!"# $
% %
!& #$ "&% %! $'
%
(
) )
&
$*%
$*
+,-- ./0/.1///123
+
4 5
5 + 5
! " " # " $% & '#"(! ) "
5
* + + , ) " " , ) - .
% * " / " 0 .
% "1 ,, . , , 2
2
3 , % *" 3 # 4 . 5 ,, 5
*# 5
6 ! 55 %
67" 8 5 7. ". * 7 9 0 2 5 &8&/
:6/6 , ,
; 5 3 %) %) , ; : . + 2 3
; , % + " # ) .- 5# 5 + , 5 + ) " ) ) . 5 # +
5 + 5 5 + ) " ,, , ' - ) 5 7 # % 5 " 5 + , 5 + " 5
3 + " ) " 5 ) , 5 . 5 " 5+ " % % . &' 2 < 5 .
# "
2 . 5 5- 9)5
5 9
: 5" 0 3 5 ) " 6 . / 0 ". - 5 -. . 5 , = ". - "
5 = 7 % 55 " 0 5. ". 5" 55 , % " . 5" + 3 7
5 " " ) ". . " 2 . %% *6C . 5 0 % + . 5 7 %
. 5 . 7
. 5 % + -. . , = = ) 7 " ) " " ". 5
- " , 0 5 0 ". - " - # " @ 55 . , " 5" = . " . ) = "5 0 ". @ % 5 0 5" ,". 0 ". - ". ". , " " 0
". = 7 + . ) = 5 5" ) ". 5 0 % 5 -.
- +5 7 , . " 0 5. ". 5 D5# 5 >
. - " - # " @ 55 . , " . 5" , " " "
. = 5 ; : . + 2 3 0 . = ) . , 7 7 %% "5
7 7" 5 5 ,, 5" 5 -. . 5 ) = + " " " 5 7 0 7 . ,+
" % " 55 5" ". - " 5 ". " ". - " 7 0 5. ". 5 D5# 5 > " 5 5 " 7# - , ". . 7 " ) " "
6 0 7" 5 -. . = , = . # - , 00 " - +5 . 7 ". 5
5# 5 5 7 55 " " ) 7 % 7 % " - " , -. 7. - ) 5 " " ". : 7 "+ 0 ) + . 7. 5> , " 0 0 % " 0 ".
< % "5 0 ". , 0 * 3 4 7. 0 6 " $ , 5. / , ,
$ 7 "
; 5 *+ # 2 3 5 ". . 0 $ , 5. $ 7 " ; "% "
E . 6 5+ 2 % 5 ". 5 7 " + 0 $ , 5. $ 7 " ; "% "
; 8 0 26 3. ; 5 ". ; 0 ". : 7 "+ 0 ) + .
7. 5> , *+ 0 + " . *" " 5 % 7 & = 5 "+ # "
' 5" + . ". 7 0 2 5 : , , ,
* 05 " * 3 5 ". $ , 5. " 7. -. . 5 , = 5 " % , ,
=
/ 5" ) " " 5" ". 5" ". #5 " . ) = 0 5 $ , 5.
$ 7 " ; "% " 1 7 % 7 + - ". -. % 5. @7. , 5
5 7 + E #+ F # . $ 2 % 8 C - " & 0 . 3 '
; 9 , 6) / " ) . 7 2 % " 4 8 8 !
7 55 . - " . 5 6 . - - +5 ) 55 ". %
. - " 5 G ". " ". 5 5# 5 7 " ) 7 5 0 7" - ". " 7 " < 5 5 ,, 5" 5 . 0 " 5 5 7. 5 0 . " , " 7 " < 5
5 ,, 5" 5 " % # ". 5 5# 5 ) ""
= 6 ! 7 5
4 * ,, 5"
= +
3 ,
) 5 !. ,
) % !. ,
) *" "5> , " 5"
) *" "5> *7 0 " 5" 5" " 5" 5"" 5"
@
3 ,
: , 67" 8 5 7. * 2 0 % A %% 5 J ,, "
: , . ! 55 % 7" 8 5 7. 3 7 6 " 0 % A %% 5 J
,, "
: , . *" "5> 3 " 7 " I %% 7 55
@
6 @ " = - 0 ". $ , 5. 7. ". 3 % + *" +
6 @ ) . 8 5 " 0 " = - ". 3 % + *" +
6 @ " = - 0 ". $ , 5. ". 5" ! 55 % 67"
8 5 7.
6 @ ) . 5 " 0 " = - 0" ! 55 % 67" 8 5 7.
6 @ ? 5" 0 *" "5 ". 3 % + *" +
6 @ ) . 8 5 " 0 ? 5" ". 3 % + *" +
6 @ ? 5" 0 *" "5 ". / 5" ! 55 % 67"
8 5 7.
6 @ ) . 8 5 " 0 ? 5" ". / 5" ! 55 %
67" 8 5 7.
6 @ *" "5> C " , , %% *7 5
". 3 % + *" +
6 @ . *" "5> , %% *7 ". : 5" !+7
6 @ . *" "5> I %% 57 * 7 !+7
6 @ H)5 = " !. 7# 5" 0 *" "5> 3 " 7 " ". : 5" !+7
6 @ ) H)5 = " !. 7# 5" 0 *" "5> 3 " 7 " ". * 7 !+7
6 @ : " 5 ". : 5" !+7
6 @ ) : " 5 ". * 7 !+7
-5 " " % " = " 5" "5 " ) % 7" = " % # 7 7" 5 )
"-". # - , "5 7 " 5 " ". 0
. - " 7. 5 5 " 5 ". )' 7" " 5" + ) 7 5 " 50 % , 7" " 7" 5 ". 00 7 " ) 7 5 " 50 % , 7" " 7" 5 7. ".
5" "5 % 5" # - ". 7. , 5 0 " 5 5 5 = ) 0 " %
. 5" 5 % + 5" "5 -. . = 00 7 " 5 " 50 % , $ , 5.
7" " 7" 5 7. 6 ". 5" "5 0 2 5 : . 0 7 ". 5
) %5 . 0 ". 5 5 7. ". - " " # 5" + ".
+5 5 0 " 50 % , 7" " 7" 5 7. - ". ". " 5 " "
K % = , *" "5> & 5" , &5 , 7" * 7. 0 9 5
? 5" . ,. ! " @" 7. , / , ! / 6 ! 55 %
67" 8 5 7. ". * 7 9 0 2 5 : . , ,
+6 # #" "# $ $' ) "# $ ( "&% ; % . / % " " 0 ". 3 ) %
I %% 7 = 5 " 0 , , % " 5 7. 5 " 0 5 7.
" 5 5 @ + "7 57 5 5 ". 5 - " , 0 + % 55 )
". 0 ". - " % "5 ". 5" + % = , 5" "5> 5" ,
5 , 7" 5 7. 0 + 5 < 5" " ,. ! " @" 7. ,
/ , ". * 7 9 0 2 5 : . , ,
. : % " 0 ". 3 ) %
- ". ". ) 7#, 0 ". 5" + ". - " 0 % " 5 ".
5 7. < 5" 5 0 -5 L ! ! " @" 7. , / , ! /
% = 5" "5> 5" , &5 , 7" * 7. 0 9 5 < 5"
" ,. ! " @" 7. , / , ". * 7 9 0 2 5
6 &% ;<%!"#=% ( "&% ")',
677 , " ". 0 % " 0 ) % ) = ". )' 7" = 0 ". 5 5" +
5 " 5 -. ". " # - . - ! " @" 7. , / , ! /
% = 5" "5> 5" , &5 , 7" 5 7. 0 + 5 < 5"
" ,. ! " @" 7. , / , ". * 7 9 0 2 5 &8&/
:6/6 , ,
6 &% #*$#(#! $!% ( "&% ")',
. 5" + 5 @ 7" " ) = ) 0 57. < "+ $ , 5. " 7. 5 5" "5 ". 0 " 5 7. : 57. < "+ ". 5 5" + 5 ) 0 7
" % = 57. < "+ 5 7 + $ , 5. 5" + ) 7 5 " %5 % =
5" "5> 5" , 0 7" 5 7. 0 + 5 < 5" " ,.
! " @" 7. , / , : ". $ , 5. " 7. 5 ". 0 , 0 ". 5 5" + 5 5 0 0 7. , ". " 7. , 5" " ,+ " ) " 7. ,
9
5
York:Oxford University Press, inc . 1994), p. 2028
; 4 $ );0 8 4
$
)-)") % ! $"#$) ) $'#"# $ ! $"#$) )
0 ;
% );- %
)-H $
; " " 7. , ". " 5 0 ". " , = ) 5 5 " 0 ". , 5" " % " - 5 ) " 5 % ". , ". " 5 5" " ,
8 ) 9
-7 )
-. 5 % = )5 " 7. , " 5 7.
0 0 2 0 0 0
-7 9
-9
)-26 # % !& $*%
0 ". " 5 " 7 7 " 5 @ 55 0 " % + % 5" 7. , " " 0 " - ". ". " % 0 " ,
: @ % - " 7. , - 5 # ) ) 0 ". + . =
)
' , ? 31 & ) $'# %!" >%%!&
P +Q5 55 5
5 " " 5 P
*. 5 + 5" +Q5 55 - 5
5 " " 5
@> % # $ ( "# % #( %> "%' $ '#((% %$" ' ,
". 5 = ,
A
". " = ," +
A
+ 5" +". 5 +5
A
". 5 +5-
A
".- # ,
A
- # ) 05" - #
A
". - # ) 0 5" 1 ". = 5 - #.
A
".@" - #
A
". 0 - , - #" % -
A
". @"10 - , +" 0 - " 5 % ". , ". " 5 % 5 00 " 7 " -. + . " - % 5" 7. , ". 7 . " ". 7 ".
% 6
" 8 : " & %
;8 2 ) 2 ,
<;
*. 5# % . - , Q - #
".
16 $ )$ !& $*%
% 6
%
; * -; *
-B6 %> "#$* % ;
0 , ". % 5" 7 %% = )5 5 7" 5 7.
C 5 " " < 5" 5
% 6 ) 2
-C 5 - ". )' 7"
% 6 )
-% 5 ". )' 7"
C 5 + 5 - ". " )' 7"
% 6 ) 2
-0 5 5 5 - ". )' 7" - % 5" 7 M
% 6 ) = 9
-C 5 + 5
-% 6 ) = 9
-. % + ". = )5 - 7 5 " 0 % 5 " 5#
. 5 7
77 5 % "" = 5 , , , 5 ) ,, ) 5"
7 % @ % = " 00
% 5 5 ,, 5" ". ,."
&5 , ". % + 7 % # -. " - 5 + % 7. % " 5" , 0 % " =
8 , )
8
)-8 9
)-8
)-8
)-06
% C $ D)% "# $ . 5 "+ 0 < 5" 5 " )+ 5 ,E :E ? ? ! ) %
P; + 5 # $ , 5.NP 5# % #( > :% $* # &
) P6 + 4 " 5. 6% 7 NP 5# % 8&%"&% 8 + #"# & % #! $6
7 P 5 " ,NP *. 5# #( #" 8 #$#$*
P = + , " 7 % " NP - " " # -8&%"&% & ' ! >)"% P! + "+ NP *. 5# #( ! ) ' ",>%
0 P; + 7 % )+ " NP < 8&%"&% & ' ! % ;, " #$
, P = + ) " 4 5" ) 0 NP *. 5# #( & ' ;%%$ " + # " ;%( %
+6 $"%@") % !&#$* $' % $#$* .6 &% $'% " $'#$* (
. . 5 .+ 0 ! / - 5 " 0 % , 55 = 5%5 0 . ; - +
. ; - + @ " 0 7 55 7 7 " 5 ". ". + 0 7 7 %
" 7. , % ". ,+ " " ". 5" "5 @ 7 " 5" 3 7 + ". 5" "5 - 00 7" = + 0 ". + 7 % # 7 7" ) "- -. " ". + , - ". ". @ 7 ". + . 5 ". +
7" = + = = , 7 55 ". 7 55 % . ; - + 5 < "
)+ ; 0 % 5 ". " KC. " = . 5 ". - + 0
. ;## + 9 > & 5 !
". 5 % ". 5+5" % 7 % 55 5 ". 0 - , ,." 7 % "5
&5 , 6 ". " 7 655 55% "5
*" "5 5 7 % 7 # - , ". - 7 " @" " ". % ,0 5 5 : @ % 5" "5 % + 57 ) ". 7 % 7 0 % " ". " . = " 5 )' 7" 0 57 7 . ". 7 " % ". $ , 5. 5 )' 7"
)+ 5 , , 7 , ". 57. % % # , ". 5 = , 0 . %
% " " , ". @ 7
. 5 ,." 7. 7" 5" 75 % # ! / 00 " 0 % ". % ". 5 . 5 !. 7" 5" 75 ) 7 % ". % 7 % "5 + , ! / % ". " 5 5 7 + 5 ". " ". 5 ,." 7. 7" 5" 75 5# ". 5" "5 0
7" = + = = , 7 55 % 7" = "+ ! ) " , " , ". = 7 " = 7 " 7 ". # , 5# ". 5" "5 5 5 ) 0 ".
-, . 0 " 7. ! / 5 " 0 7 " " 5" " " 0 ". 0 7"
". % , 7 7 " 7 5 0 ". 5 = 5 H 7 ". 5 ,."
7. 7" 5" 75 7 55 % " - . ) ". 5" " " 7. 5
7 " , , "% 5 . -. ". 5 . = , " 5 5 ) "+
7. = , ". 5 77 55 ,
26 &% #$!#> % ( ! 5" 7" = 5%
! 5" 7" = 5% 5 ". 0 " 0 ! / . ) 5 7 % 5 5 ". "
= % 5" 7" = + ) # - , 5# 5 - =
= 7 " 5 0 7 5" 7" = 5% , ". " " 5 ". = 5 7 55 , 0 5" % 0 % ". = % " ". 5 " , 7 , " = 5" 7" ". " 7
" = ) . = ". ". ". 5" % ". %5 = 5 ". 7 55 %
" 7. , , 7 55 ". 7 " 0 7 5" 7" = 5% 0 =
5" 0 , ". " 7" = " , # - , 7< , # - ,
. ;## + 9 > & 5 !
+ ) ( &/& 2 , 3 ) " & = 5 " 5 , 2 , -0 -?@
* % " % 5 ". " 7. 5#5 ". 5" "5 ) 0 , 0" ". 55 6" ". " % 5 ". + 5 00 7" = + )+ ". 5" "5 " 0 7 5 ".
- 55 # ". % , , . ". % % " ". 5" , 0
-. " - 5 7" = " 7. , , < 5" , 7" = "+
5 0 0 7. 7# , 5" "5 7 % . 5 5 = , ) % 0 7 )+
5" "5 5" % " , 5 5 5 " ". 5" "5 % 5 , 5" ">5 7 5 "+ 0 7 5 , 5" " "" " 0 5. , 5" "5 # - ,
/ , ! %% "+
, 7 %% "+ ". 5 " 0 , 7 ) , "" 0 % , ". ,
". 5 5 7 ) " # 0 % 5. , - ". 0 5 ". , 5
) "- % # " 5 " 67" + , 7 %% "+ . 5 ".
% , 5 0 -5 I 0 , -. 7. 7 %% 7 " " 5. ".
@ 7 C # , " , ". " 5 = ". ) % .
5 5 ) "+ 0 7. % %) 0 , ,
" 5 5 % " % 5 0 , "" ". " , , 7 55 5 " 5 7 %% " 5 7. - ". "5 - 7 7" 0 5. 5" ,5 ". " . = ) )
= " % . = 7. 7" 7. , , 7 55 5 7 " =
% " )+ = + % $ 7. 7 55 % %) . 5 5 7 0 7 "
+ = ". 5 - ". 5" 5 ) + - 0 5 7. 5 # )5 =
" 7 , -. " 5 , , # - ) , =+ " 5. 7 55
5" , 0 - 7" , ". 5 % - + 5 = + 5 "
7 " " 7. 5" " " " = 5
2 ,
4 5 7 + % , 5 = ) G " 0 5 " 7. % 5" " 5 "
5" "5 " 5" + 7" , -. " ". " 7. " ) % % " )+ 5" "5 2 , 7" = "+ 7 ) 5 %% G " % 5" " 5 ". " 7. >5
8 0 7" 5
8 0 7" 5 ". - +5 0 ". # , ) " -. " ". 5" "5 . =
". # , ) " -. " ". 5" "5 . = ". 5" 8 0 7" 5 0 , " 0 7" = "+ # - , ". " ' 5" . = 7 = 7. "
". 0 7" 5 ". 0 " 7. , , 7 55 ". 0 " 7. ,
, 7 55 " 7. 5 5 "" " % 5# 5" " " ". 0 7" . G " 0 0 7" 7 ) )+ , = , 7" 5" " % " ) " ". 0 % " ". " 5 7< ". 55 5 % " 5 '
5" " ) # 5 % % 55 5 ,, 5" 0 % 5" "5 ) " ". ,
7 55 57 55
6 ". " 7 655 55% "
6 ". " 7 55 55% " 5 7 0 7. = % " ". ! / 655 55% "5 0 5" "5 3 0 % 7 7 7 % 0 % ". " 7. ". 5" "5 6 ". " 7 55 55% " 5 ". 7 55 0 7 7" , ". " ". " 7 , = ". 57 " 0 5" " , = % " ". 7 55 0 , " + ". " 7. ". "
7 ) 7 " = 77 " 55 55% "5 0 5" "5 0 % 7 ) " 5
5" "5 7 ) @" % + 00 7" = " % " , ' , , ". - , ,
7" . + 0 < " + . = = + 7 0 . - - ". + ,
. = 0 - . ". % " = ". 5 - 55 - 7 , " + . 7
, 2 -. ". " 7 55 55% " . 5 5 % 7. 7" 5" 75 ". "
= = 5 - @ 7 ) 6 -5 77 55 " 0 % " 7 $ 7 , 5
". 5 0 7 % " 7" + . % 5 7 5 $ , , 5 ". 5" "5 )+
= 7 &5 5 0 % " 0 7 5 5 0 55 55% "
0 7" , C " 00 " 7" 7 . " 0 5 5" ,". " )
%+ % + * 0 *
6 &% %""#$* $' );<%!" ( "&% ")',
. 5 5" + - 5 7 7" " 2 5 : . , , . 57. - 5
" 2 . A% , , 4 " 3 = 7 " - 5 5" ) 5. )+ ".
6) 2 ' 5
. 57. . 5 , , ) " + 57 7 ) " + = 5
% ) + % 5 7 % 7 % " 1 " " % 7 >5 %
" 7. >5 % % 5" " %5 % 5< 7 " 5" %5
7 55 5 . - 7 55 5 0 , F 7 55 5 0 , F
7 55 5 0 , R
" ". 5 57. . 5 ". $ , 5. " 7. 5 . 5 57. - 5 7. 5
5 ". 0 0 ". 5" + ) 5 5 % 5 5 0 5" ". 5 7. - 5
" " 7. , " 0 % ". 5 57. 5 5. # -5 ". 7 " 0 ". 5
57. 5. 7 " 0+ ". ) %5 0 7 )+ 5" "5 ,
, %% * 7 0" " 0+ , ". ) %5 5. 5 ,, 5"5 " + 5 " ) " 7. < " 5 = 5" "5> ) % " = 5" "5> ) "+ , %% 0 ) "" < "+ 0 ". 57.
. - " 5 7" ". 5 7 + 0 F 6 ! 55 0 2 5 : .
, , -. 7. 7 5 5"5 0 5" "5 ". 7 % 7 + 5 5
". 5 )' 7"5 0 ". 5 7. . 5 7 55 - 5 7. 5 ) 5 ". " = - 5 " - ". ". $ , 5. " 7. ". )5 = " ". " ". 5 7 55 . ". - 5"
7. = % " , %% " 5" 7 % - ". ". 5 7 , 7 55 5
. 0 ". , %% ) "+ 5 " ) = )+ 5 , 00 7" =
" 7. <
+6 &% % #*$ ( "&% ")',
. 5 , 0 ". 5 5 7. 7 ! 55 % 67" 8 5 7. !68 5
% + 5" + " 57 ) 5" "5> ) % $ , 5. , 7 55 Jersey: Merril Prentice Hall, 2003), p. 5.
27
David Kember, A ctio n L e a rn in g a n d A c tio n R e se a rc h ,
. - " 5 7 55 % 7" 5 7. % 5 )+ A %% 5
(Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2006), p. 66.
29
Suharsimi Arikunto, P
e n e litia n T in d a k a n K e la s
- . = # - ". " ) 5 A " / - >5 7 7 " . !68 7 5 5"5
5 7 0 7 5" 7" )' 7" = 5 ". 5" 7" % " 5 % 7
26 ; % =#$* >& %
7 " % 5 )' 7" = - + ". 0 D5 )' 7" = > -.
)5 = 7 57 " 0 7 55 % "% 5 . ". 5 "" , 0 ". 7 55 ". 5" "5> 7" = " 5 , ". " 7. , , 0
, %% 5 , ! " @" 7. , / , ! /
5" 5 5 0 , "" , " 0 5" + 5 " 5" "5 7" = " 5 " 7. , , . "- " 5"5 5 ". 5 5" + 5 0 -5
3 " 5" 5 ) 0 % % " , ! " @" 7. ,
/ , ! / " 5 " % 5 5" "5> , %% 5# " ". 0 5" " %
3 5" " 5" 5 % % " 0" 5 , ! " @" 7. , / , ! /
". 5 5 7. ". " 5" 5 0 % 0 % " 7. 7 5 . " 5" 5 .
= + 5 7 7" 0 7. 7+7
6 &% %!&$#D)% ( " $ , #
". 5 5 7. ". - " 5 +5 5 < " " = " ". " 5 ". )5 = " 0 - " 5" "5> 7" = " 5 , " 7. , , 7 55 . "
-57 55 ) " " " 7 7" = + )5 = " 0 % 0 % , 7"
5 7. 7+7 5 +G 57 " = + )+ 5 , 7 " , " 5 " 7+
". " . , 7" = "+
5. # 0 ". = , 0 5" "5> , %% 57 7" - ".
7+7 " +G % 7 " ". 5
: 5" " 5 " # - . - - 5" "5> 57 , %% 5# B
B %
@ = 57
* 7 " # - ". 7 55 7 " , ". " 55 ". AA2 ". - " 5 5
6 &% #'#", ( " Merrill Prentice Hall, 2003), p. 84.
38 Merrill Prentice Hall, 2003),p . 8 4
40
I
.6 # ! # #$ "#$* 8%
(London: Heinle & Heinle Publisher, 1998), p. 135.
42
Wilmar Tambunan, E v a lu a tio n of S tu d e n t A ch ie v e m e n t,
(Jakarta: Depdiknas, 1998), p. 139.
43
J. B. Heaton, C la s sro o m T e s tin g
36 #((#!) ", "%
. 00 7 "+ " % +5 5 7 7 5 - ". ". " 0 7 % ,
5" "5 -. 5- 7 7" + - ". 0 5" "5 -. 0 - ". " 5" " % 00 7 "+ 5 . - 5+ 00 7 " " % 5 0 % ". = - " 0 ". , 0 5" "5 @ % 5 " # , ". " 5" 0 -. 7. ". " " % 5 " . 0 % 5
0 - ,
8 3 S
-. 7. 3 @ 0 00 7 "+
8 . " " %) 0 5" "5 -. 5 7" ". 7 7"
5-. " " %) 0 5" "5 7 , - ,
. 7 " 5 , 5 0 -5
5
T ,.
T 2 %
T /
-44
John W. Oller, L
a n g u a g e T es t a t S ch o o l,
(London: Longman Group Limited, 1979), p. 246.
45
Norman E. Gronlund, C o n stru c tio n A c h ie v e m e n t T e st,
(New York: Prentice Hall, 1982), p. 102.
46
John W. Oller, L
a n g u a g e T es t a t S ch o o l,
6 &% % ! #>"# $ ( "&% "
.6 #$'#$* ( "&% % # #$ , ")', 6 &% % ) " ( % $"% =#%8
3 " = - 7 " ". 5 5" + - 5 ". 5" 7" " = - " - 5 . : + 2 7. ". 5" " " 3 2
0 5. " 32 . - " 5# " ". " 7. 5 %
< 5" 5 . < 5" 5 - = " ". 7 " , 5 0
< 5" 5 = = , ". , 7 " $ , 5. 7 55 5 7 +
, %% % " ". 00 7 "+ 0 7 )+ 5" "5 ". " 7 " ". 5" " ,+ 5 )+ ". " 7. " 7. ,
, %% 5# , ) " ! " @" 7. , / , % ".
: 5" 7 " , + 57 55 ) " ". , 7 " $ , 5.
7 55 5 7 + " 7. , , %% . " 7. , , 7 55
7 7" 5 5 ". - 7" = " 5 -. 7" = " 5 5" 7" = " 5 " 7. , , %% ". " 7. 5 5 % 7" = " 5 #
, , 0 ". ) # 2 " 5 7. 7 , ". 5 " 7
" , , . 5 . % 5 - 5 " @" -. 7.
= " " ". " 7 5 " % %) 5 0 " =
-* 7 7 " , + " # ) " ". 00 7 "+ 0 7 )+ ". 5" "5
0 7 5 $ , 5. , %% . " 7. 5 ". " , %% - 5 ".
00 7 " 5 ) 5# 5 " ) -. 5 ". 5" "5 % 5" 7. = ".
2 % % 2 5" + ! " & & $ &&$
. 5" "5> 00 7 " 5 , , %% " 50 % ,
". " 5 ! 5 < " + ". 5" "5 , " ) , , %% 5" "5> " 7 " , %% 7 55 - 5 " " 7" = 5
" % %) 5 0 " =
-. 5" 7 " , + 5 ) " ". 5" " ,+ 5 )+ ". " 7.
/ , % ". . " 7. 5 ". " 5. . 5 = 5 ! " @" 7. , / , $ , 5. 7 55 *. 55 % ". " ! " @"
7. , 7 ) 00 7" = 5" " ,+ " 7. , , %%
) 7 5 " 7 0 7 " " ". , * " % ,." ) ) " % =
5" "5> ) "+ , , %% * " % %) 5
0 " =
-. 7 7 5 0 ". " = - " % 0 ". 5" "5> 00 7 " 5 , , %% - 5 ". 5" "5> 0 6 7 55 5" . = 00 7 " 5 , %% " % 0 " 50 % , ". " 5 ". " %
. " 5 " 0 " = - 7 ) 5 @ )
;6 &% % ) " ( % )% "# $$ # %
. < 5" - 5 7 7" " # - ) " ". 5" "5>
5 5 ) " $ , 5. 55 5 7 + , , %% .
< 5" 5 ". 5 5" + - 5 < 5" .
< 5" - 5 , = " ". 5" "5 ". 5 7 + 0 6 7 55
* " + 2 7. ". . < 5" . 0 = < 5" 5
. 57 " 0 ". < 5" 5 0
-?- 2 *
. 5 " 0 ". < 5" 5. - ". " B 0 5" "5
# $ , 5. 55 = + % 7. B 0 5" "5 # $ , 5.
55 B 5" "5 0 " 0 " ". $ , 5. 55 " 7 ) - ". 7 7 5 ". " % 5" 0 ". 5" "5 0 6 7 55 # $ , 5. 55
.-B 0 5" "5 55 % ". " , %% - 5 5+ "
5" 2 -. B 0 ". 5" "5 7 5 ". "
2
. 5 " 5. - ". " B 0 ". 5" "5 # " 5" + , %% B 0 ". 5" "5 ' 5" 5 5 " - 5 7 " ". " 5 % 5" "5 5. ) , = ". = " 5" + ,
" 7. , ". 0 , ) 7 % " 5" , , %%
@-
-" 5. - ". " B 0 ". 5" "5 , " 00 7 " 5 ,
, %% 2 -. B 0 ". 5" "5 0 " 5+ - ".
, %%
D- ) 2
-. 5 " - 5 B 0 ". 5" "5 0 " = + " 5" ". - + 0 ". " 7. " 7. B 0 ". 5" "5 0 " " 5" % -. B 0 ". 5" "5 0 " 0 ) " " " 7 " ". "
". ,. ". - 5 " ) % ) " ". - + " 7. " 7. ) " 0 5 % 5" "5 " 5" ". = " " = " 7. ,
, 5" " ,+
. 7 7 5 " % 0 , %% ) % - 5 ". 5 7 55 5"
, " 00 7 "+ , , %% % = % " " 7. ".
2 % % 2 5" + ! " & & $ &&$
. " 5 " 0 < 5" 7 ) 5 @ )
!6 &% % ) " ( % % "
. - " . " 5" ) 0 !68 " - 5 7 7"
: % ". " ) = " 7 ) % 7. " 5 0 -5
, " ". % 0 ". " 5" 57 ". 5 7. 7 7 " ". "
)+ 5 , ". 0 - , 0 % M
. " ". 7 " , 0 5" "5 -. 55 ". AA2 57 ".
5 7. 5 ". 0 - , 0 %
B %
B
$ &&$ 0 $ , 5. ) = B 0 5" "5
" 7 " , , %% 4 5 5 ". - " ".
5" % "5 0 5 7. 5 7. 5 5"" 5" )5 = " 7. 7# 5"
0 " 5
;6 !"#$*
67" 0 ". 0 5" 7+7 - 5 2 7. ". 5" ". .
- " % % " ". " 7. , , 7 55 ) 5 ". 55
. ) % . 5 " 7. , , 7 55 5
0" ". - " 5" " " 7 = + -. " % " 5 ". " - # " ) )+ 5" "5 5. ) , " 5# 5" "5 " ". " @" 5 " + : ". % 5 % 5" "5 - 5# " " " ". 5 " 7 5 5 7" 5 7. 0 9 5 < 5" @" ". 5" "5 - 5# " 5 7" = " 5 ". % % ". 7" 5 7. " ) 7. , ". 7" 5 7. 5 " 7 ". - " 5# ". % " " ". 5- 5 " , " ". ,." . " % # 5 5" "5> 5" , 7" 5 7. 0 9 5 < 5" ". - " 5. - 0 5. 7 " ". 5" " 5# . % " % # 7" 5 7. 5 " 7 ". " ".
5- - 5 " )+ . 5 0 5
60" - 5 " # - . - - 5" "5> 5" , 0 7"
5 7. 0 + 5 < 5" , = ". - " @ ". = 7 ) 5
"" 7. 5 " 7 5> 5" 7" 5 : + 5# ". 5" "5>
00 7 " 5 , = @ 7 5 5 )+ 5 , 7" 5 7. 0 9 5
< 5" ) 5 7 " @" . 5 " 5# - 5 )+ ". 5" "5 = + ". 5" % " , ". 0 " 5" - 5 ". 5"" 5"
!6 ; % =#$*
". 5 . 5 ". )5 = )5 = ". 5" "5> " 7 "
". ,. )5 = " 7. 7# 5" )5 = ". " 7. , ,
" 7. , , 0 , %% " 7 " ". " ". 5 7
7 " 0 5 77 55 . ) 7. = " ". 0 ,5
-5 -5 -5" )+ ". " )" 0 % 0 " 5 -. 7. 5 " % # " 5 " " ". " -. 7. - " ) 7 =
)5 = " 7. 7# 5" 5 @
&% % ) " ( #% ' $ "%
! 7 , ". " 7. , 7 5 ". 0 " 5 =
". " 2 " , 2 " , 2 " , 0 !+7 ".
-5 % ) %5 0 , ". " 7. , , 7 55
: 5" 5 % 5" "5 5" . ) %5 # , 0 ". 00 7 " = 7 ) +M ". + " # " " + . " 0 " ". = 7 ) +
". + * 7 ". 5" "5 " % + . ) %5
0 - , ". 7 55 7" = " 5M ". + " " 5# % ". - "
. 5 % 5" "5 5 # 7# 5 5 5 % 5" "5
5" . 00 7 "+ , %% 5 ". " ". + 5 " " % 7. " % " 77 % 5. ". " 5# . 55 ) 0 7" 5 ". " 7 5 ". 5
) %5 - ". " ". - " " , = 5 00 7 " @ " ) " 00 7 " = 7 ) + " , = 5 00 7 " , 7 " ". 5" "5 ". 5" , 5 0 , %% . - " 5 " , = 7 + 5" 7"
. , "5 5 = 0 % ". 0 " 5 : 5" %
5" "5 "" " " 7. >5 @ " ". + # 5 % " = " * 7 2 *" "5 - " = 5 ". @ 7 5 ". , ". 5 5" 7 +M ". + = 5 ". @ 7 5 0 - , ". , , < 5" 5 5" )+ 5" . )+ ". " 7. . 5 % 5" "5 - 7 " = " 5 " ". " 7. >5 " 7. ,
, ". + " ". @ 7 5 ". ,. 7 7"
5 5 + 5 , % 0 " , , * @ 0 ".
) " ". % " , = 7 + 5" 7" " % # ". 5" "5 5" ) " ". 7" = "+ ". " ". + . = " 6 0 ".
= 5 ". 0 5" 7+7 - % % " ". 5 7 7+7
26 #$'#$* ( "&% %! $' ,! %
6 $$#$*
". 5 . 5 ". - " ". 7 ) " % 5 % ,
0 ". 7" ) 5 ". = 5 0 ". 0 5" 7+7 . , 0
". 7" - 5 5 = " 55 . - " 5 , 0 7 "
00 7 5 - ". ". = 5 55 . % " 5" " "
" = , . ) " " 5 0 7 5 0 ) . % 5 - 5 5" 5 % - ". ". = 5 % ) " ". 7" 5 ". 5 7+7 - 5 0 +
7" 5 7" + 4 5 0 ". " ". - " 5" 5 ". )5 = " 7. 7# 5" 0 " 5 " " ". 7 55 % 7" = " 5 7 % ". - " 5 ". 5"" 5" " 7 7" ". "
;6 !"#$*
. 7" 0 ". 5 7 7+7 - 5 6 ". ". ".
. 7" - 5 ) 5 ". 55 ". 0 5"
% " , . - " " 7 - " 7 ) " " = " @"
" 7 - 5 , 0 7 " @" " 7. , , 5#
". 5" "5 " % # ". - 5" + 0 " = " @" 0 7 " " )+ ".
7" + ) 5 ". 7" , = 7 7" " ". 5 7
% " , ". 5" "5 - 5# " 0 7" 5 7. ". " @" 5# ". % " " 50 % " 7" 5 7. ". ". % " , ". 5" "5 - 5# " 5- ". < 5" 0 7" 5 7. 0 + 5
7" = "+ ". 7 55 % = = ". 5" "5 5 " %5 %) 0 " =
-* 7 7 " - 5 ) " ". ) "5 5 " % % " ,
7 " @" " 7. , , , % % " , ". 7" " - 5 )5 = ". " % 5" 0 ". 5" "5 00 7 " " 50 % , 7" "
7" 5 7. * " - 5 5 ,, 5" 0 ". 5" "5 " ) , 7" +
5 " % %) 0 " =
-. 5" 7 " 5 ) " ". 0 7 " @" " 7. , , 5" " ,+ " - 5 5 ". " 7 " @" " 7. , , - 5 , 5" " ,+ " 7. , $ , 5. " 7 ) 00 7" = - + " . ". 5" "5> , %% 4 5 " % ,." ) ) " % = ". 5" "5> , %% M " 7 ) " " = 5" " ,+ 7 % " = " ".
$ , 5. " 7. " 5 " 5 " % %) * @ )
0 % ". " 5 " 0 " =
-: % ". @ " ) = " 7 ) - ". , 7 7 5
0 % ". 5" " = - ". " ". " 7. , = 5 " = 5 5 "
-". % % " " 0 7 " @" " 7. , , " 7. ,
, , %% " 7 " @" " 7. , , , =
, % 7" 0 % = % " 0 ". 5" "5> ) "+ , , %%
;6 &% % ) " ( " )% "# $$ # %
. 5" < 5" - 5 7 7" " # - ) " ". 5" "5>
5 5 0" , , %% ". ,. 7 " @" " 7. , ,
. < 5" 5 ". 5 5" + - 5 < 5" .
< 5" - 5 , = " ". 5" "5 ". 5 7 + 0 2 5
: . 7 55 * " + 6 ". . 5 < 5" . 5 0 =
?- 2
. 5 " 0 ". 0 5" < 5" 5. - ". " B 0 ". 5" "5 # 5 , 7 " @" " 7. , , B 0 ". 5" "5 ' 5" 5 5
# " , %% ". ,. 7 " @" " 7. , , . 5 "
7 " ". " % 5" 0 5" "5 # " , %% ". ,. 7 " @" " 7. , , . 5" "5> 5 5 - 7 " @" " 7. ,
, - 5 " 5" , 7" = "+ " 7 = ". 7 " = "+
.- 9
*
. 5 7 < 5" 5. - ". " B 0 ". 5" "5 , ". "
7 " @" " 7. , , 7 . ". % % 5"
, , %% ) 7 5 " " @ ". @ 7 ,
, %%
A- 2 *
-. 5 " 5. - ". " B 0 ". 5" "5 # , %% = +
% 7. 0 ". 5" "5 # " - , %% $ , 5. B 0 ".
5" "5 >" # , , %% B 0 ". 5" "5 " # " = + % 7. . 5 % " ". " ". 5" "5 0 , " - , , %% - 5 ) ""
@- 9
-. 5 " - 5 B 0 ". 5" "5 55 % ". " , %% ". ,.
! " @" 7. , / , - 5+ B 0 ". 5" "5
- 5 5+ B 0 5" "5 - " " 00 7 " ,
, %% B 0 5" " 0 " , %% - 5 5" 00 7 " " * " 7 " ". " 7 " @" 7. , / , - 5 5+ " 5" ,
D- )
. 5 " 5. - ". " B 0 ". 5" "5 - " 5" ". " 7. 5"+ , ". 7" B 0 ". 5" "5 - = + " 5"
B 0 " 0 ) " ". " 7. >5 5"+ " 7 " ". " ". " 7. . ". 7"
-. 7 7 5 " % 0 5" "5> 5 5 " - ! " @" 7. , / , - 5 5 " = ) 5 ". 5 " 0 5" < 5" . "
5 " 0 5" < 5" 7 ) 5 @ )
+6 &% $"% > %" "# $ ( "&% "
7" 5 7. - 5. " + + 5 , " ) " - . = "
# ". = 5 " 5 7 5 " 5 5" ". 5 " 0 5 7. ; " 5 7 5 5 ". 5 5" + - 5 " , " " - 5 5 " # - " 7. 7# -. ". ". 5 " 0 7. 5" % " - 5 - ". ". 5 " 0 ". 5" % " *
" 7 7 ". = "+ 0 ". " " 7 ) 7 + 5 ".
77 7 0 ". 5 7. 0 ,5
.6 " ( ; % = "# $
4 5 ". 5 " 0 ". 5" "5> " 7 " , %% 7 55 ". ,. )5 = " 7. 7# 5" " - 5 7 " ". " ". 5" "5>
" 7 " , + 7 5 0 % ". 0 5" 7+7 " ". 5 7 7+7 ". 0 5" 7+7 ". 5" "5> " 7 " - 5 B 2 -. ". 5" "5> " 7 " ". 5 7 7+7 - 5 B " % " ". " ".
% = % " 7 " , - 5 B B B 7 " . 5 % " ".
5 7 7 " 0 5 77 55 . 5" "5> " 7 " % = % "
#*) % 16.- "&% ")'%$" "#!#> "# $ #$
. % = % " 0 5" "5 " 7 " % " ". " ".
% % " " 0 ! " @" 7. , / , 5 5 0
7" = " 5 , %% 7 55 . 5 5 77 550 + % = ". 5" "5 " 7 " - " , 7 55 " - 5 ) 7 5 ". ! " @" " 7. , / , 7" = " 5 7 % # ". 5" "5 " 5" , " 6 5 ".
7 55 7. 5 , %% 7 55 . 5 0 7 ". 5" "5>
" 7 " ) 7 5 " 0 7 ". 5" "5 " = = " ". 7" = " 5
5 7 5 )
36 " ( (#% ' $ "%
. " , 0 % 0 " 5 = ". " ". " 7. , ,
7 55 -. % % " , ". 7 " @" " 7. , / , . 5
- 6 ". ,. ". - 5 % ) % 77 ". 7 55 0 ".
7" 5 7. 5 5 % 5" "5 5" % 5+ ". 7 55 5 % 5" "5
. 00 7 "+ " 50 % , ". " 5 5 5 % 5" "5 .
00 7 "+ 0 - , ". 5" 7" ) " ". 5 ) %5 " 5" ) ". 7" . 5" "5 5" ' + ". 7" = " 5 ". 7" = " 5 . = - " 5. - ". " ". % % " , 0 ! " @" 7. ,
/ , . 5 , = 5 " = % 7" " 7. , , 7 55 5
26 " ( )% "# $$ # %
. " 0 % ". < 5" = ". " , %% - 5 0 ". $ , 5. 5 ) 5# ". " 00 7 " " % 5" . 5" "5 . 00 7 "+
" % 0 " 50 % , ". " 5 7. , , ". = ) 7. 5 , ".
- 5 . 5 ) %5 % ". 5" "5 " " 5" ,
, %% 0 7" 5 7. - = 0" 5 , 7 " @" 7. ,
/ , " 7. , , %% ". 5" "5 , = 5 " = 5 5 5 " -". " 7" . 5" "5 55 % ". " ! " @" 7. , / ,
7 ". - - + ) % " 7 0 7 " " , , %%
5 " - 5 " 5" , 7" = " 5 ) 7 5 " 5 = 5" " @ 7 # - , ) " ". 5" "5> 7 " = "+ 7 ! " @" 7. ,
/ , 7 % # ". 7 55 % "% 5 . % " 5" ,
% # 5" "5 5 / , I %% 5 @ ) )
16 " ( $"% =#%8
. " , 0 % ". " = - - ". ". $ , 5. " 7. 7 " ". " ". 5" "5> ) "+ , , %% - 5 ) 7 5 ". 5" "5 . 5 % 00 7 "+ , %% ". 5" "5>
" 7 " , , %% - 5 " " 7" = ! 5 < " + "
" ". = " " 7. , , 7 55 . - "
5 ,, 5" % % " , 7 " @" " 7. , , 5" " ,+ , , %% 60" 7 7" , ". 7" ". $ , 5. " 7. , = 5 " = 5 5 5 " - ". 7" . $ , 5. " 7. 0 " 5 " 50 - ". ". % = % " % )+ ". 5" "5 0 7 5 , %%
5" , ". " 7 " 7 ". $ , 5. " 7.
-5 7 " @" 7. , / , 5 " " = 5" " ,+ " 7. ,
, %% 5 7 5 ) )
4 5 ". 5 " 0 5" "5> , %% 57 " - 5 0 " ". " ". 5" "5> , , %% - 5 , + % = , " % " ". " ". - 5 5 " = % 7" 0 ! " @" 7. , / , 5" " ,+
" - ". 7 5 0 5" "5> ) "+ , , %% ".
- 5 ". 5 0 ! " @" 7. , / , 7 7 5 , +
. % # ". % " 7 " " 0 ) "" , , %%
. 5 % 5" 0 ". % , + , , 57 5 " ". 0 7. 7+7
. 5" "5> % 57 % + 5" + - 5 M ". 0 5" 7+7
". % 57 - 5 M ". % 57 ". 5 7 7+7 - 5
. - 5 "5 B 0 % 57 % = % " 0 %
5" "5> 57 % + 5" + " ". 0 5" 7+7 ". - 5
"5 B 0 % 57 % = % " 0 % ". 5" "5>
57 ". % + 5" + " ". 5 7 7+7 5 7 5 )
. 5" "5> % = % " ". , , %% 0 % ".
% + 5" + " ". 5 7 7+7 - 5 7 : , )
-#*) % 163- "&% ")'%$" !&#%=% %$" #$ @% !# %
7. , / , *" " ,+ " 7. , 7" 5 7. 0 9 5 ? 5" . 5 " 0 )5 = " 7. 7# 5" 7 " ". " ". 7" 7 % = ". 5" "5> " 7 " ) 7 5 " 5 = " 5" ,
7" = " 5 " % " ". " ". 5" "5 7 77 " ". 7" = " 5 % 5" 0
". " 7. , , 7" = " 5 . = 5 77 550 + . 5 " 0
)5 = " 7. 7# 5" 5 5" )+ ". 5 " 0 0 " 5 ". " ". " 7. ,
, 7 55 0 ". 7" . 5 - 5. - ". 5 " =
"% 5 . ". 7 55 % " % " ". " ". 7" . 5 , = ,
% 7" 0 ". " 7. , , 7 55 " ". 5 " 0
< 5" 7 " ". " ". 5" " # " 5" + , %% " ,.
! " @" 7. , / , " - 5 ) 7 5 ! " @" 7. ,
/ , - 5 " 5" , 5" " ,+ " 7 0 7 " " ". %
/ , I %% . ". % ) 7 % % 7 " = : ". % ".
" = - % ". " ! " @" 7. , / , - 5 ,
5" " ,+ % = , 5" "5> , %% " 7 ) " " =
5" " ,+ " 7. , , %% . " " " ) = 57 ) .
-! " @" " 7. , / , % = 5 ". 5" "5> ,
, %% . " 0 % ". " 5" 5 " ". ". " " 7 " ". " ". - 5 ". % = % " 0 ". 5" "5> 57 " % " ". " ! " @"
7. , / , 7 % = 5" "5> ) "+ ,
6 $! ) # $
8 " " ". 5 7. 7 7" " ". ". , 5" "5 0 2 5 : . ". - " 7 7 5 ". " ". % % " " 0 ! " @" 7. ,
/ , ". " 7. , 0 7" 5 7. 0 + 5 < 5" 7
% = ". 5 7 + 5" "5> ) "+ / , 0 7" 5 7. 0
+ 5 " 2 5 : . 7 % 7 + 1 " 7 ) 5 0 %
". 5 " 0 " , 0 % ". < " " " = 5" + " 5 5 " " 5" 5"" 5" < 5" 5 " < " " = 5" + )5 = " " = - 5 "
. % = % " 7 ) 5 0 % ". 7 5 0 5" "5> %
, %% 57 0 % ". % + 5" + ". 0 5" 7+7
" ". 5 7 7+7 4 5 5 " 5. - ". " ". - B 5" "5 " 7 " 7" = + ". 0 5" 7+7 B 5" "5 " 7 " ". 5 5" 7 + ". 5 7 7+7 " - 5 5 " )+ ". 5 " 0 0 " 5 ". " ". 7 55 7 " , " 7. , , 7 55 - 5 5 < "
, 7 " 5 ". 5 " = "% 5 . ". 7 55 % : + ".
" 7. >5 5 5 ) " ". % % " " 0 7 " @" " 7. , , - 5 5 " = " - ) " " = 5" " ,+ " 7. ,
, %% . 0 ! " @" 7. , / , 7 % = ".
5" "5> , , %% 0 7" 5 7. 0 + 5 < 5"
+6 )**% "# $
4 5 ". 7 7 5 ". " . 5 ) % " ) = ". 5 %
5 ,, 5" 5 " 00 " ". $ , 5. " 7. 5 ". ". 5 7. 5 ) 5
". 5 7. 0 ,5 57 55
" 5 5 ,, 5" ". " ". $ , 5. " 7. 5 % % " ". ! " @"
7. , , 5" " ,+ 5 " " = 5" " ,+ $ , 5.
, %% 5 7" 0 " 5 5. 1. 5. ) 5 7 " = 7 7" , ". " % " " ". 5" "5 0 ) 7 5 % " 5 0 ". @" 0 7" 5 -. 7. 7 % " = " 5" "5 " ' +0 +
". 0 ". 5 7. " 7 + ". 5 -. . = ". 5 % ) %
" 5" 7 7" , 5 7. " 5 5 ,, 5" ". " ". 5 5" + 7 )
+ +
6 # " * . 5 % + , & 0 # " 4 % 6#5
6G 4 ""+ * 2 ". 5 4 ) : % * 4 0&*6
3 " 7 8 , "5
6G 4 ""+ * * 4 0 &*6 3 " 7
8 , "5
Chalker, Sylvia, Weiner, Edmund, O x f o rd D ic tio n a r i o f E n g lis h G r a m m a r, New
York: Oxford University Press, inc . 1994
; # 5 + $ + , .. & ,
( , & , / $+ $ 0 # "
: % ; 6 (
' 0 ' 7 7 ) # ) $
0 2 % 0
* , *$62$H 8 , / , , ! "
Gronlund, Norman E, C o n s t r u c tio n A c h ie v e m e n t T e s t, New York: Prentice Hall,
1982.
% %+ + * 0 "
- 9 # / ,%
Heaton, J B, C la s s r o o m T e s t in g , New York: Longman Inc, 1990.
)+ 6 * ' " ( ) * H@0
& = 5 "+ 3 55
. 5 $ 4 6 7 7 )
-8 ) & " *" " 0 6% 7 ! - 3 55 7
Kember, David, A c tio n L e a r n in g a n d A c t io n R e s e a rc h , London: Kogan Page
Mills, Geoffrey E., A c t io n R e s e a rc h : A G u id e f o r t h e T e a c h e r R e s e a rc h e r . 2 n d e d ) ,
New Jersey: Merril Prentice Hall, 2003).
2 5 I 00 + $ " # 6 " 4 # - .
! - 5 + 2 3 " 7
. ;## + 9 > & 0
5 ! + ) ( &/&0 2 , 3 ) "
& = 5 " 5 , 2 ,
Oller, John W, L a n g u a g e T e s t a t S c h o o l, London: Longman Group Limited, 1979.
8 7. 5 7# ! . * 8 , 5 " $
- 9 # ! %) , & = 5 "+ 3 55
8 ) " I 4 5 3 " 7 2 $ 7#5
6+ 2 * )- --- 77" 7 % "
- 5 " = = %)
* ' 6 5 + + , 0 # " 3 8 ' I 0
3 5
*- 2 7. + * 0H@0 & = 5 "+ 3 55
%) C % * " 0 # " ; # 5
C 7 2 7. " # 0 ! %) ,
! %) , & = 5 "+ 3 55
Wiriaatmadja, Rochiati, M e t o d e P e n e litia n T in d a k a n K e la s (U
n tu k M e n in g k a tk a n
K in e rj a G u r u d a n D o s e n ), Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2006.
>>%$'#@ . - $"% =#%8 ( "&% $* # & "% !&% #$ "&% % # #$ , ")',
+%( % !"# $ % % !&
9 9 +
5 4 5
4 , % 5 5 %) ' ) . 5 ,, 5 # 5N
6#" = " 5 + , #5 # % 5 5 , ' 4 . 5 ,, 5N
2 + , , # % , ' 4 . 5 ,, 5N
* ) *# + , ,, , 5 " % , ' ) . 5
,, 5N
6 # % , ' I %% N
4 , % " 5 5 5 5- # " # , ' I %% ) ,5 ,N
*" " , + , , # % , ' , %% N
6 # . . % , 5" " , %) ' 2 2 ,N
6 # . 5" " , %) ' ! " @" 7. , / , 0 #" 0
" # , ' , %% N
2 " # . 5" " , , ' ! " @" 7. , / ,
>>%$'#@ 3 - $"% =#%8 ( "&% $* # & % !&% ("% !"# $ % % !&
9 9 +
5
4 , % # 5 5 5- ) % %) ' I %% 5 " .
% ,, # % " ! " @" 7. , / ,N
4 , % # % % % . % I %% 5 5- ) 5 " .
% # % " ! " @" 7. , / ,N
4 , % " 5 5 5 5- # " # %) ' I %% % ,, #
% " ! " @" 7. , / , ) ,5 ,N
A + , " . " # " # ) ' I %% % ,, # % "
! " @" 7. , / ,N
2 " ) , % 7 % , " 5 # " N
6 " 5 " . % . " %) ' I %% % ,, #
% " ! " @" 7. , / ,N
6 # . ) % 5 " % " = 5 5 " . % . " ,, % "
! " @" 7. , / , % %) ' # 5N
2 " " ) , % 7" = " 5 + , #5 # %
5 5 %) ' I %% , % ,, # % " ! " @"
7. , / ,N
* " . % , )5 = 5 %) ' I %% , % ,, #
% " ! " @" 7. , / , # . % " ! " @"
7. , / , 0 #" 0 " # %) ' I %% N
* " . % ' )5 = 2 " # . 5" " , , '
% " ! " @" 7. , / , " % ,# "#
>>%$'#@ 3;- &% % ) " ( #$"% =#%8 #$ "&% " ( ! !"# $ % % !&
9 9
5%> ' ) ) + & $** # ) ) & $*% $*
3 - - 7 2 *+ .
3 . # + , - - 7 * 05 " * 3
) " I 4 . 5 ,, 5
1 ,, * )" 6
C #" T
% " 8 , I
.6 $, - 5%"#: #;) %$< '# ; % =% 7 ; * # $ : $'# # # 8 ' >% ;% < $ * %"% & %$**)$ : $ %" '% $"%@")
% !&#$* $' % $#$*G
4 8 ; - * + % , % " 5 5- " . " " % " = 5 % %) '
, %% % # ' % 5 " " # % 5 " # ) '
, %% , " % % ' ) . 5 ,, 5 , ) # )
36 $, - + * # $ :% >) $ >% & $ # 8 %"% & %$% >: $ %" '% $"%@") % !&#$* $' % $#$*G
4 8 ; - * + 5 , " 5 , % . " # %) , # % % 5
5-% , 5-%5-% , 5 " . # " 5 % 5 % % . " . 5
% # + , % ' ## ) #
26 $, - + * # $ > "# #> # # 8 :%"#: >% ;% < $ %$**)$ : $ %" '% $"%@") % !&#$* $' % $#$*
;% $* )$*G
4 8 ; - " 5 5 5 5- 7 # ) # % 5 5 %) ' # 5
C - + 5 5- " . " 5 0 % % , +
5-" 5-" 5-" " # % #5 # # , " " 5 ) " 5 . ,, 5 5- %
# % ) " 5 5 " 5 5 5 5- 7 # ) # " # "
16 $, - 5%$' > , $* "% #& " :%"#: ;% < %$**)$ : $ %" '% $"%@") % !&#$* $' % $#$*G
4 8 ; -A + , " . " + " # " # 5 5- . 5 % , , " # %)
" 5 5 + , " . % # ' 5 ) % + . 5 % ,. #
# " # ' + , ) ) ) # " # % ,, # " 5 5 + , ) )
' , # ) + # % # # # , = 7 ) + 5 . ,, % #
# 5 " % % % # # 5 # " + , % # % #5
B6 $, - %$) )" $' 7 ; * # $ ! %$* " # :%$' #")G
4 8 ; - * " + , " . # " 5# 5 # 5 0 #5 )
.-%) . # % 5 " # " " - ' ) % %) - # % 5 % %
# % 5 % 5 " # % # " % # 7 + , " ") # %
% , " 5 # " 5 ) "
06 $, - > >%$' > " $' 7 %"% & % #& " >% ;% < $ %$**)$ : $ %" '% $"%@") % !&#$* $' % $#$*G
4 8 ; - + ) , 5 3 %) ' I %% % ,, # 2 "
! " @" 7. , / , % # 5 " + , %
%) ' 4 . 5 ,, 5 #. 5 5 + , %%
H6 $, - > : & ;) % "% "#= # %"% & % #& " >%$**)$ $ %" '% $"%@") % !&#$* $' % $#$* ' >% ;% < $ '#
:% G
4 8 ; - + 2 " ! " @" 7. , / , ) 5 % '
" " = % %) ' 4 . 5 ,, 5 2 " "
% % # + 5" " , %) ' + , # 5 + , # - #" + ,
I6 $, - %$) )" >%$' > " $' 7 ; * # $ :"#=#" , $*
'# : $ : $ ' > % >% ;% < $ * '%$* $
%$**)$ : $ %" '% $"%@") % !&#$* $' % $#$*G
4 8 ; - #" 0 " 5 + 5 , " % # # " 0 # % # , "
%) ' + ) " # ) ) # % # + , % ,# 5 #
5 5- " # ) # ' 5 % 5 7 # " 0 * " #" 0 " 5 + ,
+ " + , " % " . # ' ' 5 5- %
% % #5 . 5 " % % #
J6 $, - %"% & %$* ; % = # >% ;% < $ '%$* $ %$**)$ : $ %" '% $"%@") % !&#$* $' % $#$* > : & " "%*# >% ;% < $ %" '% $"%@") % !&#$* $' % $#$* %(%:"#( '#"% >: $ > ' >% ;% < $ * G
4 8 ; - + 5 + 5 2 " ! " @" 7. , / ,
7 # 0 #" 0 ' , " % ,# "# # " 0 " 5 5 5- # %
% % ' , %%
./6 $, - %"% & %$< '# ; % =% 7 %$) )" $' 7 > : & %" '% $"%@") % !&#$* $' % $#$* ' > " %$#$*: ": $ :% >) $ %$) # # 8 ' ; & $** # G
4 8 ; - + 5 + % " " % ,# "# # % % , %%
5 5- # " % % % . 5 5- % . % 5 5- % ) '
, %% % ) . 5 ,, 5 " ' , " " . " % 5
5-+ , % ' # ) # 5 " 5 # 5
, , 6
" = - " =
>>%$'#@ 2;- &% % ) " ( )% "# $$ # % #$ "&% % # #$ , ")',
)% "# $ ! % % !%$" *%
; ! ' % ; ! ' %
.
6 # . 6 5 #
' 4 . 5 ,, 5N 2 .1 J . / J6H B16I 2362 26H /
3
6 # . # % ,
% . % % . %
% " , %% %
) . 5 ,, 5 5 %
N
/ .1 J 2 / / B16I J6H 2362 /
2
6 # . 6 5 ,
" . '
, %% % ) . 5
,, 5
. .1 J 2 / 263 B16I 2362 J6H /
1
4 , % # . % "
6 , %% %
) . 5 ,, 5 / .3 .. H / / 1.6J 226B 3360 /
B
4 , % 7 ,
% , '
' , %%
>>%$'#@ B - ")'%$" ! % #$ % # #$ , ")',
E
No Students' Number Score
>>%$'#@ 0 - ")'%$" ! % #$ "&% ,! % .
E 9 .
No Students' Number Score
/ = %) 0 5" "5 7 " ,
X Y
>>%$'#@ H - &% ")'%$" * ! % #$ "&% !,! % 3
E 3
No Students' Number Score
/ = %) 0 5" "5 7 " ,
X Y
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
" B
"%
-6FI S 0 ". 7" = " 5 - 6 S 0 ". 5" "5
* 77 550
I S % 5" 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S % 5" 0 ". 5" "5 * 77 550
: S 5 % 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S 5 % 0 ". 5" "5 0 3 S 0 - 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S 0 - 0 ". 5" "5 0
9
2 9
+
B
; % =%
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
" B
"%
-6FI S 0 ". 7" = " 5 - 6 S 0 ". 5" "5
* 77 550
I S % 5" 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S % 5" 0 ". 5" "5 * 77 550
: S 5 % 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S 5 % 0 ". 5" "5 0 3 S 0 - 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S 0 - 0 ". 5" "5 0
9
2 9
+
B
; % =%
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z I
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z I
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
" B
"%
-6FI S 0 ". 7" = " 5 - 6 S 0 ". 5" "5 * 77 550
I S % 5" 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S % 5" 0 ". 5" "5 * 77 550 : S 5 % 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S 5 % 0 ". 5" "5 0
3 S 0 - 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S 0 - 0 ". 5" "5 0
9
2 9
+
B
%%"#$* . %%"#$* 3 %%"#$* 2 " %%"#$* % !%$" *%
B
K C2
K 3B/6.C2 K I262 ; % =%
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
" B
"%
-6FI S 0 ". 7" = " 5 - 6 S 0 ". 5" "5
5 77 550
I S % 5" 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S % 5" 0 ". 5" "5 5 77 550
: S 5 % 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S 5 % 0 ". 5" "5 0 3 S 0 - 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S 0 - 0 ". 5" "5 0
9
2 9
+
B
; % =%
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
" B
"%
-6FI S 0 ". 7" = " 5 - 6 S 0 ". 5" "5
* 77 550
I S % 5" 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S % 5" 0 ". 5" "5 * 77 550
: S 5 % 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S 5 % 0 ". 5" "5 0 3 S 0 - 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S 0 - 0 ". 5" "5 0
9
2 9
+
B
; % =%
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z I
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z I
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
* Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z FI
" B
"%
-6FI S 0 ". 7" = " 5 - 6 S 0 ". 5" "5 * 77 550
I S % 5" 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S % 5" 0 ". 5" "5 * 77 550 : S 5 % 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S 5 % 0 ". 5" "5 0
3 S 0 - 0 ". 7" = " 5 - S 0 - 0 ". 5" "5 0
9
2 9
+
B
%%"#$* . %%"#$* 3 %%"#$* 2 " %%"#$* % !%$" *%
B
K C2
K 3H.6BC2 K JB60 ; % =%
>>%$'#@ ./
-!+7 12 " , 1 H
; +1; " * " +1 2 7. ".
% T
I "5
: % ". 5" "5> 5
* % 5" "5 + "" " " 7. >5 @ " *" "5 # 5 % " = " " *" + 7" * 7. : % ". " 7. >5 5
. " 7. 7. 5 ". , " 7. , @ , 7" * 7.
7. , = " 5 = , )+ 5- , 0 ". < 5" 5
. ,5 " 7 5
: % ". 5" "5> 5
*" "5 " @ ". = 7 ) + . * % 5" "5 >" # " " + . " 0 " ". = 7 ) + ". +
*" "5 " , = " 5" , @ " " "" 7" ". 5" "5 : % ". " 7. >5 5
7. 5. , = ". - + . - " , " ". = 7 ) + ) 7 5 % 5" 0 5" "5 . = 7# = 7 ) + 0
; % =%
!+7 12 " , 1
-; +1-; "-; 2 + 12 7. ".
% T
I "5
: % ". 5" "5> 5
*" "5 #5 5 7 " ">5 , . + 57 55 ". - # " % # 7" 5 7. ) 5 ". " @"
*" "5 - " ". @ 7 5 ". , ". 5 5" 7 +
*" "5 = 5 ". @ 7 5 0 - , ". , , < 5" 5 5" )+ 5" . )+ ". " 7.
: % ". " 7. >5 5
. " 7. , = 5 , 7" = "+ 5 , 7. 7 " , " ". ,
0 " 7. , . + = " 5 % , 5 " 5 ,
. " 7. % ". 5" "5 ". " ". + 5. + "" " " ". 7 " " , G "
. ,5 " 7 5
: % ". 5" "5> 5
* % 5" "5 >" 5" -. " ". + " . + + # - ". "" ) " ". 7" = "+ * ". + # - " : + ". + - 0"
: % ". " 7. >5 5
4 0 5" " , " - 7" = "+ " 7. 5. @ 57 ) 7 + -. " ". 5" "5 , , " ". 5 7 5 ". " 7. + " "" 0 -. " 5" "5 - * 0 5" ". + " # % " = "
; % =%
!+7 12 " , 1 .
; +1; " * " + 12 7. ".
% T
I "5
: % ". 5" "5> 5
*" "5 7 " = " 5 " ". " 7. >5 " 7. , ,
*" "5 " ". @ 7 5 ". ,. 7 7" 5 5 + 5 ,
% 0 " , ,
: % ". " 7. >5 5
7. % 5" 5 ". " 7. < ". % " 5. , = 5 7. 7. 7# ". 5" "5> - # )+ - # , " ". " ) , = , 7 %% "5
) . ,5 " 7 5
: % ". 5" "5> 5
* % 5" "5 # 7# 5 5
* % 5" "5 5" . 00 7 " , %% 5 7. 5 5 , 5 % 5 " " 5
: % ". " 7. >5 5
7. 5. % # 5 0 ". 5" "5 + " 5" " . @ , 0 ". 5" "5 " + + " " + " % # ". % + 5
-. " 5. @ 5 7 ) 5"
7. 5 % " % 5 0 , " " , = - " ". 5" "5 -. 5 77 77 % 5. , . 5 1 . " 5# +
; % =%
>>%$'#@ ./;- #% ' "% #$ "&% %! $' ,! %6
!+7 12 " , 1 H
; +1; " * " + 1 6 5"
% T
I "5
: % ". 5" "5> 5
2 5" "5 + "" " - " @" @ " ) " 7" 5 7. 0 9 5 ? 5"
* % 5" "5 " 7 " % # , 7" * 7. ". -. " )
. 5" "5 ) , 7" + 7. , : % ". " 7. >5 5
. " 7. " 7 - " @" @ " ) " 7" 5 7. 0 9 5 ? 5"
. " 7. , = ". 7. 7 " ". 5" " " 7. 5 ". ,
) . ,5 " 7 5
: % ". 5" "5> 5 . 7 55 5" - 5 5+
* % 5" "5 5" 5# ) " 7" 5 7. 0 9 5 ? 5"
: % ". " 7. >5 5
. " 7. 5. . = 00 " " % # ". 5" " # 5 "
. " 7. 5. % # . = 7
; % =%
!+7 12 " , 1
-; +1-; "-; 2 + 1 6 ".
% T
I "5
: % ". 5" "5> 5
*" "5 - " = 5 ". @ 7 5 ". , 7 " = +
". 5 5" 7 +
*" "5 . 7. 7 " 5# < 5" 5 5 % + 5 55 ) 0 +
$ , 5. 5
: % ". " 7. >5 5
. " 7. , = 5 00 7 " @ " , 7 " ". 5" "5 " 50 % , 7" " 7" 5 7.
. " 7. 5 @ % = 5 , , " . 5" "5 = 5 ,
". @ 7 5 @ ". "5 " )+
) . ,5 " 7 5
: % ". 5" "5> 5
* % 5" "5 . 00 7 " " 5" ". 5" 7" 5 , = : % ". " 7. >5 5
. " 7. 5. 7. 7# ". 5" "5 " % # 5 ". " ". + 5" ) " ". 5" 7"
; % =%
!+7 12 " , 1 .
; +1; " * " +1 6 ".
% T
I "5
: % ". 5" "5> 5
6 0 ". 5" "5 7 7" " 7. 7# ". 0 @7 7 5 6 0 ". 5" "5 " ". @ 7 5
* % 5" "5 ". 0 @ 7 5 - ". ". , : % ". " 7. >5 5
7. " ,." 5 % 0 " , ,
7. 5 # % + 7 +
. " 7. 7. 7# ". 5" "5 " % # 5 ". " 5" " 5" ) " ". 5" 7"
) . ,5 " 7 5
: % ". 5" "5> 5
* % 5" " . 00 7 "+ " 5- ". 0 @ 7 5
; % =%
-6 + + 4 F + 4
-6 ) ;% +% <
4 # " @" $ , 5. *#+
A # % A *3 4 . 5 ,, 5 # 5 F
* ) 5 *23 A 5 F
+6 %'# +% <
*7 " " #5 + , " % 6
3 %) )5 = " 7. 7# 5"5 % , " 5 5
5 5- % # , " ) ' % , ' 0 " 5 " # %
5 5 A42
) 5" % " S %
%$*%" &)# $*% $*7 3/..
; % =% % % !&%
# ( # "#7 6 ' #"# "#( &
># $
% ; >%$# # $ 5+ 5%*# " $ +% < %$* <
&% ! 8 ' , # $
; ".+ . 0 5 - - # , ". ,. ". 0 5" -. ". + .
" ) . @" % % " , " " ; ".+ .
0 5 - = + 0 ,." ) " "" " . ) # " ". . ,
) 5"
C. ". / 5 - ". "" , . . 5 % ". 5 0 " ) " . % ; ".+ ) 7 % 5 , + " ". 5 ". " 5. 7 % 0 - 5 ". / ". 5
K; >" + ) " " [L*. 5. "
K9 ,." " ) 5. % 0 + 5 0 ) , / # + " + , " ) " "" ,[L
K >" ) " . % L 5 ". / 5 . )) . 5 5 - ". . 5 ) ,
-K ) " + " " L ; ".+ 5- K9 ". , ) " 7 - [L
. 0 " F + 5. % " ; ".+ . : ". " ". ,.
. - 5 ". # , 0 ". ) 5"5 . - 5 7" + 7 - - 5 0 0 % 5"
= +". , = +) +
. *7 7 - 57 "7. . 5 5" - . . . 5 K2 +) HG 7
, = + 7 , L
K 0 + . 7 , ". 7 " + ) # , ". 4 5"5 L 5 ".
/
* ; ".+ ". *7 7 - ". % = " ". / " ' ". %
". ' + " ". $% ! "+ . / , ". 0 5 7 " "
-6 + + 4 F + 4
-6 ) ;% +% <
4 # " @" $ , 5. *#+
A # % A *3 4 . 5 ,, 5 # 5 F
* ) 5 *23 A 5 F
6 %'# +% <
*7 " " #5 + , " % 6
3 %) )5 = " 7. 7# 5"5 % , " 5 5
5 5- % # , " ) ' % , ' 0 " 5 " # %
5 5 A42
) 5" % " S %
%$*%" &)# $*% $*7 3/..
; % =% % % !&%
# ( # "#7 6 ' #"# "#( &
># $
% ; >%$# # $ 5+ 5%*# " $ +% < %$* <
&% ! 8 ' , # $
; ".+ . 0 5 - - # , ". ,. ". 0 5" -. ". + .
" ) . @" % % " , " " ; ".+ .
0 5 - = + 0 ,." ) " "" " . ) # " ". . ,
) 5"
C. ". / 5 - ". "" , . . 5 % ". 5 0 " ) " . % ; ".+ ) 7 % 5 , + " ". 5 ". " 5. 7 % 0 - 5 ". / ". 5
K; >" + ) " " [L*. 5. "
K9 ,." " ) 5. % 0 + 5 0 ) , / # + " + , " ) " "" ,[L
K >" ) " . % L 5 ". / 5 . )) . 5 5 - ". . 5 ) ,
-K ) " + " " L ; ".+ 5- K9 ". , ) " 7 - [L
. 0 " F + 5. % " ; ".+ . : ". " ". ,.
. - 5 ". # , 0 ". ) 5"5 . - 5 7" + 7 - - 5 0 0 % 5"
= +". , = +) +
. *7 7 - 57 "7. . 5 5" - . . . 5 K2 +) HG 7
, = + 7 , L
K 0 + . 7 , ". 7 " + ) # , ". 4 5"5 L 5 ".
/
* ; ".+ ". *7 7 - ". % = " ". / " ' ". %
". ' + " ". $% ! "+ . / , ". 0 5 7 " "