LANGUAGE CONTACT RESULTED FROM THE DUTCH
POST-COLONIZATION IN KANGEAN: AN ANALYSIS
OF CREOLES PERSPECTIVE
THESIS
By:
HIDAYATURRAHMAN
08360162
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
LANGUAGE CONTACT RESULTED FROM THE DUTCH
POST-COLONIZATION IN KANGEAN: AN ANALYSIS
OF CREOLES PERSPECTIVE
THESIS
By:
HIDAYATURRAHMAN
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
LANGUAGE CONTACT RESULTED FROM THE DUTCH
POST-COLONIZATION IN KANGEAN: AN ANALYSIS
OF CREOLES PERSPECTIVE
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to
achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
HIDAYATURRAHMAN
08360162
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
This thesis written by Hidayaturrahman was approved on April 17th, 2012.
By:
Advisor II,
Drs. Imam Mahfudz
Advisor I,
This thesis was defended in front of the examiners of the Faculty of Teacher
Training and Education of University of Muhammadiyah Malang
and accepted as one of the requirements to achieve
Sarjana Degree in English Education
Approved by:
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
University of Muhammadiyah Malang
Examiners:
1. Fardini Sabilah, M.Pd 2. Puji Sumarsono, M.Ed 3. Santi Prastiyowati, S.Pd
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
“Allâh will exalt In degree those of you who believe, and those who have been
granted knowledge”
(QS: Al-Mujaadilah:11)
“The key of perfection is knowing what you can and cannot do, to forgive yourself
for what you are not able to do and to prevent you from ignoring things
that you actually might have been able to do”
(Masasi Khisimoto)
DEDICATION:
I dedicated this thesis to:
My beloved mother and father,
My uncle and my deceased aunts,
My sister and relatives,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Invocation and peace are delivered to Prophet Muhammad S.A.W for having guided human being including the writer to the straight way, Islam.The writer is deeply grateful to his beloved family and friends for supporting him in this and every academic endeavor. Besides, the writer is also indebted to Fardini Sabilah, M.Pd, the Head of English Depertment, along with English Department lecturers for their knowledge, attention, and guide during studying in this university.
Moreover, the writer would love to express his gratitude to his thesis advisors, Santi Prastiyowati, S.Pd and Drs. Imam Mahfudz. He can finish this thesis thanks to their guide, attention, advice, and patience throughout the entire process of completing this thesis. In addition, the writer also thanks the informants and the other participants for aiding him in getting the data of this research.
Malang, 20 April 2012
LANGUAGE CONTACT RESULTED FROM THE DUTCH POST-COLONIZATION IN KANGEAN: AN ANALYSIS
OF CREOLES PERSPECTIVE
ABSTRACT
This research aimed at analyzing language contact resulted from the Dutch post-colonization in Kangean in the aspect of its creoles perspective. It was conducted to prove the significant role of Dutch in forming Kangean Creole by finding out the considerable number of Dutch-like vocabulary existing in Kangean and the people who use that language. It was based on the researcher’s suspicion that Kangean Creoles was the result of the long contact between Dutch and Kangean people during the former’s expansion in Kangean Island along with other areas in Indonesia for about 350 years.
In this study, the researcher used the descriptive qualitative research design. In the attempt to explore the findings, the researcher used three instruments: observation, interview, and documentation. The research subject of this study was Kangean people or the people who speak Kangean Creoles and the three of them were selected to be interviewees or informants.
The result of this study indicated that there were 204 (two hundreds and four) Dutch-like vocabulary in Kangean Creoles. Furthermore, the researcher found that from the elder generation to the youngsters of Kangean people spoke Kangean creole in different proportion. Thus, by looking upon those findings, it proved that Kangean Creoles was affected by Dutch in which it roled as superstrate (language of the people who has socially dominant position).
Keywords: (Language contact, Creoles, Kangean Creole)
Malang, 20 April 2012
The Advisor, The Writer,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.3Purposes of the Research………. 5
1.4Significances of the Study………... 5
1.5Scope and Limitation………... 5
1.6Definition of the Key Terms……… 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………. 7
2.1 Theory Relevant to Research Questions……….. 7
2.1.4.2.1 Types of Creoles………. 12
2.2 Current Literature Relevant to the Research Questions……….. 13
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD………... 14
3.1 Research Design……….. 14
3.3.3 Procedures of Data Collection……….. 17
3.4 Data Analysis………... 18
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION……… 19
4.1 Findings……… 19
4.1.1 The Quantity of Dutch-Like Vocabulary items Found in Kangean Creole……… 20
4.1.2 The People Who Speak Kangean Creole……….………. 28
4.2 Discussion………..……… 31
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION……….……… 34
5.2 Suggestion……… 35
REFERENCES……… 36
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Study
Lingua franca is an alternative way used by people to communicate between groups who have different languages. It is a language used by people whose mother tongues are different in order to communicate (Levchenko, 2009). Thus, a language that simply unites at least two groups can be called as a lingua franca. It is not just English that serves as an international language agreed as a lingua franca; “any language could conceivably serve as a lingua franca between two groups, no matter what sort of language it was” (Levchenko, 2009). The language that simply serves two groups or more is called Language Contact.
non-native areas to work as servants. In that situation, substrates (a language spoken by people who held socially subordinate position) and superstrates (a language spoken by people who held socially dominant position) were making contact whether or not both speakers did it on purpose.
According to Holm (2004: 5), “pidgin is a reduced language resulted from extended contact between groups of people with no language in common”. It evolves when they need some means of verbal communication, perhaps for trade, but no group learns the native language of any other group for social reasons that may include lack of trust or close contact. It is derived through the process of pidginization (Levchenko, 2009), and it has traditionally been defined as being conventionalized; in contrast to jargons which are more variable and strongly affected by native language of their users (Coulmas, 1998). Through pidgins, A creole, in the classical sense of Hall (Coulmas, 1998), is a pidgin that has acquired native speakers, usually, the descendants of pidgin speakers who grow up using the pidgin as their first language. Furthermore, According to Holm (2004: 6),
A creole has a jargon or a pidgin in its ancestry; it is spoken natively by an entire speech community, often one whose ancestors were displaced geographically so that their ties with their original language and sociocultural identity were partly broken.
conditions were often those that produce a pidgin. Normally the Africans had no language in common except what they could learn of the Europeans’ language, and access to this was usually very restricted because of the social conditions of slavery. Then, the children born in the New World were usually exposed more to this pidgin and found it more useful than their parents’ native languages (Holm, 2004).
Thus, creoles existed from the second generation of the societies having tyranny of European colonials, Indonesia is one of the sufferers imperialized by the Dutch colonial. Originally, Indonesia has many areas all over the country, and no blank spot of the country did not become the Dutch tyranny.
happened. Because their both mother tongues are different, they communicated by using a language resulted from the contact for a long time between Dutch and Kangean people.
As stated earlier, the products of language contact are usually pidgin and creole. Then the language found in Kangean might be either pidgin or creole as the result of language contact between languages uttered by Kangean people and Dutch. Furthermore, in the context on how language is spoken in Kangean that the language is uttered as a lingua franca of different villages in Kangean which their language are mutually unintellegible and not restricted by the society (used in wide range), it must have been the result of pidgin which is considered as their mother tongue by the second generation of the society; creole. Even though Creole is not the same one to other normal languages, as stated by Holm (2004), that most of linguists come to consider pidgins and creoles as freakish exceptions that were irrelevant to any theory of normal languages, but because of their nature, pidgins and creoles could offer important insights into the study of languages, Reinecke (cited in Holm, 2004). Thus, the writer is extremely interesting in conducting a research and writing it in a thesis entitled “Language Contact Resulted from the Dutch Post-Colonization in Kangean: An Analysis of Creoles Perspective”.
1.2Research Problems
2. What kind of Kangean generations speaks Kangean creole?
1.3Purposes of the Research
From the stated research problem above, the purposes of this research are:
1. To know how many Dutch-like vocabulary items found in Kangean creole. 2. To describe what Kangean generation who speaks Kangean creole.
1.4Significances of the Study
Hopefully, this study gives an important contribution to those who are interested in studying about sociolinguistics, especially in language contact. Furthermore, it will be useful for the other researchers who study related to the topic.
1.5Scope and Limitation
This research is focusing on language contact that existed after Dutch inflation in Kangean Island, and it highlights on its creole perspective. Yet because there is no formal document about Kangean itself, this research is limited to only study based on observation and interview, and also focused in two villages. They are Duko and Arjasa village.
1.6Definition of the Key Terms
1. Creole is usually a pidgin that has acquired native speakers and the descendants of pidgins
2. Lingua Franca is a language used as a common means of communication among people whose native language are mutually unintelligible.
