Electricity Distribution Network For Low And Medium Voltages Based On Evolutionary Approach Optimization.

(1)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FOR LOW AND

MEDIUM VOLTAGES BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH

OPTIMIZATION

2015

(2)

ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FOR LOW AND MEDIUM

VOLTAGES BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH OPTIMIZATION

IHSAN JABBAR HASAN

A thesis submitted

in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

(3)

DECLARATION

I declare that this thesis entitled “ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FOR LOW AND MEDIUM VOLTAGES BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH OPTIMIZATION” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in the candidature of any other degree.

Signature :

(4)

APPROVAL

I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is significant in terms of scope and quality for the award of Doctor of Philosophy.

Signature :

(5)

DEDICATION

(6)

i ABSTRACT

(7)

ii

(8)

iii ABSTRAK

(9)

iv

DGS dapat mengurangkan jumlah kerugian rangkaian dengan berkesan. Tesis ini

(10)

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to Allah who gave me courage, patience and strength to carry out this work. I would like to thank Allah for giving me the opportunity to live, for being the person that I am and for his guidance and protection throughout my life.

First and foremost, I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere acknowledgement to my supervisor Professor Datuk Dr. Mohd Ruddin bin Ab. Ghani from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for his essential supervision, support and encouragement towards the completion of this thesis.

I would also like to express my greatest gratitude to Dr. Gan Chin Kim from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), co-supervisor of this project for his advice and suggestions.

(11)

vi

1.7Thesis Outline and Organization 11

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 13

2.1Introduction 13

2.2Distribution Network Planning 14

2.3Solutions of Distribution Network Planning 17

2.3.1 Combinatorial Optimization Problems 17

(12)

vii

2.5.3 Distributed Generation 36

2.5.3.1 Aims of DG Connection into Distribution Networks 38

2.5.3.2 Minimizing Power Losses 39

2.5.3.3 Voltage profile improvement 40

2.5.4 Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generators 41

2.6Chapter Summary 45

3.6Proposed Methodologies for Distribution Network Planning 75

4 OPTIMUM CAPACITOR PLACEMENT AND SIZING 76

4.1Introduction 76

4.2Problem Definition and Formulation of Capacitor’s Allocation 77

4.2.1 Cost Minimization 78

4.2.2 Constraints of Optimization 79

4.3Proposed Methodology 80

4.4Capacitors Placement and Sizing Results 83

4.4.1 Test system - IEEE 13 node 83

5.2PSO-MST for Substation Placement and Sizing 97

(13)

viii

5.2.1.1 Problem Formulation 101

5.2.1.2 Cost Minimization 103

5.2.1.3 Substation Placement and Sizing Problem Constraints 103

5.2.2 Optimum Substation Placement Using PSO 104

5.3Optimum Feeder Routing Using Modified MST 106

5.4Result and Discussions 115

5.4.1 Case Study: 164 Node Test Case 106

5.4.2 Case Study: 500 Node Test Case 115

5.5Comparison of PSO-MST and GA-MST for Distribution Network Planning 121 5.5.1 GA-MST for Distribution Transformers Placement and Sizing 121

5.5.2 Results and Discussion of GA-MST 122

5.5.3 Results and Discussion of PSO-MST 125

5.5.4 Comparison of PSO-MST and GA-MST Results 127

6 OPTIMUM DISTRIBUTED GENERATION ALLOCATION 130

6.1Introduction 130

6.2Impacts of DGs on Distribution Networks 131

6.3Objective Function and Problem Formulation 133

6.3.1 Power losses formulation 133

6.3.2 Improvement of the voltage profile 134

6.3.3 The problem constraints 135

6.4Results and Discussion 136

6.4.1 Case Study: IEEE 34 node 136

6.4.2 Case Study: IEEE 123 node 142

7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 149

7.1Introduction 149

7.2Summary of the Research 149

7.3Attainment of Research Objectives 149

7.3.1 The optimum capacitor allocation in distribution networks 150 7.3.2 The optimum substation and distribution transformer placement 151

and sizing and feeder routing in both LV and MV conductors

7.3.3 The optimum DG placement and sizing 151

7.4Recommendations of Future Work 152

REFERENCES 154

(14)

ix 5.10 Selected size of secondary transformer (33/11) kV after optimization 121

5.11 The comparison results of GA-MST and PSO-MST 128

6.1 Comparison between standard and optimum case 138

(15)

x

(16)

xi

4.1 The proposed algorithm for optimum capacitor placement and sizing problem 81

4.2 The IEEE 13 node test case 84

4.3 The cost curve after obtaining the desired amount 87

4.4 IEEE 123 Node Test Feeders 89

(17)

xii

routing in distribution network

5.5 The voltage drop based on load block and substations distances 111

(18)

xiii

5.18 Losses= 46.9862, Minimum Voltage= 0.9047p.u., Number of 126 Selected Distribution Transformers = 2

5.19 Losses= 21.9841 kW, Minimum Voltage= 0.9743p.u., Number of 127 Selected Distribution Transformers = 3

5.20 The cost minimization of GA-MST and PSO-MST 128

6.1 The segmented cycle of the proposed methodology of DG allocation 131

6.2 Two-bus networks. 132

6.3 IEEE 34 buses diagram 137

6.4 The voltage comparison before and after DG allocation 140

6.5 The losses minimization 141

6.6 The voltage drop in distance for both before and after DG allocation 142

6.7 One line diagram of IEEE 123 nodes 143

6.8 The voltages drop in distance before DG installation in IEEE 123 nodes 145 6.9 The voltages drop in distance after DG installation in IEEE 123 nodes 145 6.10 The losses minimization of optimum DG allocation of IEEE 123 nodes 146 B. 1 Front panel of designed software for capacitor placement 206 B. 2 Optimization software for IEEE 123 nodes standard test case after 8 iterations 209 B. 3 Optimization software for IEEE 123 nodes standard test case after 25 200

(19)

xiv

A.4 IEEE TEST CASE 123 NODE 184

A.5 TEST CASE 500 NODE 188

APPENDIX B 205

A) INPUTS 206

Step One (1): Choose the OpenDSS file 206

Step Two (2): Inputs 207

B) OUTPUTS 208

C) RESULTS 208

APPENDIX C 210

C.1 Optimum Capacitor Placement and Sizing using PSO: 210

C.1.1 MATLAB Coding 210

C.1.1.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO.m) 210

C.1.1.2 Mutation (Mutate.m) 212 C.1.1.10 Parser solution from PSO variable to Capacitor placement and

size (ParsSolution.m) 221

C.1.1.11 Power flow calculation using OpenDSS engine(PowerFlow.m) 222 C.2 OpenDSS coding for IEEE 123 node standard test case (IEEE123Master.dss) 224

C.3 Simple PSO Script 238

(20)

xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACO Ant Colony Optimization CSV Comma-Separated Value DG Distributed Generation DP Dynamic Programming

DSP Distribution System Planning EPRI Electric Power Research Institute GA Genetic Algorithm

Gbest Best Global Position

GIC Geomagnetically-Induced Currents GIS Geographical Information Systems IHS Improved Harmony Search

LV Low Voltage

MILP Mixed-integer linear programming

MINLP Maximum Integer Non-Linear Programming MST Minimum Spanning Tree

MV Medium Voltage

NFE Number of Function Evaluation NLP Non-Linear Programming

(21)

xvi PSO Particle Swarm Optimization Pbest Best Personal Position SA Simulated Annealing

(22)

(23)

(24)