Training Programme of Biogas to Minimize Environmental
Pollution in the Tempok Village Sub Tompaso District
Femi H. Elly
Social-Economic Department, Animal Husbandry Faculty, The University of Sam Ratulangi Manado,
Jl. Kampus Bahu Kleak Manado, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia, 95115 e-mail: femi.elly@yahoo.com
Abstract
The cattle in the village Tempok traditionally maintained, in the sense that no caged animals. On the afternoon of cattle grazing in the garden, the evening brought home and left on the home page. The problem, waste of cattle can cause environmental pollution. Based on the problems of making biogas training was conducted with the aim to increase knowledge and awareness of peasant farmers in minimizing environmental pollution and produce biogas reactor. The goal of this group was the farmers’ cattle Pinatoroan and Samperongan. The method used of the application of science and technology was extension and training program of making biogas. Waste of cattle produces methane (CH4), which can increase greenhouse gas emissions. One of the activities that can be done is processing of biogas as an effort to improve environmental quality. Biogas reactor is made of 2 pieces and has successfully seen the fire coming out of the stove. This activity is done to reduce greenhouse gas emissions produced from waste of cattle. The result of the application of science and technology was to increase knowledge and awareness of peasant farmers in minimizing environmental pollution. Biogas reactor produces gas as a fuel substitute. Benefits derived from these activities is to reduce expenditures for kerosene, reducing the dependence of fuel wood, the home page be clean, pleasing to the eye and reduce odor.
Keywords: biogas, cattle waste, environment
Introducton
Based on jont decson of the Mnster of Home Affars and Mnster of Agr-culture, No. 54 of year 1996: 304/KPTS/L.P.120/4/96, about Gudelnes for Imple-mentaton of Agrcultural Extenson, a program to mprove farmer groups, based on local condtons and potental resources, and consderng the strategc envron-ment that nfluence t, have been run (Departenvron-ment of Anmal Husbandry, 1998). The program was prmarly ntended for low ncome rural households. One energy technology n accordance wth the requrements of the rural households was bogas technology. Accordng to Srsertpol et al. (2010), bogas was one knd of energy and sustanable development that were essental to energy and envronmental plannng. Bogas from cattle waste could substtute kerosene whch were expensve and scarce n rural area.
In Dstrct Tompaso there were two groups of cattle farmers, namely group of cattle farmers Pnatoroan and Samperongan. The groups mantaned ther cattle tradtonally and extensvely. On the mornng untl late afternoon the cattle were let grazng n the feld. In the afternoon, around 18:00 o’clock, the cattle were brought back and let slept n ther home yard. The system caused envronmental problem due to unmanaged of the cattle dunk(El-Hadd and A-Turk, 2007).
Based on these problems, we conducted a program to use cattle waste to make bogas. The purpose of program was to tran members of the cattle farmer groups to convert ther cattle waste nto bogas. Ths program were conssted of two actv-tes namely extenton servce and tranng. These actvactv-tes were done as efforts to ncrease awareness of the cattle farmers n mnmzng envronmental polluton.
Materals and Methods
Results and Dscusson
The number of cattle owned by members of the Semporongan group was 55 and Pnatoroan group owned 64 cattle. The cattle were prvately owned by the group. The cattle released waste daly. Unmanaged cattle waste produced methane (CH4), whch ncreased greenhouse gas emssons (GHG). Methane was a greenhouse gas that accumulates n the atmosphere due to human actvtes (Masse et al., 2003). Therefore, cattle farmng have been blamed to cause global warmng.
Lvestock waste was a potental source of CH4 emssons (Moss, 1993 n Masse
et al., 2003). Therefore, t should be converted nto bogas. Accordng to Yrdoe et al. (2009), producton of bogas n general, was consdered fnancally feasble f t was made from 50 cows or 200 sows.
In average, a famly energy needs for cookng was 2000 lters per day. Accordng Putro (2007), household cookng energy needs can be met from waste of 3 cattle. Therefore, bogas produced by the group was consdered fnancally feasble (numbers of cattle owned by the group were more than 50 wth average of cattle owned was 3).
Bogas technology has been ntroduced and developed qute a long tme n Indonesa (Wdodo et al., 2009). Bogas technology can be appled to the scale of household, commercal or vllage (Eze, 2009). Bond and Templeton (2011) ex-planed that the bogas contans 50-70% CH4 and 30-50% CO2. In nature, methane gas was always there, but there was a need for equpment and specfc condtons to accelerate the formaton of gas (Putro, 2007).
Bogas reactor was a devce that can process waste nto bogas. Each bogas reactor unt had been made from two drum contaner. The other two drums were used to buld a gas reservor. Cattle waste was mxed wth water n the rato 1: 1, strred untl dssolved and then nserted nto the bogas reactor. Bogas reactor was made smply to be accessble to the farmers (Fgure 1). Lo et al. (1984) noted that unwllngness of North Amercan farmers to adopt the bogas technology were due to the hgh captal nvestment for constructon of bogas. The earler reactor had been made for convertng pg waste (Adl et al, 2012).
A larger drum wth a capacty of 200 lters were flled wth water. The drum
served as a control gas formaton. Then a smaller drum wth a capacty of 120 lters were then be put nto the larger. The drum were fed wth fresh cattle waste every day. The bogas process could reduce the rato of carbon to ntrogen (C/N) 21.82 to 14.19 (Chen et al, 2010).
flammable gas. The CH4 gas content n the bogas produced from cattle waste n ths tranng were about 60%.
Fgure 1. Bogas Reactors usng Drum (Oley et al., 2009)
The bogas reactor was connected to the reservor gas, methane gas generated out through the hose to the gas reservor. The resultng methane gas can come out through the hose from the gas reservor to the gas stove. After 4 weeks, the gas can be heated up and used for cookng. Bogas producton could partally replace fos-sl fuel energy so as to reduce the envronmental mpact. Bogas was cleaner fuels and renewable energy (Schevano et al, 2009). Furthermore, Barnhart (2012) sad that household-scale bogas technology could be used for cookng as a substtute to frewood and mproved human health and the envronment.
Tranng of makng bogas for cattle farmers n the vllage of Tempok very benefcal to the avalablty of fuel energy. As a result, household expendtures for kerosene, whch was ncreasngly expensve and scarce, could be suppressed. In addton, ths actvty could be benefcal for reducton of envronmental polluton. Accordng to Smpson (1979), bogas producton may also benefted from reducton of fles and mosqutoes reproducton cycle. Whle, Aklaku et al (2006) explaned that the presence of bogas as an energy source would free the farmer from the de-pendence on wood fuel, reduced bad smell and the presence of anmal pests such as fles. Accordng Byatmoko and Wjokongko (2011), an mportant beneft of bogas as a fuel alternatve was because of t was cheap, the raw materals were easly aval-able, and because t was envronmentally frendly. Methane gas that wll burn and destroy ozone could be optmally utlzed as a source of fuel n rural communtes.
study to develop a bogas reactor for scale of the group farmers. In ths case the de-velopment of the vllage Tempok need government nterventon. Accordng Byat-moko and Wjokongko (2011), there was an urgency for socalsaton of bogas uses and mprovng publc percevng n bogas utlzaton. Ths condton, especally n rural communtes, ncludng mprovement of capacty n techncal and manage-ment dgester care.
Concluson
Applcaton of scence and technology can mprove farmer knowledge and awareness of n mnmzng envronmental polluton. The avalablty of two unts of bogas reactor n the Tempok Vllage produced gas that can be used as a fuel substtute for petroleum. Benefts derved from these actvtes were reducton of expendtures for kerosene, reducng the dependence on fuel wood, produced a better envronment for the farmer by means of cleaner yard and less smell of cattle waste.
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