AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIVITY PROCESSES OF INAUGURATION SPEECHES OF TWO PRIME MINISTERS OF AUSTRALIA JOHN HOWARD AND JULIA GILLARD
A THESIS
BY:
ADE RAHMADIANA
REG. STUDENT NO: 070705020
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank to Allah SWT who has given me all of the
blessing, mercy, talent and time, so that I can finish my thesis entitled “An Analysis
of Transitivity Process of Inauguration Speeches of Two Prime Ministers of Australia
: John Howard and Julia Gillard”.
I would like to thank to the dean of Faculty of Letters, Drs. Syahron Lubis,
M.A. also to Drs. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. and Dra. Nurlela, M. Hum as the head
and secretary of English Department, and to Bang Am for all of opportunities and
facilities that given to me and for all their attentions in all academic affairs.
I would like to express my best and sincere thanks to my supervisor, Prof. Hj.
T. Silvana Sinar, MA, Ph.D and my co-supervisor Dr. Drs. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP
for having shared their valuable ideas, times, guidance and patience.
My gratitude is also expressed to all of my lecturers in English Department
who taught me much and contributed the knowledge during the academic years.
My lovely thanks are due to my beloved family, Drs. Mawardy Rasyid, (Alm)
Siti Sabrina, Siti Omas Harahap and my beloved grandmother Hj. Juliana. All of my
brothers and sisters for giving me the good times (and hard times too) so I can stand
here as myself today. Special thanks and welcome to the new member of this family,
the in – laws, niece and nephew, bang Hendra, kak Lia, bang Faiz, bang Andi, kak
Neni, bang Heri, kak Siti, bang Duar, bang Kadir, Winda, Fizah, Evi, Santi, Jasmine
Big thanks to those friends who have been giving me the joy, laughter and
many other things, Vika, Tina, Fe, Suci, Hadi, Reza, Izal, Bayu, Yudha, Ade 09, Ai,
Dinda, Yugo, miss Lili, kak Indah, kak Rizki, kak Deka, Yusuf, Ibel, Edo, kak Rara,
kak Fani. Last, my special thanks to bang Ade, bang Dedi and bang Deman. Let’s
keep on ‘menyampah’ and remember all those black, white and grey memories of
Kansas and OEP.
Thanks for the support and friendship from my alumni and senior, and Junior.
Last but not least, for all of my friends and people who know me. I am truly
sorry because I cannot write your names but I hope you always know that all of you
are matter to me. Thank you very much.
Medan, April 2011
Writer,
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, ADE RAHMADIANA, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except
where reference is made in the text of this thesis. This thesis contains no material
published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have
qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work had been used without due acknowledgement in the main text
of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted in any tertiary education.
Signed :
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name : ADE RAHMADIANA
Thesis title : An Analysis of Transitivity Process of Inauguration Speeches of Two
Prime Ministers of Australia : John Howard and Julia Gillard”.
Qualification : S1/Sarjana Sastra
Department : English
I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion of
the librarian of English Department, Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatra Utara,
on the understanding that the users are made aware of their obligations under law of
the Republic of Indonesia.
Signed :
ABSTRACT
Skripsi yang berjudul “An Analysis of transitivity processes of inauguration speeches of two prime ministers of Australia John Howard and Julia Gillard’, membahas tentang analisis proses transitivitas yang terdapat dalam pidato pelantikan dua perdana menteri Australia, yaitu John Howard and Julia gillard.
Teori yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah teori Systemic Functional Linguistic oleh M.A.K Halliday (Oxford University Press, 2004). Dalam teori ini, Halliday membagi proses transitivitas menjadi 6 bagian, yaitu proses material, proses mental, proses verbal, proses relasi, proses eksistensi dan proses tingkah laku.
Data yang dikumpulkan adalah proses dalam teks pidato pelantikan kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori transitivitas dengan menentukan jenis proses dalam teks tersebut. Untuk menganalisis data dibutuhkan metode dokumentasi dan pengelompokkan data secara keseluruhan.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……… i
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION... iii
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION………... iv
ABSTRACT………. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS……… vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Analysis……… 1
1.2 Problem of the Analysis………... 4
1.3 Objectives of the Analysis……… 5
1.4 Scope of the Analysis……….... 5
1.5 Significances of the Analysis………... 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Theoretical Framework ……… 6
2.1.1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis………. 6
2.1.2 Systemic Functional Linguistic………. 7
2.1.3 Metafunctions of Language……….. 8
2.1.3.1 The ideational Function………….. 8
2.1.3.2 The Interpersonal Function………. 9
2.1.3.3 The Textual Function………. 9
2.2 Transitivity Processes..,………. 10
2.2.2 Mental Processes………... 13
2.2.3 Behavioral Process………. 13
2.2.4 Relational Process……….. 14
2.2.5 Verbal Processes……… 14
2.2.6 Existential Processes………. 16
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Method………... 17
3.2 Data Collecting Method………. 17
3.3 Data Analysis Procedure………... 18
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS OF TRANSITIVITY PROCESSES IN INAUGURAL SPEECHES OF TWO AUSTRALIA PRIME MINISTERS AND FINDINGS 4.1 The Analysis of Data……… 21
4.1.1 Transitivity of Inaugural Speech of John Howard……… 21
4.1.1.1 Relational Process……… 21
4.1.1.2 Material Process……….. 31
4.1.1.3 Verbal Process ………... 38
4.1.1.4 Mental Process………... 43
4.1.1.5 Existential Process ……… 45
4.1.1.6 Behavioral Process………. 46
4.1. 2 Transitivity of Inaugural Speech of Julia Gillard... 48
4.1.2.1 Relational Process………... 48
4.1.2.2 Material Process……… 65
4.1.2.3 Verbal Process……….. 79
4.1.2.4 Mental Process………. 81
4.1.2.5 Existential Process……… 86
4.1.2.6 Behavioral Process……… 87
4.1.2.7 Summary ……….. 91
4.2 Findings………. 93
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions………... 95
5.2 Suggestions………... 95
BIBLIOGRAPHY……… 97
APPENDICES ……….. 99
Appendix 1: The Inauguration Speech of John Howard……… 101
ABSTRACT
Skripsi yang berjudul “An Analysis of transitivity processes of inauguration speeches of two prime ministers of Australia John Howard and Julia Gillard’, membahas tentang analisis proses transitivitas yang terdapat dalam pidato pelantikan dua perdana menteri Australia, yaitu John Howard and Julia gillard.
Teori yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah teori Systemic Functional Linguistic oleh M.A.K Halliday (Oxford University Press, 2004). Dalam teori ini, Halliday membagi proses transitivitas menjadi 6 bagian, yaitu proses material, proses mental, proses verbal, proses relasi, proses eksistensi dan proses tingkah laku.
Data yang dikumpulkan adalah proses dalam teks pidato pelantikan kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori transitivitas dengan menentukan jenis proses dalam teks tersebut. Untuk menganalisis data dibutuhkan metode dokumentasi dan pengelompokkan data secara keseluruhan.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Analysis
Language is one of tools of communication that human needs to share what
they are thinking about. Language has so many kinds in order that we can share
something to other people by various ways. Language has many functions in
communication, for instance, we can integrate or separate a country by language.
There are so many ways to convey what our thinking is, for example by speaking and
writing. In this thesis, the writer will analyze the language of two leaders in the form
of speeches that were used for communication to their society specifically, these are
the president inaugural speeches delivered by two prime ministers of Australia, i.e.
Julia Gillard and John Howard. The writer uses president inaugural speeches for her
analysis because she can know their real vision and mission of Julia Gillard and John
Howard using language in their president inaugural speeches, what are the presidents
feeling and action and how they convey their ideas in those speeches?
It is fact that a leader needs to communicate through his order speech process
because a leader needs to share what she or he is thinking through his communication
to his society by doing communication. A leader will put political strategies and
forward they practiced to his society.
Language consists of three levels or strata, namely Phonology,
Lexicogrammatical, and Discourse / Semantic. Halliday (1978:40) says,”…. Any text
represents an actualization (a path through the system) at each level: the level of
lexicogrammatical system, and of course the level of sounding or writing. In this
thesis, the writer uses transitivity theory to analyze the speeches of Julia Gillard and
John Howard prime ministers.
The writer thinks she can explore processes that relate to the transitivity
process due to Halliday Functional System. The writer thinks that transitivity theory
is the most suitable theory to analyze text of written speeches due to the transitivity
system.
The transitivity system provides some types of process with own
characteristics and function. The transitivity is divided into three point, they are
Participants, processes, and circumstances. Participant is the doer that does an action
in a clause. This participant will be named by own name in each of types process of
transitivity, For example killing is a kind of material process and the participant or
the doer will have different name with hearing as the mental process. Then, processes
are actions that done by the doer or the participants based on their types, and in those
two president inaugural speeches, it portrays those aspects of transitivity found in
processes in those two speeches, like wise Enggins (2004:210) says that, “Transitivity
construes the world of experience into a manageable set of process types.” By
transitivity we can analyze the types of processes, what type of processes are mostly
used in the text. Next, circumstances is the background of process that done by the
participants. On the other words, circumstances can be location, time, manner, etc in
which the participant does some actions. Halliday (1994:151) quoted in Thompson’s
book (1996:105) proposes nine main types of circumstantial elements. They are
In this thesis, the writer explores these six types of transitivity found in the
two president inaugural speeches, e.g. material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal,
and existential processes.
As said previously in this thesis, the writer discusses about president inaugural
speeches of two Prime Ministers Australia, i.e. Julia Gillard, and John Howard. These
two speeches are interested to be analyzed because the writer can find the most
dominant type of processes used by president, especially two presidents of Australia,
Julia Gillard and John Howard. Then, we can make conclusion what type is
commonly used by prime ministers of Australia in president inaugural speeches. This
chapter needs to describe about the country of origin of those two prime ministers.
That is Australia.
Australia is a country that has more 21 one million people. Indigenous people
and foreign people come from more than 200 hundreds countries. The capital of
Australia is Canberra. Australia has 6 states and 2 territories; they are New South
Wales, Queesland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, Nothern
Territory, and Australian Capital Territory. Australia uses parliamentary system in its
governance. Australia forms constitutional monarchy. Australia has queen that
relating to England is Elizabeth Queen II. Then, Australia has three big political
parties. They are labor, liberal, and national. Julia Gillard, Prime minister of Australia
now, come labor political party.
John Howard was born on 26th July 1939. He is the 25th prime minister of
Australia. John Howard is known as the second longest Australia prime minister after
3rd December 2007. He was from liberal party and changed Paul Keating in1996. He
has a wife, Janneta Howard and has three children. They are Melanie, Tim, and
Richard. Besides prime minister and leader of his family, he likes doing sport, cricket
and Rugby.
Julia Gillard was born on 29th September, 1961. She is the 27th prime minister
of Australia and also the first woman who became prime minister in Australia. Julia
Gillard is from labor party and change Kevin Rudd as the leader and prime minister.
Julia Gillard won the general election in July 2010. In her vision as prime minister of
Australia, she concentrates her vision in health, education, immigration and weather
changes. We know that Julia Gillard disagree with Gay Marriage that many people do
this nowadays. She argues that marriage is only by a man and a woman.
1.2Problems of Analysis
The problems of this analysis are:
1. How many transitivity processes that are found in the two president
inaugural speeches of Prime Minister of Australia?
2. What is the most dominant type of process that used in their inaugural
speeches?
1.3Objective of the Analysis
The objectives of the analysis are to:
1. Find out transitivity processes in the two inaugural speeches of Australia
Prime Minister.
2. Find out the most dominant process that used in the two inaugural
speeches of Australia Prime Minister.
3. Find out the reason why it is more dominant than the other.
1.4Scope of the Analysis
This analysis focuses on transitivity processes found in president inaugural
speeches of two Prime Ministers of Australia. They are Julia Gillard and John
Howard.
1.5Significances of Analysis
In analyzing transitivity processes, there are some significances, they are:
1. The readers can understand how many transitivity processes that used in the
two president inaugural speeches of Australia prime minister.
2. To enrich the study of transitivity verbs.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Theoretical Framework
2.1.1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis
Discourse Analysis is a study about text. Text which is discussed is not only
in writing but also in speaking language. Halliday and Hasan (1976:1),quoted in
Enggins’s book, states “The word TEXT is used in linguistics to refer to any passage,
spoken and written, of whatever, that does form a unified whole”. From the
quotation, we know that discourse analyzes both written and spoken text. Written
texts can be found in the articles, letters, stories, instruction, comics, notice, caution,
etc, while spoken texts can be found in the speech, interview, conversation,
interruption, etc. in this thesis, the writer analyze spoken text becoming object of the
analysis. Speech is one of spoken text that used to do communication and to share
what someone thinks at that time by pronouncing in the front of audiences.
Basically, many scholars had differed texts into two parts, they are written
language called by text while spoken language called by discourse. Otherwise
Halliday and Hasan stated that text included both spoken and written language. In this
thesis, the writer agrees to Halliday and Hasan’s statement because all of things can
be called by text, if they have cohesion and coherence and has message to the others.
Enggins (2004:33) states, “The cohesive resource of reference refers to how
the writer or speaker introduces participants and then keeps track of them once they
are in the text. Participants are the people, places and things that get talked about in
All of the texts, not only written text but also the spoken one, need cohesion,
cohesive and coherence to be called by text. Next, Enggins (2004:42) states “The
cohesive resource of lexical relation refers to how the writer/speaker uses lexical
items (nouns, verbs, adjective, adverbs) and even to sequences (chains of clauses and
sentences) to relate the text consistently to its area o focus or its field”.
The writer knows that text has to be coherence and cohesive in its structure.
Cohesive and coherence is not only found in the written text but also in the spoken
text. Content of Spoken text should relate each other. In this thesis, the writer agrees
to Halliday and Hasan statement.
2.1.2. Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)
In daily life, we use language to many functions, chat to other people, read the
newspaper, speech in the front of audience, tell the story, do interview, make an
appointment. To do those activities, we need language and should know its context of
language that used at that time. And the language that we are used to doing those
activities relates to texts, both written text and spoken text in order that the writer will
analyze it by SFL.
Systemic Functional Linguistics is one of theories about language relating to
language and its context. The Idea of context firstly is founded by Malinowski
continued by Firth and developed by Firth’s students called by Neo-Firthian. One of
his students is M.A.K Halliday. Systemic functional linguistics was developed by
M.A.K Halliday, a professor of linguistics from Sydney University, Australia. In this
SFL works on language and its context. ‘S’ for Systemic implies systemic
relations and their probabilities in systemic networks. The probabilities are started
from general to specific features. Next, it is also implies that the systems of meaning
involved interrelation relating to investigating phenomena. The “F” for Functional
implies that it is concerned with the functional realizations of the systems in
structures.
Enggins (2004:2) says, “Halliday’s interest has always been with the
meanings of language in use in the textual processes of social life”. Based on this
quotation, the writer agrees that all processes of social life as part of language have
meanings. It is the most suitable theory that the writer apply to analyze this thesis.
The writer thinks that SFL theory is the most suitable to analyze spoken text
in this thesis. They are inauguration speeches by Julia Gillard and John Howard as
Prime Ministers of Australia.
2.1.3 Metafunction of Language
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) describes that language is functional or called by Metafunction. Metafunction of language means that it is not about
functions of language but it is about fundamental concepts of someone in using
language. There are three functional of Metafunction in languages, they are The
Ideational Function, The Interpersonal Function and The Textual Function.
2.1.3.1 The Ideational Function
The ideational function relates to experiences of someone relating to process
that happened at that time. It is realized in some points, they are participants, process,
meaning and logical meaning. Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) quoted in Enggins’s
book states that the ideational strand of meaning in fact involves two components :
that of experiential meaning in the clause and that of the logical meaning between
clauses in clause complexes.
Experiential meaning relates to what has happened between oneself to the
external world. The clause represents both actions relating to inside of oneself as
experience and outside world of someone. In this function, they have some points to
represent their experiences, they are participant, process, and circumstance. The
process that has been happened is called by transitivity process. They are material,
mental, relational, verbal, existential and behavioral process.
Besides experiential meaning, logical meaning relates to ideational function.
The clauses should be related each other and can take conclusion logically based on
the clauses described in the text, not only written text but also spoken text.
2.1.3.2 The Interpersonal Function
The interpersonal function relates to interpretation and interaction done by the
doers. The clauses describe relation between the speaker and the listener in the
spoken text or the writer and the listener in the written text. Halliday (1984, Halliday
and Matthiessen 2004:106-111) quoted in Enggins’s book state that approaches the
grammar of interaction from a semantic perspective. He points out that whenever we
use language to interact, one of the things we are doing with it is establishing a
relationship between the person speaking now and the person who will probably
From this quotation, the writer concludes that relationship between speaker
and listener or writer and reader should establish called by interaction each other.
2.1.3.3 The Textual Function
The textual function relates to the interpretation of someone taken by clauses
as message. In this textual function, we can catch meaning the message and
coherence between a clause to other clauses and relate them by activity and language.
In this function, the components of textual function are theme and rheme. The
message or meaning in the clause called by theme and rest is called by rheme.
Enggins (2004:212) says, “By looking at what the speaker puts first in the clause, we
can capture the encoding of textual meaning”. And “with theme used to refer to the
point of departure (‘what I’m talking about) and Rheme to label the point of arrival
(‘what I’m telling you about it)”.
In this thesis, the writer will limit the analysis is only about the Ideational
Function relating to experiential meaning that representing experiences based on
participant, process and circumstances. In this thesis, the writer will concentrate to
Transitivity processes found in Inauguration speech of two selected prime minister.
They are Julia Gillard and John Howard.
2.1.4 Transitivity Process
Transitivity system belongs to experiential metafunctions. When someone
speaks by clauses consisting words, the meaning of the words has been in someone’s
mind. This meaning relates to the content or the idea of the words. Processes found is
representation of processes relating to transitivity systems. Transitivity provides some
The transitivity is divided into three point, they are Participants, processes,
and circumstances. Participant is the doer that does an action in a clause. This
participant will be named by own name in each of types process of transitivity, For
example killing is a kind of material process and the participant or the doer will have
different name with hearing as the mental process. Then, processes are actions that
done by the doer or the participants based on their types. Enggins (2004:210) says
that, “Transitivity construes the world of experience into a manageable set of process
types.” By transitivity we can analyze the types of processes, what type of processes
are mostly used in the text. Halliday (2004:169) says, “The clause construes a
relationship of signification between a word and its meaning”. Next, circumstances is
the background of process that done by the participants. On the other words,
circumstances can be location, time, manner, etc in which the participant does some
actions. Halliday (1994:151) proposes nine main types of circumstantial elements.
They are location, extent, manner, cause, Contingency, accompaniment, role, matter,
angle.
In this thesis, the writer only analyzes the types of processes. They are
material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, existential processes. In this thesis, the
writer only focuses on types of transitivity processes found in those selected
inauguration speech. Halliday (2004:173) says, “The semiotic space shown in below
can be interpreted systematically as a system network. Like all system networks, this
Figure: 5.3 TRANSITIVITY represented as system networks (Source:
Enggins (2004:215) says, “Material processes are processes about doing,
about action. Actions involve actors, or participants. Participants realized by nominal
groups.” This quotation stated that material processes has characteristic is doing a real
action or movement and this type relates to physical action, and in this process we
can see real action of doing this process, for instance walking, bringing, kicking,
touching, etc. in this material process, the first participants will be called by the actor
and the second or more participant will be named by the goal. In the inaugural
speech, we can see the examples,
Identifying
Behaver ; Conscious Mental
+ Sanser:
Many women follow us into the parliament
Many women Follow us into the parliament
Actor Pr : Material Goal Circ loc: place
2.2.2 Mental Processes
Enggins (2004: 225) says, “We are not asking about actions or doings in a
tangible, physical sense, but about mental reactions: about thought, feelings,
perceptions.” We know that mental process is a type of transitivity process that
related to sense, feeling of person. In mental process, the first participant who does
the action is called by Senser, and the second participant or the purpose will be
named by Phenomenon, for example
We understand the great enduring truth.
We understand the great enduring truth
Senser Pr : Mental Phenomenon
2.2.3 Behavioral Processes
Behavioral process is a kind of process that relating to psychological and the
actions are done in conscious being. This type of process is between mental and
material processes. In this process, it usually has one participant that is called by
Behaver. If there is any second participant, it will be called by Behaviour. Enggins
(2004: 233) states that, “Halliday describes these processes semantically as a ‘half -
way house’ between mental and material processes.” In other words, behavioral
process is included the action process, but the action is done with consciousness. For
For instance, He laughed at people in the front of this building
He Laughed at people in the front of this building Behaver Pr : Behavioral Behaviour Circ loc: place
Actually, between Mental processes and Behavioral Processes, there is
similarities, they discuss about processes relating to thinking and feeling. The
difference is Mental processes relates to verbs happened unconsciously while
Behavioral processes relates to verbs happened consciously by the Behaver. For
instance, hear, related to physical perception verbs, relating to mental processes. This
action is happened unconsciously by the Senser while listen to is a process requiring
consciousness when doing this process.
2.2.4 Verbal Processes
Verbal processes is a kind of processes that relating to the saying and directly
effects to mental operation. It is done by consciousness. For example, said, told,
report, asked, repeated, etc. For example :
Santi is asking me about the information
Santi is asking me the information
Sayer Pr : Verbal Receiver Verbiage
2.2.5 Relational Processes
Relational processes is a part of predicates that using to be or auxiliary as the
processes. There is no real action like material processes but there is regarded as a
are, would have been, etc. There are two classifications in relational process. They are
Intensive Attributive Processes and Intensive Identifying Processes. Enggins
(2004:240) states that, “…. There is no passive form of the clause: the subject can
never conflate with the role attributive, but will always conflate with the role of
carrier”. In the intensive attributive processes, the first participant will be named by
Carrier while the second participant is called by Attributive. In intensive Identifying
process, the first participant will be named by Token, and the other participant will be
named by Value. Enggins (2004:242) states that, “Typically the nominal groups in
identifying intensive are definite, whereas in attributives the attribute is an indefinite
nominal group”. Means that there is no passive form in Intensive Attributive Process
otherwise it can be passive forms in intensive identifying process. It is happened
because most of the first participant and the other participants are nominal groups, for
example
1. Barry Jones is one of the few politicians of whom Australians are truly fond.
Barry Jones Is one of the few politicians of whom Australians are truly fond
Token Pr: Relational Indentifying
Process
Value
2. Premier Kennet and CSR are wrong
Premier Kennet and CSR Are wrong
Carrier Pr :Relational
Attributive Process
2.2.6 Existential Processes
Enggins (2004:238) states that, “Existential Processes represent experience by
positing that ‘there was / is something’. As we know that ‘there’ will have two
meanings, if ‘there’ word shows a location, it is not involved in existential process
but in circumstances, for example
1. There is a sense of community and a fighting spirit often missing from the
sleeker suburbs.
There is a sense of community and a fighting spirit often missing
from the sleeker suburbs
Pr : Existential
Existent Cir loc: place
2. There are only two reasons why Werribee has been selected as the site for this
toxic dump.
There are only two reasons why Werribee has selected as the site for this toxic dump
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY OF ANALYSIS
3.1Research method
Method is needed in this analysis in order to get the research qualified. In this
thesis, the writer applied the descriptive qualitative content analysis method to do her
analysis in which supported by internet, other thesis, and other sources. This is done
by collecting data from inauguration speeches of two prime ministers Australia. They
are Julia Gillard and John Howard.
3.2Data Collecting Method
Usman (2008:52) states “Teknik pengumpulan data terdiri atas observasi,
wawancara, angket, dan dokumentasi”. (‘Data collecting method is divided into
observation, interview, questionary, and documentation’). Based on this statement,
the writer chooses one of data colleting method to apply in her thesis.
The writer applied documentation method in her analysis. The writer collected
the data based on documents. Usman (2008:69) states that “Teknik pengumpulan data
dengan dokumentasi ialah pengambilan data yang diperoleh melalui dokumen
dokumen” (‘Data collecting method by documentation takes data that got from documents’). In this thesis, the documents were inauguration speeches by two prime
ministers Australia in order that the writer can take conclusion after analyzing those
documents in her analysis.
In this thesis, the writer does content analysis by applying Halliday’s theory to
speeches of two Australia prime minister, John Howard and Julia Gillard while
method that the writer applies in this thesis is documentation method. In this thesis,
documentation method is applied because the writer analyzes the object based on the
spoken texts of those speeches.
3.3Data Analysis Method
Descriptive method is one of methods that used in analysis by describing the
Data. Descriptive comes from English language meaning that describing. The object
of the research done is reported by descriptive method in order that the readers can
understand the result of research well. Bungin (2001:290) states that, “Penggunaan
strategi deskriptif kualitatif dimulai dari analisis berbagai data yang terhimpun dari
suatu penelitian, kemudian bergerak ke arah pembentukkan kesimpulan kategori atau
cirri cirri umum tertentu”. (‘Using in qualitative descriptive strategy is started from
analysis that collected from the research to forming of conclusion or specific
characteristic’) From this quotation, the writer will do the analysis of transitivity
process in president inaugural speeches of prime ministers of Australia by analyzing
all of Data and towards at making a conclusion.
All of data that the writer analyzed are called by population. Population is the
total object in the research in order that the inaugural presidents’ speeches of prime
ministers Australia were called by Population. In this thesis, the writer divided all of
sentences in those speeches into clauses, after dividing all of the sentences to clauses,
explained in chapter two. And the last, the writer found out the most dominant
process that used in those speeches and take conclusion.
In order to find out the most dominant type of transitivity that used in the
Inaugural speeches of prime ministers of Australia, the writer applies Bungin’s
formula (2005:172);
N = fx / n x 100%
N = Percentage of each types of transitivity
Fx = total number of types of transitivity.
It can be concluded that speeches relate to the communication. Bungin
(2007:155) stated that, “Analisis isi berhubungan dengan komunikasi / isi
komunikasi”. (‘Content of the analysis relates to the communication’) So, the writer does the analysis to get a conclusion that becomes an object of communication.
For Example, in Julia Gillard, the 27th Prime minister of Australia, her speech:
it is a cause for celebration and will inspire us to ensure that many more women
follow us into the parliament. In this sentence, the writer firstly divides that sentence
into clauses, they are:
1. It is a cause for celebration
2. It will inspire us to ensure
3. Many women follow us into the parliament
After dividing the sentence into clauses, the writer does identification and
classification based on transitivity theory. They are:
It is a cause for celebration Identified Pr :
relational
Identifier Circ cause: purpose
2. It will inspire us to ensure
It will inspire Us to ensure
Phenomenon Pr :mental Senser Circ cause: purpose
3. Many more follow us into this parliament
Many more women
Follow Us into this parliament
Actor Pr : material Goal Circ loc: place
Next, after doing identification and classification for whole documents, the
writer decides the most dominant process that used in those inauguration speeches of
Australia Prime ministers. Then, the writer took conclusions after doing all of those
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS OF DATA AND FINDINGS
4.1 The Analysis of Data
This analysis includes the analysis of processes perhaps circumstances and
other aspects that rose in the Data. The following analysis consists of detailed
analysis of the data. The following analysis consists of detailed analysis of the Data.
4.1.1.1 Relational Process
Relational process is process relating to regard as clause uses to be, auxiliary
or part of predicates that indicates being or having situation. The data is Inauguration
speeches delivered by John Howard. The following analysis contains of detailed data.
1. I am truly humbled by this extraordinary expression of confidence in the leadership of this great nation by the coalition.
That I Am truly humbled by this extraordinary expression of confidence in the leadership of this great nation by the coalition
Carrier Pr :
relational
Circ : quality
attributive Circ : manner
2. This nation by reason of the circumstances of history and by reason of its great capacity and the great capacity and dedication of the Australian people, this nation stands on the threshold of a new era of great achievement.
This nation by reason of the circumstances of history and by reason of its great capacity and the great capacity and dedication of the Australian people, this nation
stands on the threshold of
a new era of great achievement
Token Pr : relational Value
This Is a proud nation, a confident nation, a cohesive nation, a united nation
Carrier Pr : relational Attributive
4. Not only to be a partner with our friends in our own region
Not
5. But to be a beacon of democracy, of tolerance, of hope and of achievement all around the world.
But To be a beacon of democracy, of tolerance, of hope and of achievement
all around the world Pr :
relational
Attributive Circ loc:
place
9. Ours is a great democracy
Ours Is a great democracy
Carrier Relational Attributive
We Are Happy
Carrier Relational Attributive
11.We are joyful
We Are Joyful
Carrier Relational Attributive
12.This is a truly historic achievement for our two parties.
This Is a truly historic achievement for our two parties
Carrier Pr : relational Attributive Circ cause :
purpose
13.We have to reach back to the 1960s to find an occasion
We have to reach
14.When an incumbent government has increased its majority on two successive occasions.
When an incumbent
government
has increased
its majority on two successive occasions
Carrier Pr :
relational
Attributive
15.That is an extraordinary achievement
That Is an extraordinary achievement
Carrier Pr : relational Attributive
16.And the interests of country Australia is a source of continued inspiration
And the interest of
That this country arguably has experienced since the end
18.Those two men and all of my other cabinet colleagues have represented a united team
Those two men and all of my other cabinet colleagues
have represented
a united team
Token Pr : relational Value
19.And we are here tonight
And we are Here Tonight
Because theirs Is the victory Tonight 26.And to Brian Loughnane, the new Federal Director who has steered us at an
organizational level to a wonderful victory on the first occasion
And to Brian
Loughnane, the new Federal Director who
has steered us at an organizational
level to a wonderful victory on the first occasion
Token Pr : relational Value Circ loc: place
27.That he's been at the helm of the organization,
That he Has been at the helm of the organization
Carrier Pr : relational Circ loc: place
28.That is represented by tonight possible
That is represented by tonight Possible
Pr : relational Circ : time Circ : quality
29.Being the staff of a prime minister is no easy task
Being the staff of a prime minister
Is no easy task
Carrier Pr : relational Attributive
30.Being the staff of a prime minister during an election campaign is an almost impossible task
Being the staff of a prime minister during an election campaign
is an almost impossible task
31.But they have carried it out with great dedication, great professionalism, and great goodwill
They have carried out it with great dedication, great
professionalism, and great goodwill
Token Pr : relational Value Circ : accompaniment
32.Probably one of the hardest jobs in an election campaign is to deal with the media of Australia
One of the hardest jobs in an 34.It's nerve-wracking and like many of you in this room,
It is nerve-wracking and like many of you in this room
Carrier Pr :
relational
Attributive Circ : comparison Circ loc :
place
35.I had butterflies in my stomach this morning.
I had butterflies in my stomach this morning
And it is perfectly Normal
Carrier Pr : relational Circ : quality Attributive
38.And it's perfectly human
And it is perfectly human
Carrier Pr : relational Circ : quality Attributive
39.But we are privileged to be able
But We are privileged to be able
Token Pr : Relational Circ cause :
purpose
40.The people of Afghanistan have had an election and for the first time in years.
The people of Afghanistan
have had an election for the first time
in years
Token Pr : relational Value Circ loc: time
41.That election has been made possible by reason of the fact
That Election has been made possible by reason of
the fact
Token Pr : relational Circ : quality Circ : manner
42.We should be proud of the role
We should be proud of the role
Carrier Pr : relational Attributive Circ : matter
43.That we have played in their liberating Afghanistan
That we have played in their liberating Afghanistan
Token Pr : relational Value
44.Just as we should be proud of the role
Just as We should be proud of the role
45.That Australia has played in many other areas in standing up for the values
That Australia has played in many other areas in standing up for the values
Token Pr :
relational
Circ loc: place
46.And the things we hold dear.
And the things we hold dear
Value Token Pr : relational
47.We rededicated ourselves to the service of the Australian people
We Rededicated ourselves to the service of the
Australian people
Token Pr : relational Value Circ cause: purpose
48.We rededicate ourselves to the great ideals of the Australian nation
We Rededicate ourselves to the great ideals of the Australian
nation
Token Pr : relational Value Circ cause : purpose
49.We rededicate ourselves to that passionate belief of mine
We Rededicate ourselves to that passionate belief of
mine
Token Pr : relational Value Circ cause: purpose
50.That the things that unite Australians are infinitely more important and more enduring than the things that divide us
That the things that
unite Australians
are more important and
more enduring than the things that divide us
infinitely
Carrier Pr :
relational
Attributive
To be the prime minister of Australia
Is undoubtedly the greatest
privilege
Carrier Pr:
relational
Circ : quality Attributive
52.That can come the way of any person
That can come the way of any person
Pr : relational Value
53.I will never loss contact with
I Never will loss contact with
Token Circ : quality Pr : relational Value
54.I serve the Australian people
I Serve the Australian people
Token Pr : relational Value
55.That tonight is possible for me
That tonight Is possible for me
Carrier Pr : relational Attributive Circ :
accompaniment
56.As my eight-and-a-half years as prime minister have been possible for me, because of the tremendous support
As my
Who Are on the stage with me tonight
59.Tim was over in England three years ago
Tim Was in England three years ago
Carrier Pr : relational Attributive Circ loc: time
60.And Rowan and Melanie hadn't got married or hitched by then
And Rowan and
61.So it's great to have Rowan with us on the platform tonight
So it Is great to have Rowan with us on
the platform tonight
Carrier Pr :
relational
Attributive Circ cause: purpose
62.It's always been very much a family thing for us
It always has been very much a family thing for us
Attributive Circ loc: place
Circ loc: time
Is Something
Pr: relational Attributive
65.That's very special to me
That Is very special to me
Pr : relational Circ : quality Attributive 66.That it was about trust
That it was about trust
Carrier Pr : relational Attributive
67.It was who the Australian people
It Was who the Australian people
Carrier Pr : relational Attributive
68.To keep the budget strong
To keep the budget Strong
Pr : relational Carrier Attributive 69.We start work immediately
We start work Immediately
Token Pr : relational Circ : quality
From the tables above, there can be found 69 process not only using
participants as Token (20) and Value (16) but also participants Carrier (43) and
Attributive (44). Every clause has different types of circumstances that also have
4.1.1.2 Material Process
Material process is process that relates to real action done by
participant, actor. The detailed data of material process are explained below.
1. A nation which can achieve anything it wants
A nation which
can achieve anything it Wants
Actor Pr :
material
Goal Senser Pr : mental
2. And no Australian should ever shrink from a passionate
And no Australian should shrink from a passionate
Actor Pr : material Circ : accompaniment
3. Belief in the ability and the capacity of this nation not only to provide a wonderful homeland for our 20 million,
Belief in the ability and the capacity of this nation
to provide a wonderful homeland for our 20 million,
Actor Pr : material Goal Circ : time
4. And my task, my mission, my commitment to the Australian people is to lead them to the achievement of all of the opportunities
my task, my mission, my commitment to the Australian people
is to lead them to the achievement of all of
the opportunities
Actor Pr : material Recipient Goal
Because we are prepared to stand up for what we believe in
Actor Pr : material Pr : mental Circ cause:
purpose
6. He rang me before making his speech
He rang me before
making
his speech
Actor Pr : material Recipient Pr :
material
Goal
7. When an election is held.
When an election is held
Goal Pr : material
8. You face that great moment of electoral judgment and electoral truth
You face that great moment of electoral judgment
and electoral truth
Actor Pr : material Goal
9. That the verdict has been given by the Australian people
That the verdict has been given by the Australian people
Goal Pr : material Actor
10.That government are elected
That government are elected
Actor Pr : material
11.To govern not only for the people who voted for them, but also for the people who voted against them.
to govern not only for the people who voted for them, but also for the
people who voted against them
Pr : material Circ cause: purpose
If I can address some remarks Particularly
Actor Pr : material Goal Circ : quality
13.He's displayed towards me, the leadership of his own party, the way in which he represents
He has
displayed
towards me the leadership of his own party, the
way in which he represents
Actor Pr :
material
Recipient Goal
14.We've won our fourth successive victory.
We have won our fourth successive victory
Actor Pr : material Goal
15.And we've won it for many reasons but one of the reasons that we have won it is
And We have won it for many reasons but one of the
reasons that we have won it is
Actor Pr : material Goal Circ cause: purpose
16.We have worked together,
We have worked Together
Actor Pr : material Circ : accompaniment
17.You cannot win elections without the assistance of a party organization.
You cannot win without the assistance of a party
organization
Actor Pr : material Circ : accompaniment
And I cannot win elections without the assistance of people like you who are gathered here tonight to share this victory
Actor Pr :
material
Goal Circ : accompaniment
19.And to all of the other directors of the party around Australia that have made tonight possible,
And to all of the other
directors of the party around Australia that
have made possible Tonight
Goal Pr : material Circ loc:
time
20.They have made the achievement
They have made the achievement
Actor Pr : material Goal
21.They have done.
They have done
Actor Pr : material
22.To participate in a great democratic exercise like an election.
To
participate
in a great democratic exercises like an election
Pr : material
Goal Circ: comparison
23.To participate in the great exercise in democracy.
To participate in the great exercise in democracy
Pr : material Goal Circ loc: place
Let us
Pr : material Goal
25.That a number of countries, including Australia, were prepared to take a stand for democracy and to take a stand against terrorism.
That a number of countries,
including Australia
were prepared to take a stand for
democracy and to take a stand against terrorism
Goal Pr : material Circ loc : purposes
26.As the people of Afghanistan vote today, and particularly the women of Afghanistan,
As the people of
Afghanistan
vote today and particularly the
women of Afghanistan
27.They have been so brutally suppressed for so long,
They have been
suppressed
brutally for so long
Actor Pr : material Circ : quality Circ loc: time
28.That you've given me and to the broader Australian community
That you have given me to the broader Australian
30.To lead this nation
To lead this nation
31.That's been given to me
That has been given to me
Pr : material Actor
32.I have received from those of my immediate family
I have received from those of my immediate family
Actor Pr : material Goal
33.They have given me over the years
They have given me over the years
Actor Pr : material Recipient Circ loc: time
34.That you have placed in us
That you have placed in us
Actor Pr : material Circ loc : place 35.To lead this nation at a time of international peril
To lead this nation at a time of international
peril
Pr : material Goal Circ loc: place
36.Who did the Australian people better trust
Who did the Australian people better trust
Pr : material
Goal Pr : mental
37.Who did the people better trust
Who did the people better trust to lead it
Pr : material Goal
To lead it
Pr : material Goal
39.In the first part of the 21st century The Australian people have given their answer
In the first part of the 21st century
the Australian people
have given their answer
Circ loc: time Actor Pr : material Goal
40.To justify and Fulfill the trust
To justify Fulfill the trust
Pr : material Goal
41.That they have given to all of us tonight
That they have given to all of us Tonight
Actor Pr : material Recipient Circ loc : time
From all of tables above, the writer found 41 clauses consisting 45 material
process, and participants, they are actor (28), goal (28) and recipient (7). Every clause
has different meaning and different types of circumstances.
4.1.1.3 Verbal Process
Verbal process is the process that of saying whereby the speaker utters
the statement consciousness. The detailed data will be explained below.
1. can I say first of all
I can say first of all
Sayer Pr : verbal
The first thing I say
is to rededicate
myself and all of my colleagues to the service of the Australian people
Verbiage Pr : verbal Receiver
3. And tonight the Australian people by their decision have declared themselves confident and hopeful about their future
And tonight the Australian
4. I do warmly thank him for the gracious things that he said.
I do thank warmly him for the gracious things that he
Receiver Circ cause: purpose
5. But to all of my colleagues I express my thanks for their loyalty and their cooperation and their support, particularly during the weeks of this election campaign.
6. Can I say to John Anderson, the Deputy Prime Minister and the Leader of the National Party,
I can say to John Anderson, the Deputy Prime
Minister and the Leader of the National Party
7. Can I also say a very special word of thanks to the Liberal Party organization around Australia.
I can say a very special word of
thanks
to the Liberal Party organisation around Australia
Sayer Pr : verbal Verbiage Receiver
8. To Shane Stone, the Federal President of the Liberal Party, Shane I thank you very much for your leadership of the party.
To Shane Stone, the Federal President of
9. I express my tremendous gratitude and thanks.
I express my tremendous gratitude and thanks
Sayer Pr : verbal Verbiage
10.Might I also say a very special word of gratitude to my staff.
I might say a very special word
of gratitude
to my staff
Sayer Pr : verbal Verbiage Receiver
11.Particularly can I express my thanks to Arthur Sinodinos and
I can express my thanks to Arthur Sinodinos
Sayer Pr : verbal Verbiage Circ : accompaniment
12.I therefore should thank Tony O'Leary for the tremendous work
I should thank Tony O’Leary for the tremendous work
Sayer Pr : verbal Receiver Verbiage
I confess to that Happily
Sayer Pr : verbal Verbiage Circ : quality
14.And so, my friends, I thank you for the support
And so my friends I thank you for the
support
Receiver Sayer Pr :
verbal
Circ cause : purpose
15.Can I say again
I can say Again
Sayer Pr : verbal Quality
16.I cannot muster words adequate enough to express my sense of gratitude and humility at the great honour
I cannot muster words adequate enough to express my sense of
gratitude and humility at the great honour
Sayer Pr : verbal Verbiage
17.And finally, can I say on a personal note
And finally I can say on a personal note
Sayer Pr : verbal Verbiage
18.And I have to say to Richard,
And I have to say to Richard
Sayer Pr :
verbal
Receiver
19.Thank you very much for coming home briefly from the United States
Thank You very much for coming home briefly
from the United States Pr : verbal Receiver Circ : quality Circ : cause
And if I could extend the family bit
Sayer Pr : verbal Verbiage
21.could I also acknowledge the presence of two of my brothers here tonight and their families for the tremendous support
I could acknowledge the presence of two of my brothers here tonight
and their families for the tremendous support
Sayer Pr : verbal Verbiage
22.So again I say to my fellow Australians
So again I say to my fellow Australians
Sayer Pr : verbal Receiver
23.Thank you for the enormous trust
Thank you for the enormous trust
Pr: verbal Receiver Circ cause : reason
24.I said at the beginning of this election campaign
I Said at the beginning of this election campaign
Sayer Pr : verbal Circ loc : time
Western World and also the strongest economic
conditions
Receiver Sayer Pr :
verbal
Verbiage Receiver
26.We thank them for that
We thank them For that
Sayer Pr : verbal receiver Circ cause:
reason
27.And Thank you very much
Thank you very much
Pr : verbal Receiver Circ : quality
From all of the data above, the writer found 27 clauses consisting 28 verbal
process, 23 sayer, 18 receiver and 14 verbiage. It is also found different
circumstances in each clause and has different meaning.
4.1.1.4 Mental Process
Mental process is a process relating to mental reaction. Process relate
to feelings, thought, or perceptions.
1. If it sets its mind to it.
It Sets its mind to it
Senser Pr : mental Phenomenon Circ cause : purpose
2. The rest of the world sees us as a strong, successful nation
The rest of the world sees us as a strong, successful
nation
Senser Pr : mental Phenomenon
That is respected around the world
Pr : mental Senser
4. I want to thank the Leader of the Opposition Mark Latham for his gracious remarks tonight.
I want to thank the leader of the opposition Mark
Latham
for his gracious remarks tonight
Senser Pr : mental Phenomenon Circ cause:
purpose
5. But never forget the fact
But Never forget the fact
Circ : time Pr : mental Phenomenon
6. And I know the rest of my fellow Australians
And I know the rest of my fellow Australian
Senser Pr: mental Phenomenon
7. Will understand my doing this, Some remarks particularly to the two coalition parties
Will understand
my doing this Some remarks particularly to the two coalition parties
Pr : mental Phenomenon
8. I guess the political steward of staff Tony Nutt.
I Guess the political steward of staff Tony Nutt
Senser Pr : mental Phenomenon
9. Remember that this very same day
Remember that this very same day
Pr :mental Phenomenon
We believe in
Senser Pr : mental
11.I will never forget
I Never will forget
Senser Circ : quality Pr : mental
12.I'll never misunderstand the nature of the honour and the privilege
I never will misunderstand the nature of the honor and the
privilege
Senser Circ :
quality
Pr : mental Phenomenon
13.And I commit myself to their service and their interest in the years ahead
And I commit myself to their service and their interest
in the years ahead
Senser Pr :
mental
Phenomenon
14.Had trusted to manage the economy,
Had trusted to manage the economy
Pr : mental Pr: material Goal
The writer found 14 clauses consisting 16 mental processes, 10 phenomena,
and 11 sensers. From the data above, the writer found different types of
circumstances and each clause has different meaning.
4.1.1.5 Existential Process
Existential Process relates to existent of experience signed by ‘there is/ there
was’ something.
There can be only one winner
Pr : existential Existent
2. There is a wonderful story to be told of achievement in each of the different states of our nation
There is a
wonderful story
to be told of achievement in each of the different states of our nation
Pr : existential
Existent Pr :
verbal
Verbiage
3. There is no finer human being in public life than John Anderson and the loyalty that
There is no finer human being in public life than John
Anderson and the loyalty that
Pr : existential
Existent
From the data above, the writer found 3 existential processes and 3 existent
from 3 clauses.
4.1.1.6 Behavioral Process
Process relates to psychological done by conscious being. The detailed
data will be explained as follows.
1. When I look around the nation
When I look around the nation
Behaver Pr : behavioral Behavior
2. Help to me
Help to me
From the data above, the writer found 2 clauses consisting 2 behavioral
process, 2 Behaver and 1 Behavior.
4.1. 1. 7 Summary
In the Inauguration Speech of John Howard, 25th Prime Minister of Australia,
the writer finds that there are transitivity verbs discovered on the text of his
inauguration speech. From 162 clauses is in the text, they are that the Relational
processes gained 69 processes, the Material processes gained 44 processes, the Verbal
processes gained 28 processes , the Mental Processes gained 16 processes, the
Existential Processes gained 3 processes, and the last, the Behavioral Processes
gained 2 processes. It can be seen in the following table:
Table 1. Types of Transitivity processes found in Inauguration Speech of John
Howard, 25th Prime Minister of Australia
NO PROCESSES TYPES TOTAL (%)
1 Relational 69 42,5
2 Material 44 27,1
3 Verbal 28 17,2
4 Mental 16 9,8
5 Existential 3 1,8
6 Behavioral 2 1,2
From the findings above, it can be concluded that the most dominant
processes found in this speech is relational processes and followed by Material
process and Verbal Processes, next Mental process followed by Existential processes
4.1.2 Inauguration Speech of 27th Australia Prime Minister Julia Gillard 4.1.2.1 Relational Process
Relational process is process relating to regard as clause uses to be, auxiliary
or part of predicates that indicates being or having situation. The data is Inauguration
speeches delivered by Julia Gillard. The following analysis contains of detailed data.
1. To be elected to this House as a Labor representative is a great honour.
To be elected to this house as a labor representative
is a great honour
Carrier Pr : relational Attributive
2. To stand for an historically safe seat is more than a personal honour; To stand for an
historically safe seat
is more than a personal honour
Carrier Pr : relational Attributive 3. It is a Labor landmark,
It is a labor landmark
Carrier Pr : relational Attributive 4. As is the record number of Labor women sitting in this House.
As is the record number of
Labor women
sitting in this house
Pr : relational
Value Circ loc:
place 5. It is a cause for celebration
It is a cause for celebration
Carrier Pr :
relational
Attributive Circ cause: purposes
