Quality of total mixed ration containing ramie leaves (Boehmeria nivea, L. GAUD)

Comparison Between Portable and Static Types of Silo on Silage

Quality of Total Mixed Ration Containing Ramie

Leaves (

Boehmeria nivea

_{, L. GAUD)}

Despal*, N.A. Qitri, K.B. Satoto & I.G. Permana

Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Technology Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University

Bogor-Indonesia. *E-mail: despal04@yahoo.com

Abstract

Ensiling is an alternative method to optimize utilization of seasonal available ramie leaves (Boehmeria nivea, L. Gaud) in ruminant daily feed but there is still lack of information available on the impact of silo type to the silage quality. The study was aimed to compare portable tower silo (plastic container 200 l) and static trench silo (1 ton capacity) effects on physical (odor, texture, moisture, color and spoilage), fermentative (pH, DM, VFA, DMD, CP, NH3, CPD, WSC and fleigh number) and utilities (rumen ration fermentation and degradation) characteristics of silage produced. The results showed that trench silo was less effective in giving good physical characteristics of silage compare to the plastic container (9% vs 2.59% of spoilage respectively). Fermentative characteristic of silage produced in plastic container was excellent (fleigh number 118) while trench container produced good grade silage (fleigh number 74). All silage pH were less than 4.4. Utilities characteristic of silage were not affected by the type of silo. Both silage were highly fermentable and digestible to ruminant (>71% OMD). Plastic container produced better physical and fermentative characteristics of total mixed ration contained ramie leaves, but utilities characteristic of silage produced in both type of silo were equal.

Keywords: ramie leave, ruminant, silage, silo, total mix ration

Introducton

studed (Despal, 2007). The leaves contaned 16% (Despal et al., 2011) to 21% of CP (Duarte et al., 1997), that s equal to lucerne or alfalfa (Ferrera et al., 2007; DeToledo et al., 2008).

Because of ts seasonal avalablty, conservaton technque should be appled (Mayne and O’Kely, 2005). Several laboratory scale conservaton methods of rame leaves ncludng tme and addtve used for enslng (Despal et al., 2011a) and tme and dryng technque for hay makng (Ast et al., 2009) have been optmzed. Comparson of the nutrent values of raton contanng dred and ensled rame leaves were also tested in vitro (Despal et al., 2011b). From the prevous experments, t s concluded that enslng method conserved better nutrents of rame leaves and produced better feed utltes for rumnant compare to dryng method.

To be able to provde supply of nutrents requred by dary cattle contnuously, enslng the leaves as total mxed raton on larger capacty of slo can be an alterna-tve. Unfortunately, there s lmted avalable nformaton of sutable slo types for smallholder dary cattle farmer, especally n humd tropcal developng countres.

The study was amed at comparng portable tower slo (plastc contaner 200 l) and statc trench slo (1 ton capacty) effects on physcal characterstcs of the slage produced (odor, texture, mosture, color and spolage) and enslng characterstcs (pH, dry matter, volatle fatty acd, dry matter degradaton, crude proten, ammona, crude proten degradaton, water soluble carbohydrate and flegh number) as well as the slage utlzaton by rumnant (rumnal raton fermentaton and dgestbltes)

in vitro.

Materals and Methods

Dependng on capacty of the slo (100 kg for tower and 350 kg for trench slos), total raton have been mxed homogenously out of 58.8% of 2 cm length chopped elephant grasses, 24.5% of 2 cm chopped rame leaves, 1.3% rce bran, 3.7% pollard, 5.6% corn meal, 2.4% soybean ol meal and 3.7% coconut ol meal to produce 32.36% dry matter (DM), 66% total dgestble nutrents (TDN), 19% crude proten (CP), 1.71% calcum (Ca) and 0.4% phosphorus (P) of nutrtonal content of the raton. The mxed materals were placed nto the slo. The ars were pushed out of the slo by compressng the materals manually. The slos were then sealed. Enslng was let for 5 weeks anaerobcally at room temperature.

fermentablty of the slage to produce VFA and NH₃ and ther DM dgestblty (DMDr) and organc matter dgestblty (OMD) in vitro.

Physcal characterstcs of the slage were descrbed quanttatvely. Scale (+1) were gven to the least desred and (+4) to the most desred physcal characterstc of the slage. Measurements of pH were done accordng to Naumann and Bassler (1997) procedure. The amounts of 10 g of slages were mxed wth 100 ml dstlled water usng md speed blender for 1 mn. Supernatants were separated and the pH was measured usng calbrated pH meter. The supernatants were stored frozen untl t were used for determnaton of slage VFA (usng steam dstllaton method) and NH₃ (usng Conway mcro dffuson method) concentratons.

Degradatons of DM durng enslng were calculated by subtractng DM n the materal from DM n the slage. Degradatons of CP durng enslng were quantfed from NH₃ produced from the degradatons. Analyses of DM were conducted usng oven heat, whle CP contents were measured usng Kjehldal method (Naumann and Bassler, 1997). Water soluble carbohydrates were determned usng Phenol Method accordng to Sngleton and Ross (1965), whle, FN were calculated accordng to formula descrbed by Idkut et al. (2009), where NF = 220 + (2 x %DM – 15) – (40 x pH).

Rumnal fermentabltes were conducted accordng to General Laboratory Procedure (1966). The VFA rumnal concentratons were determned usng steam dstllaton method, whle rumnal NH₃ concentratons were determned usng Conway mcro dffuson method. In vitro dgestblty trals were done followng Tlley and Terry (1963) two-stage technque.

Observatons of enslng characterstcs were conducted followng completely randomsed desgn, whle utltes characterstcs observaton used randomsed block desgn. Each treatment was repeated thrce. The data obtaned were analyzed usng Varan analyss f the assumptons were fulflled. For those whch were not, descrptve analyses were used nstead.

Results and Dscussons

al., 2011a) mght be possble to successfully control undesrable mcroorgansms sucs as Clostridium. In wet slages (22% DM), the most mportant mcroorgansms growng were bacteral strans whch lead to hgher ammona-N and pH ncreases (Nusso, 2005) such as those were found n the trench slo.

Enslng characterstcs of the slage n tower slo were also better than those of the trench by means of hgher DM and CP contents and NF value of the slage and lower pH, DMDs, CPDs, WSC and VFA content of the slage (sgnfcantly or just tent to). More rapd drop n slage pH was found n the tower slo than those n the trench. These were esensal for mnmsng proteolyss and successful ensl-ng (Saarsalo and Jaakkola, 2005). Lower degradaton of DM and CP n tower slo was caused by more rapd decreasng of pH whch was produced by more ac-tve converton of WSC nto lactc acd (manly) by actvty of lactc acd bactera Table 1. Physcals, enslng and utltes characterstcs of the slages

Varables Trench slo Tower slo

Physcal characterstcs

Color +3 (Brownsh green) +4 (Yellowsh green)

Odor +3 (Acd + ammona) +4 (Acd)

Texture +3 (3.5 kg clotted slage) +4 (3 g of clotted slage)

Mosture +3 +4

Spolage +2 (9%) +4 (2,59%)

Enslng characterstcs

pH 4.38 ± 0.10 3.60 ± 0.54

DM (%) 22.07 ± 0.46b _{28.89 ± 1.19}a

VFA (mM) 8.05 ± 2.72 5.12 ± 2.62

DMDs (%) 10.56 ± 0.46a _{3.74 ± 1.19}b

CP (%) 17.24 ± 6.97 19.03 ± 4.82

NH₃ (mM) 0.81 ± 0.40 0.84 ± 0.11

CPD (%) 4.69 ± 0.91 4.56 ± 1.04

WSC (% BK) 2.20 ± 0.12a _{1.37 ± 0.08}b

NF 74.00 ± 3.92b _{118.78 ± 21.5}a

Utltes characterstcs

VFA (mM) 201.65 ± 6.99 213.41 ± 30.7

NH₃ (mM) 19.25 ± 6.47 18.81 ± 0.72

DMDr (%) 71.06 ± 1.83 73.40 ± 1.17

OMD (%) 71.62 ± 1.67 73.25 ± 1.45

(LAB). These condton nhbted harmful mcroorgansm growth rate, therefore, less substances were degraded and hgher nutrent could be conserved. These ef-fcent forage conservaton system that mnmse quanttatve and qualtatve losses had always been the mportance emphassed n enslng research technque (Mayne and O’Kely, 2005).

Degradaton of DM (DMDs) n ths study was 3.74% for tower and 10.56% for thrench slos. The lower DMDs n the tower type slo mght also be caused by the hgher bulk densty of the tower (100 kg/200 l or equal to 500 kg/1000 l) compared to trench slo whch was only 350 kg/m3 _{or equal to 350 kg/1000 l. The equal losses}

of DM were observed by Ruppel (1992) whch reported DM losses of 202 and 100 g/kg for slage bulk denstes of 160 and 360 kg/m3_{, respectvely.}

Slage value ndex descrbed n NF value showed that slage produced n tower slo resulted n sgnfcantly hgher NF score (118.78) than those n the trench slo (74.0). Accordng to Idkut etal. (2009), slage produced n the tower slo could be categorzed nto very good slage (NF > 85), whle trench slo produced good qualty slage (60 < NF < 80).

Utlzaton of both slages by rumnant (in vitro) dd not show statstcal dfferent n ther characterstcs. Both slages were categorzed hghly fermentable. Concentraton of VFA found n rumen flud after ncubaton of the total mxed raton were above optmum level of 80–160 mM for mcrobal growth requrement. Fortunately, the excess of VFA were synchronzed by excess of NH₃ (> 12 mM) whch were expected could mproved mcrobal growth leadng to hgher mcrobal actvtes and proten synthess. The hgh actvty of feed degradaton n the rumen were shown by hgh DMDr and OMD of the slage (> 70%).

Conclusons

Total mxed raton contanng rame leaves slage produced n both slos were n the grade of good to very good qualtes wth hgh effency of forage conservaton systems. Both slo produced equal utltes characterstcs of slage for rumnant, however, tower slo (plastc contaner) produced better physcal and enslng char-acterstcs of slage wth hgher nutrents could be conserved.

Acknowledgement

Ths research was funded by Unversty Compettve Research Grant (Hbah Bersang Perguruan Tngg) through IPB Dezentralzed Competttve Research No. 16/I3.24.4/SPK/BG-PD/2010, March 5th_{, 2010. We would lke to acknowledge}

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