, whether the Rhine river or the North Atlantic, continue to be vital links in
transportation.
Modern men are becoming increasingly aware of the resources contained in the
many waters of the world. From the seas and oceans come foods in the form of fish, plants,
and other marine life. Many persons believe that the world will become more and more
dependent on food from the oceans as population increases and as much of the land is worn
out by continued crop production. Seaweed, in addition to furnishing food, provides potash
and iodine as well as stuffing for cushions and mattresses. Salt water furnishes salt and,
recently, has furnished large quantities of magnesium. It is even a possible large-scale source
of an additional fresh water supply, since saltwater conversion processes have been perfected.
The sea contributes other materials also, from furs and hides to pearls and sponges. Similarly,
many fresh waters also provide fish, shells, and furs.
Whether seashore, tree-lined brook or river, small pond, or large lake, water is useful
to swim in, to go boating and fishing on, or just to look at. Many a small lake has proved to
be a “gold mine” when developed for resort purposes, and many a piece of land has sold for a
sum far above ordinary market price merely because it contained a bubbling spring or a small
stream. Even the little lily ponds or artificial lagoons in a city park reflect the artistic and the
recreational value of water.
3.2 Oceans and Seas
As previously noted, most of the earth is covered by interconnected bodies of water.
Not only do these bodies vary great1 in size and depth, but also in the many patterns which
they produce as they trace their edges against the land. To draw the outlines of the major
Names and Terms. In order of decreasing size, the oceans are the Pacific, Atlantic,
Indonesian, Oceans is sometimes referred to as a sea.The term sea is indefinite. It is applied,
in general, to bodies of water which are conspicuously smaller than the oceans and which are
“tucked into” the land in such fashion as to leave only narrow oceanic connections or no
connections at all. Ocean bottoms and depths. Formerly, it was thought that the bottoms of
the great water bodies were mainly comprised of smooth plains and monotonous plateaus. It
was reasoned that sediments washed in from the land, materials dropped physically and
precipitated chemically in waters far offshore, and the accumulation of skeletons of myriads
of marine organisms would collect in low places until inequalities of sea bottom would cease
to exist. It is now known that the floors of the seas and oceans possess landforms nearly as
varied as those of the continents themselves. There are towering mountain ranges, broad
plateaus, hilly regions, and plains of varying relief.
In addition to the major landforms. There are countless smaller ones. Even the
ancient notion of ocean basins has broken down partly. For example, we still speak of the
Pacific Basin as though it were a washbowl whose sides slope uniformly downward to a
central low spot. The facts were brought to light largely through the invention and use of the
sonic depth finder. This instrument sends an impulse downward through the water and
receives the echo of that impulse back at the instrument a bit later. The speed of the impulse
through the water is known and by recording the time necessary for it to travel to the bottom
and back, and dividing by two, the depth of the water can be calculated. The depth finder has
been so perfected that a vessel traveling at full speed can make a continuous record of depths
along its course. With thousands of soundings thus quickly and cheaply obtained, it is a
relatively simple matter to prepare contour maps of the ocean bottom.
As might be expected, most of the shallow waters are adjacent to the edges of the
shallow waters next to the continents lie on the continental shelf a gently sloping extension of
the continent itself and a reminder of the times when large shallow seas covered most of what
are now the land masses, either in whole or in part at a given time. The oceanic regions of
greatest depth have their bottoms so far below the surface that they are known as deeps.
Those huge synclinal (down-folded) depressions which lie out in front of great mountain arcs
are known as fore-deeps. They owe their existence to the same crustal deformations which
produced neighboring hills or mountains.
Water Movements. While one may think of the seas and oceans in only two
dimensions, as “so long and so wide,” they are actually three-dimensional. Their restless
waters move not only horizontally, but also vertically and obliquely. Some of these
movements result in the transportation of significant amounts of water from one part of the
ocean to another, like the flow of polar waters equator ward and of tropical waters toward the
poles, or like the up-welling of water from a depth of several hundred feet and the slow
descent of surface waters.
Other movements, such as storm, tidal, and seismic waves, do not result in any
significant transportation. In tidal movements, the waters merely bulge in obedience to the
mass attraction df the moon and sun. Because the earth notates, the bulges travel, but the
water in them merely goes up and down and there is little, if any, transportation. The
movements which do result in transportation of large quantities of ocean water are called
currents. These are of many sorts, some are cold and others warm, some are highly saline arid
others only weakly saline, some operate at great or intermediate depths and others move at
and near the surface. Of them all, it is those at or relatively near the surface which are most
significant geographically. It is these surface currents which affect ship navigation, the
near-shore areas. Their effects on air (climatic) conditions will be mentioned later in the discussion
of climatic controls in
The warm surface waters which move toward and tend to pile up against the Eastern
parts of islands and continental shores of much of the tropics are forced to turn poleward.
This is a result primarily of their bumping into the land and secondarily of deflection incident
to their movement on the surface of a rotating earth.
Ice conditions. Some small icebergs are derived from local valley glaciers along
mountainous coasts, like those of southeastern Alaska, but they are short-lived and few in
number. The bergs which are large and numerous come from the Greenland ice and from the
vast ice layers of Antarctica. The tabular Antarctic bergs, unlike the jagged Greenland type
do not menace any major shipping lanes, nor do they regularly move as far from points of
origin. Only the occasional whaling and scientific exploration vessel must be on guard
against them, particularly during fogs or storms. The extreme equatorial limits of icebergs
sizable enough to be hazardous are shown.
Considering the great size of the seas and oceans, the smaller water bodies seem
insignificant. However, significance cannot be measured by size alone. A lake, or group of
lakes, may have a local or even an extralocal importance far out of proportion to the area or
depth of water involved. Lakes may furnish domestic and industrial water, transportation,
fish, and recreational opportunities. in such mariner, they may be more truly and directly
entwined with the lives of many people than are seas and oceans.
In contrast to the vast regions with few or no lakes, there are others in which lakes
are numerous. Most of the large regions with numerous lakes are areas of glaciation, chiefly
of continental glaciation and to a lesser extent of valley glaciation. In such regions, the
characteristic unevenness resulting from both glacial scour and glacial deposition normally
depressions are in humid climates so that there is abundant water to fill them. Streams are
busily engaged in cutting through the rims, but there has been insufficient time since the
glaciers disappeared for the streams to have drained the lakes of their waters or for the lakes
to have become filled with plants and sediment. Some lake regions were not glaciated and
lakes in them owe their origin to other causes.
The lines of moving water which thread their way across the surface of the land vary
in size from mere rills and brooks to broad, full-flowing rivers. Where land masses and
drainage basins are large and precipitation plentiful, streams are numerous and permanent;
where drainage basins are small and especially where precipitation is meager, streams are
small and intermittent.
The presence or lack of streams affects man’s movements and settlements in a wide
variety of ways. Primitive man camped at places along or neat streams where water and fish
were available and where he had a highway for his raft or crude boat. Man, primitive or not,
has often settled on islands in rivers where the encompassing water provided a barrier against
enemies. River junctions have been strategic points for the control of, and participation in, the
trade which moved on the streams. Rivet mouths, making union with the sea, gave access to
ocean routes. When industrial centers arose, the riverbank position provided large quantities
of water for rapidly growing urban populations and supplied water for power and the
processing of materials. In many areas, the fine dark alluviums of river flood plains attracted
agricultural populations. In the eastern United States and to a lesser extent in the drier West,
the bulk of the westward movement was locally carried and directed by the streams which
floated men and their belongings. These are only a few of the ways in which rivers and men
have been and, in many ways, still are related.
In regions of humid climate, all except the smallest tributaries are normally
amount of water available from precipitation, surface drainage, and underground drainage.
High and low stages represent ordinary behavior, but the streams are always there. In some
streams, there may be little difference between highest and lowest water. This is true
particularly where rainfall is of comparatively even distribution throughout the year and
where waters are not partly locked up in the form of ice during the winter season. Variations
in flow are significant as part of the physical picture of an area, but they are more significant
in their relations to man and his activities. It is readily apparent that a permanent stream
which is in, high flood during part of the year and barely flows at another time is of much less
utility than one which maintains a relatively uniform level.
The most common stream pattern is the dendritic pattern. The term “dendritic”
means treelike, and a stream system with this plan possesses a main trunk and branches
which join it at acute angles. This pattern develops where the running water is cutting rocks,
whether loose or consolidated, which are relatively uniform in their reaction to erosion. Thus,
this pattern will occur in a region where streams are running on granite alone, or on a
homogeneous sandstone, or wholly on loose clays, and so on. Presents the actual plans of
some streams large and small, which have the dendritic pattern.
Other major stream patterns are the trellis, radial, annular, braided, and glacially
deranged. Over the land surface as a whole, they are much less common than the dendritic
pattern, but in areas where they do occur, they are just as observable and significant. The
trellis pattern is comprised of relatively straight lines which join each other at right angles.
This pattern occurs where there is a definite banding of the rocks or a pattern of structural
weakness in the earth’s crust. The radial pattern is found where there is a centrally located
area of higher land from which the streams flow out in all directions like spokes from the hub
of a wheel. Also occurs in areas where there is a ceritral low section and streams flow in from
erosion of structural domes. Its plan reflects rock controls which are made operative as soon
as the donies have passed the initial stage in their dissection. In a sense, the annular pattern is
a curved or bent trellis pattern. The braided pattern, characteristic of streams which are
overloaded and have hence dropped materials to clog their former channels, is one of many
joining and rejoining lines. indicates, better than words, the nature of this pattern. The
glacially deranged pattern will be discussed which includes mention of continental and valley
glaciation.
Stream patterns are important in many ways. They provide part of the physical plan
of a countryside and they affect the distribution of other physical features. One example is
seen in the streams of Kansas; their patterns are largely dendntic and so are the patterns of the
accompanying flood plains. Water is more abundant in the flood-plain soils and trees are able
to maintain themselves there. Thus, fingers and lines of trees stand out in dendritic pattern
and in sharp contrast to the drier, grassy interstream areas. In the ridge-and-valley region of
eastern Tennessee, the stream pattern is trellised and this is the key to distribution of the
richer bottomland soils, as well as- to the location of those types of natural vegetation which
require more moisture than do the types on the ridges. These are only two examples, chosen
more or less at random, but they serve to illustrate some of the relationships between stream
patterns and other natural features.
There are also significant relationships be Streams tween road patterns and drainage
patterns. The problems of road alignment and bridge construction in an area of glacially
deranged drainage are very different from the same problems in a region of dendritic stream
pattern. Again, the above are only a few examples of the relationships between stream
There has been a growing emphasis on the development of power from streams.
Particularly is this true of rivers in humid middle latitude regions or those which obtain
enough water from humid areas to enable them to continue as streams through dry country.
At this point, it should be noted that, although important, only a small part of the
world’s electricity is produced from water power. Most of it is produced by means of coal,
petroleum, and natural gas. Even today, hydroelectric energy in the United States supplies
only a small part of the total energy used. Further, this part may well be challenged by
expansion in the field of nuclear energy.
Beyond engineering know-how, location in reference to markets, size of markets,
and the like, the generation of hydroelectricity has certain physical requirements. There must
be a large volume of water of relatively steady flow and a sufficient fall of that water. In
addition, if artificial dams have to be built to improve natural conditions, there must be sites
available where construction is safe and economically feasible. The dams must be located in
parts of valleys where sufficient amounts of water can be impounded. Thus, purely physical
conditions such as nature of bedrock and shape of valley become significant. The physical
conditions requisite to water-power production are most fully met in regions of continental
and valley glaciation.
As we shall see later, stream behavior in regions of arid or semiarid climates s much
different from that in humid lands. The streams, except for those which are exotic, are
intermittent rather than permanent and they are smaller and less numerous. Yet these
intermittent streams present many vexing problems. They pour floodwaters onto settlements
and play havoc with transportation system. Extensive flood prevention works are necessary
for the protection of towns and cities, as well as of roads and railroads. It is somewhat
paradoxical that floods arid flood damage may be as severe in deserts as in lands of plentiful
The reasons for these difficulties lie basically in the amount and distribution of
precipitation; that is, the problems are fundamentally climatic in origin. Because the water
does not flow permanently, it drops flood-stage loads and channels are clogged. The next
floodwater spreads out over wide areas, carving new channels soon glutted with debris as the
water disappears. Except where channels are deeply entrenched, such behavior means that
flood areas are usually broad and not too well defined; nevertheless, they are the natural drain
ways, and man must pay the penalty if he settles in them and builds his transport lines across
them. Very often, he seems to know so little about stream behavior under such conditions that
he fails to recognize that he is in the natural line of water flow.A portion of the moisture
derived from the air sinks into the upper part of the earth’s crust to become ground water.
Though not visible, it is just as important as surface water. From it come springs and well
water and some of the moisture which is so necessary for the growth of natural vegetation
and crops. As water moves downward from the surface, it fills the spaces among soil particles
arid also the crevices and cracks of the bedrock as far down as such exist in the earth’s crust.
The zone in which all spaces ate filled is the zone of saturation. The top of the zone is the
water table. The water table follows approximately the profile of the land above, al though. It
is closer to the surface in low places than in high places. Where it intersects the surface in
low spots, the results are swamps, ponds, lakes, or springs. In general, the groundwater table
lies closer to the surface in regions of humid climates than it does in the areas of arid or
semiarid climates. Even in the latter areas, it may reach the surface in a few low spots and in
these, salt marshes are the normal result.
The amount of moisture present in the soil is a very critical factor in the growth of
natural vegetation and crops. Soil moisture is of three kinds: gravitational water, hygroscopic
water, and capillary water. Gravitational water is the water which moves downward, by force
waterlogged and useless for crops although such drowned soils are still capable of supporting
several types of swamp vegetation. Hygroscopic water exists as an extremely thin film
around each soil particle, somewhat as though each particle were “wrapped in cellophane.” It
is often referred to as “unavailable water” because plants cannot obtain it. Capillary water is
the water which moves by capillary action, or attraction, in the same fashion that spilled ink
may be drawn into and among the fibers of a blotter. Its ability to move even against the pull
of gravity is significant for, as topsoils dry out, capillary water is drawn to the upper portion
of the soil where it supplies the needs of plants. However, if such action is too long
continued, particularly if the water is drawn all the way to the surface, soils become either
weakly or strongly saline. This occurs when the water, drawn to the surface, is evaporated
and leaves its minerals behind. If there is insufficient precipitation to wash the minerals, or
mineral salts, back down into lower parts of the soil, permanently saline soils are created. If
they are mildly saline, a few mineral salt-tolerant crops may be grown; with high salinity, no
crops can grow although a few specially adapted types of natural vegetation (halophytes) may
be able to exist.
3.3 Some Water Problems
The preceding discussions have shown that man is confronted with many problems
as he attempts to use or to protect himself from the earth’s waters. The problems are more
numerous and, some of them, more serious than ever before because man himself has created
many of them and has often made those of natural Origin more pressing.
To suppose that the struggle for control of the seas and oceans is over, merely
because they are no longer effective defenses against swift ships and supersonic aircraft and
rockets, is to be unrealistic. They are still vitally important sources of food and other products
These are both friend and enemy to man: friend in that they serve so many of his
needs; enemy in that they go on rampages of destruction or change their courses and thus
confuse property limits and political boundaries, or become polluted and carry filth and
disease.
The problem of high water is acute in densely populated regions, especially where
the presence of fertile flood plains and strategic trade and manufacturing foci has lured large
populations not only into the lower areas but to the very edge of the low-water channels. It
has been said that the problem is not so much to keep the rivers away from the people as to
keep the people out of the rivers. The magnitude of the problem is partly indicated by the fact
that one serious flood on the Tsunami in Aceh may take scores of lives and cause hundreds of
millions of dollars in damage, may drown thousands of persons and cause untold damage to
fields and sorely needed crops, not to mention the famine and pestilence which ride hard on
the heels of such a flood.
The control of river waters to the point of preventing serious floods is neither easy
nor inexpensive. Normally it requires careful study and artificial controls of entire drainage
basins from uppermost tributaries to stream mouths and the costs run into millions of dollars.
Also, it requires the cooperation of many agencies and of the public as a whole. Yet it may be
cheaper to pay for proper controls than to pay the bills for flood damage, particularly if man
continues to crowd the rivers. Stream control itself is only part of the price man pays for
cutting away the forests, breaking the sod of grasslands, running cultivation furrows up and
down the slope instead of aligning them with the contours, and settling in the natural
drainways. Remedies lie in reforestation, regrassing, contour plowing, strip cropping,
construction of large and small dams—in general, in wise land-use policies operating
throughout entire drainage areas, including suitable adjustments in the use of areas of flood
There is always a certain amount of erosion under perfectly normal conditions, but it
is seldom, except in dry regions, that normal erosion causes any widespread difficulties. It is
when natural balances are upset and waters speed unchecked that erosion rises far above
normal, and land, soils, and the works of man are then destroyed. It may be possible to
rebuild rather quickly the works of man, whether bridges, highways, or homes, but destroyed
soils cannot be replaced for many genezations and, in most instances, they are gone for all
time. When one realizes that soil is the most valuable of all the resources of the earth—coal,
iron ore, and others not excepted—it is startling to learn that we in the United States already
have allowed erosion to steal about one third of our best topsoil. That, to use a very trite
expression, “is something to think about.” It is also a situation to do something about.
In regions where water is naturally scarce or in humid areas where demands on
surface and ground waters are especially heavy, there arise many conflicts over rights to
water. The majority of such conflicts revolve around stream water. in the “old days,” the
disputes were normally settled by force; today they are settled in court and in terms of laws
and procedures which have become very complicated. It is not unusual for litigation of a
given dispute to continue for several years, or even for decades. Problems of water rights are
particularly complicated in connection with streams which flow through two or more states or
in more than one country.
Countless streams formerly clean and attractive have already been polluted by man.
This results not merely from increased loads of sediment coming from man-induced erosion
of the land, but also from dumping sewage, trash, and industrial wastes into the nearest
convenient stream. The problem has become so serious and widespread that laws to prevent
pollution of streams have been adopted in many regions. Such laws are, however, too few in
and domestic sewage are properly treated, far too many of our streams will continue to
resemble moving cesspools.
Some of the dangers already noted apply to waters within the earth as well as to
those on the surface. The destruction of natural vegetation cover, abnormal erosion, and rapid
water loss affect the amount and character of ground water as well as the behavior and nature
of streams. When surface waters are not conserved, it is only a short time before the water
table is lowered and springs and wells diminish or dry up entirely. Indiscriminate pumping
also may drain the ground water reserves and lower the water table to the point where
4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
4.1 Conclusion
As the writer of this paper has finished writing chapter one, two, and three now he
comes to write chapter four, conclusion and suggestion.It very true that human beings need
water fundamentally. Human beings cannot keep their lives without the present of water.
Human beings use water for domestic use, cooking, washing, bathing, lawn, garden, and
drinking purposes. However, countless millions of persons who live in the world’s rural areas
and have to spend much time in carrying water from a spring or stream, or pumping or lifting
it from a well, know its significance frilly. In the country of Indonesia which has thousands of
islands or it can be said about 40 per cent of all water used is used for irrigation. We can see
that there are a lot of people busy looking for water during the dry season. It cannot be denied
that human beings cannot lives their lives without the present of water. Human beings caanot
do cooking, washing, bathing, lawn, garden, drinking, etc that using water. Plants and other
animals also cannot keep their lives without the present of water, therefore of course human
beings will be disappeared very promptly.
4.2 Suggestion
The writer of this paper encourages the other scholars to write any out of languages,
culture, or tourist objects. It will be very important to write about environtment. Because
human beings to keep and own long life. To keep environtment well is a very good ideas. For
instances, the individual can lives without having a society. A society will not existed well
without taking care of human beings. Therefore it can be said that invirontment is very
important for human beings. People cannot escape from from paying attention to the
wnvirontment very closely. It is true that language, culture, and society are three different
things which are linked to one another, it is also true that human beings and water cannot be
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Guth (1970:16) says, ”Language is man’s greatest invention and most precious
possession. Without it, trade, government, family life, friendship, religion, and arts would be
either impossible or radically different. How we use language, and how well, has much to do
with what kind of people we are.” So according to the statements of Guth that we may
believe that language is very important for human beings. It also may mean that no human
can live without the present of a language.
Perrin (1980:243) says, ”Linguistics has been defined as the scientific study of
language.” So it means that when someone wants to discuss the aspects of language he or she
may not escaped from using linguistics as the science.
The interpenetration of language with so many areas of human experience is well
reflected in the difficulty of arriving at satisfactory criteria for the demarcation of boundaries
between one language and another and one dialect and another (and, moreover, between one
variety of style and another), hence for the definition of all such terms. Labov (1967) shows
for example how in certain respects the assumption of linguistically discrete boundaries
between social dialects does not seem to hold for human beings speech. He shows how in this
setting variations in the pronunciation of the 'phonological variables' represented by small
capitals in such words as car, bad, off, thing, and this, form extensive and unbroken
articulatory continua, and are statistically related both to the level of carefulness or casualness
in each particular interaction and to measures of socio-economic stratification. The latter, it is
important to note, influences people's choice of language not only in respect of economic,
educational and other observable forms of mobility, but also in respect of subjective
evaluations of the desirability or correctness of the various pronunciations. People in the
same age-group and of the same mobility type are remarkably similar in the way they
Evaluations of this sort therefore help the analyst in interpreting or explaining behavior. For
example, the close correspondence between 'lower middle class upward mobility type' and
'upper middle class' speech particularly in non-casual relationships is matched by even
stronger subjective endorsement of the norms in question on the part of the former than on
the part of the latter.
Possible criteria for demarcating boundaries among languages and dialects, or indeed
for demonstrating the occasional irrelevance of boundaries, are numerous. Those favoured by
descriptive linguistics concern various types of structural distance which may themselves
yield quite different boundaries: syntactical boundaries may not be identical with lexical
boundaries for example. But these are only the most obvious and should be measured against
others which include the following: sociolinguistic observations of performance ('who speaks
what language to whom and when'): Fishman (1965) assessments of mutual or non-reciprocal
intelligibility Wolff (1959) beliefs of language users political or other institutional
considerations, attitudes of one sort or another historical or 'diachronic' as well as
non-historical or 'synchronic' relationships, and so on. There is probably no simple or single key
to the complex incompatibilities found among these Various criteria. But in many cases this
proved not to be so. Indications of non-reciprocal intelligibility pointed rather to the play of
local economic and power relationships, along with feelings of 'ethnic self-sufficiency',
giving rise to 'pecking orders of intelligibility'. These examples could easily be multiplied,
but what is important to realize is that they are not examples of absence of system in
language, but rather indications of probably very complex systems which take in more than
purely structural relationships. A good deal of light can be thrown on the nature of the
problem of identifying factors other than the purely structural which are relevant to the
discrimination - both by the linguist and by the language user-of dialects, varieties, and styles
of language,-by investi-gating different kinds of code-switching behaviour in which the
sure of what is being switched with what, whereas in the case of dialects, etc., the problem of
demarcation is more difficult.
The study of language is Linguistics. The part of linguistics that is concerned with the
structure of language. It can be divided into several subfield, such as Morphology, Syntax,
Phonology, Semantics, Sociolinguistics, and Pragmatics. Aside from language structure,
other perspectives on language are represented in specialized or interdisciplinary branches,
such as Historical Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Ethnolinguistics (or
Anthro-pological Linguistics), Dialectology, Computational Linguistics, Neuro-linguisticsand
etc.
Sociolinguistics is the study of relation between language and society.Sociolinguistics
is concerned with language in social and cultural context, especially how people with
different social identities (e.g. gender, age, race, ethnicity, class) speak and how their speech
changes in different situations.Gumperz (1971:223) says that he has observed the study of
sociolinguistics as an attempt to find correlations between social structure and linguistic
structure and to observe any changes that occur.Chambers (2002:3) says, ‘Sociolinguistics is
the study of the social uses of language, and the most productive studies in the four decades
of sociolinguistic research which have emanated from determining the social evaluation of
linguistic variants.
According to the messages above, we can conclude that sociolinguistics is a branch of
linguistics which concerned with language and social life. It explains the way language use
understood well after connecting it to the situation where, when, and by whom it is
played.When someone goes somewhere, he or she needs to learn another language to
communicate with the other. As they came back, some of them are getting easier to
communicate by using another language that they got from another place than their own
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Writing
This paper is talking about society (human beings) and water. It can be said that
human beings cannot be separated with water. It cannot be denied that wter is one thing that
is very important hting for human beings to keep their lives. It can be realized that no
individual can live his life without the present of water. It is very similarly to the functions of
a language to human beings. Any people will agree that none can keep alive without the
present of language in his lives. It can be said that none can do anything without the present
of a langugage. It is as the same as the functions of water for human beings.
Sociolinguisticsis not simply an amalgam of linguistics and sociology (or indeed of
linguistics and any other of the social sciences). It embraces, in principle at least, every aspect
of the structure and use of language that relates to its social and cultural functions. It will be
clear enough from the present time that sociolinguistics is a very wide brief.
The study of language as part of culture and society has acquired the now commonly
accepted label 'sociolinguistics'. But any single name for such a vast field of inquiry would be
misleading if interpreted too literally. Just as the study of culture and society cannot be the
prerogative of any one discipline, so that of their linguistic aspects cannot properly be
represented as some kind of amalgam of sociology and linguistics. It is-instructive to consider
the spread of expressions which have been used at one time or another, including: 'the
sociology of language', 'social linguistics', 'sociological linguistics', 'anthropological
linguistics", 'linguistic anthropology', 'ethnolinguistics', and 'the ethnography of
communication'. Furthermore, what may be the most fruitful growing points for future
development (namely, where linguistics meets with social anthropology and social
psychology) are not likely to be terminologically recognized at all, for obvious reasons
1.2 The Problems of this Writing
In writing a writing skill there can be stated various problems. In this writing that
the problems statements are listed as follows. It is not strange for the society about the terms
of society and water, but to the statements what they are may become new and a little bit
complicated.
a) What is human being?
b) What is water?
c) How do human beings and water related to one another?
1.3 The Scopes of Writing
In writing something there can be tramendous things to be talked about. Therefore
while someone wants to write he needs to make a limitation to his writing to be made it as a
guide line. In this writing, the writer will write down the description of socieiety or human
beings and so the description of water. The writer will write also the uses of water for the
human beings. In describing the water he will also write down the descriptions of water body.
1.4 The Purposes of Writing
There are two main points in writing this paper. One, he is interested in finding the
relationship between water and human beings. It seems to the writer that water is very
important and crucial for the life of human beings, but sometimes it can be seen that water
make disaster to human beings. Two, the writer of this paper is one of the seniors students of
the Diploma Programe of the English Department at the Faculty of Science Study of North
Sumatera University and wishes to finish his study. And one the requrement to it is to make a
writing skill and report it to the Deparment, therefore he is writing the use of water for human
1.5 Reasons for Choosing the Topic
There are possibilities to be writen to a topic of writing skill to be made as the
repoting of a final task for a student in order to finished his study from the Diploma Programe
of English Department at the Faculty of Culture Study of North Sumatera University, but on
this circumstance the writer is interested in writing the human beings and its relation to the
water. This topic is relatively new since there has been none has ever written on it. There can
be many scolar have written about society and so water, but they have never been talked as
the writer of this paper writes in this writing.
1.6 The Methods of Writing
When someone wants to write something there can be some methods he applies to
the writing. The choice of the method will be dealing with technique he applies in order to get
the data for further analysis. On this occasion the writer of this paper applies the method of
library deals with the technique he finds the data. In order to find the data he collects some
books which are dealing with the water, therefore he finds the data through written texts.
Although he uses field method in order to get some additional data, but the main data are
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
Paper iniadalahsuatutugasakhir yang membicarakantentangkehidupanmanusiadanair.Airmerupakanhal yang sangat fundamental
sekalibagikelangsunganhidupmanusia.Kadang-kadangmanusialupabahwamerekatidakbisahiduptanpa
air.Manusiabisasajahiduptanpaadanyaberas, tetapitanpa air sudahpastitidakbisa. Secarasimpeldannyatabahwa air diperlukanuntukminumansehari-hari (setiap orang harusmengkonsumsi air paling sedikitdua liter setiaphari), memasak, mencuci, mandi, menyiramtanaman, danhewan-hewan. Bilakitamemperhatikankedunialuasmakadapatkitaketahuibahwabanyaksekali orang-orang mengambil air darisuatutempat yang jauhdarialiransungai, mengambil air dengancarapompanisasi, irigasi, dan lain-lain. Seperti Indonesia kitamengetahuibahwaalamnya kaya danterdiridariberibu-ribupulau yang memerlukan air
melaluiirigasi.Waktumusimkemaraubanyaksekalimasyarakat yang bersusahpayahuntukmengadakan air.Pendekatan yang
HUMAN BEINGS AND WATER
A PAPER
WRITTEN
BY
PUTRA ANDIKA PAKPAHAN
NIM: 122202002
ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM DIPLOMA III
FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDY
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA
MEDAN
Approved by
Supervisor,
Drs. BahagiaTarigan, M.A. NIM: 19581017198601001
Submitted to the Faculty of Culture Study University of North Sumatera
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for English Study Diploma III Program
Approved by
The chairperson of English Study Diploma III,
Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. NIP : 19521126 198112 1 001
Approved by the English Study Diploma III Program, Faculty of Culture Study,
University of North Sumatera
Accepted by :
The examination board in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the DIII examination of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Study of University of North Sumatera.
The examination is held on:
December 2015
Faculty of Culture Study University of North Sumatera
Dean,
Dr. SyahronLubis, M.A. NIP : 19511031 197603 1 001
Board of examiners:
1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. (Head of ESP) ……….
2. Drs. BahagiaTarigan, M.A. (Supervisor) ……….
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I am, PUTRA ANDIKA PAKPAHAN, declare that I am the sole of author of this paper. Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
Signed : ………
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name : PUTRA ANDIKA PAKPAHAN Title of paper : HUMAN BEINGS AND WATER Qualification : D-III/AhliMadya
Study Program : English
1. I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Liberarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Culture Study USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
2. I am not willing that my papers be made available for reproduction.
Signed : ………
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
Paper iniadalahsuatutugasakhir yang membicarakantentangkehidupanmanusiadanair.Airmerupakanhal yang sangat fundamental
sekalibagikelangsunganhidupmanusia.Kadang-kadangmanusialupabahwamerekatidakbisahiduptanpa
air.Manusiabisasajahiduptanpaadanyaberas, tetapitanpa air sudahpastitidakbisa. Secarasimpeldannyatabahwa air diperlukanuntukminumansehari-hari (setiap orang harusmengkonsumsi air paling sedikitdua liter setiaphari), memasak, mencuci, mandi, menyiramtanaman, danhewan-hewan. Bilakitamemperhatikankedunialuasmakadapatkitaketahuibahwabanyaksekali orang-orang mengambil air darisuatutempat yang jauhdarialiransungai, mengambil air dengancarapompanisasi, irigasi, dan lain-lain. Seperti Indonesia kitamengetahuibahwaalamnya kaya danterdiridariberibu-ribupulau yang memerlukan air
melaluiirigasi.Waktumusimkemaraubanyaksekalimasyarakat yang bersusahpayahuntukmengadakan air.Pendekatan yang
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismallahirrahmaanirrahim
First of all the writer of this paper would like to say thanks ALLAH SWT who has given a lot of of blessing to him in writing this paper. Therefore he is able to finish writing this paper. The writer believes that without the blessing that god send him, this paper cannot be finished as it is
Secondly, the writer also wants to send thanks to the people or friends who has given him spiritual encouragements to finish this paper. The writer also believes that this paper has not reached its perfectness so he would be very happy when its readers want to give some valuable suggestions for its perfectness.
The writer does not forget to give special thanks to :
1. Dr. SyahronLubis, M.A., the dean of the faculty of culture study for the facilities during her study at the faculty
2. Dr. Matius C.A Sembiring, M.A,.the chairperson of the English department of the D-3 program
3. Drs. BahagiaTarigan, M.A., his supervisor for his valuable corrections
4. Drs. Siamirmarulafau, M.Hum, the adviser and reviewer of this paper for his valuable correction.
5. All lectures in English Diploma study program for giving me great advices and lessons. I would like to say thanks to my beloved family especially to my parents, my father Ali AmranPakpahan and my dearest mother Poppy Veronica. Thank you for all your prayers, loves, motivation, and spirit. I present this paper for them. Thank to my brother RamadhanPakpahan, and my best friend Kiki Harahap, I really thank you for being supportive, being collective, and being silence.
I would like to thank to SMA Kartika 1-2, thank you for support and care.
I would like to thank to all of SOLIDAS friends, thanks you for your good time during my study.
Medan, Des 2015 The writer
THE CONTENTS
