Al-Tafkir al-Islami‘an Taḥrir al-Mar’ah bi Indunisiya

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INDONESIAN

JOURNAL FOR ISlAMIC STUDIES Volume 4, Number 4, 1997

ISSN 0215-0492

!SLAM AND MEDICAL SCIENCE:

EVIDENCE FROM MALAYSIAN AND INDONESIAN FATAWA M. B. Hooker

ISLAMIC LEGAL LITERATURE AND SUBSTANTIVE

LAW

IN INDONESIA

Nur Ahmad Fadhil Lubis

AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF DIVORCE

LAW

REFORM IN INDONESIA

Mark Cammack

INDONESIANS IN SAUDI ARABIA: WORSHIP AND WORK

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STUD

lA ISLAMIKJ\

lndonesran Joumal for Islamic Studies

Volume 4, Number 4, 1997

EDITORIAL BOARD Hamn Nasuliou Mastubu M Quraisb ｾ｢ｲ｢｡｢＠

A Aziz Dab/an M. Strlria Jijfelldi

Vabilah Lubir

M. ｬＧｴｴｾｬＨＯＱＱ＠ I usuf

Komartuldin Hidaytrl M Dm ＡＡｊＺｲ｡ｭｾｵ､､ｩｬｬ＠

Muslim .Vaslllion \fl'flhib Mu'lbi EDITOR-IN-CIIIEF

Az)'ltmardi tb'ra

EDITORS

\'ai[rrf ,l1ujalll flrmdro ｐｲ｡ｳｾｴＩ＠ o .ftJban H. Alc!lllrmtm

Didltr ｾＩＧ｡ｦｲｲｵｬ､ｩｮ＠

.'\II Mrmbanif

ASSISTANTS TO THE EDITOR: Arief Subbau

01111111 l-atburrabma11 Nrml NttrOIIf

ENC.LISH LANGUAGF. ADVISOR.

Donald Pourr

AI!ABIC l.ANGCAGE ADVISOR

N111'$WIIU(/

COVER DESIGNER S. Prinka

ｾｔｕｕｉａ＠ ISLAMlKA (ISSN 0215-!H92) is a journal published quarterly by the /nstitut Agama Islam

Ni!geri (WN. lhe St:lle Instirute lor lsl:umc SIUdies) Syarif Hida)'lltULIJh,Jakarta (STT DEPPEN No. Jl9i5K/Dl1JEN/PPG/STT/1976) and sponsored by the Deparm1cnt of Reli!lious Affairs of the Republic ｯｬｬｮ､ｯｮ･ｾｩ｡Ｎ＠ It speclahzes in Indonesian Islamk studies, and is imcndcd ro communi-care onginJI researches and current issues on the subjccr !his )ournO!l warmly welcomes contribuuons from scholars of rdatcd discrplines.

All articles publrshcd do not neccssanly represent the views of tht: journal. or other institutions to

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Emzi Netri

AI-T

afk!r al-Islam!

'an

Ta}:lr1r al-Mar'ah bi Indun!siya

Abstrac: 7he generally weak positton of women in ｍｾｊｓｩｩｭ＠ soaety h.ts given lm-cb to ..l mO'Uement and thought among Indonesian Muslims concernmg

women's emancipation. Prominent figures have criticizedMtJS!im understand-zng of women's position inherited from generation to generation for inferior and subordinate posttion of women m society. According to these figures, !slam is God's mercy for all and, as such, Islam cannot possibly treat men as special whtle regarding women as having a lower stattfS. Although critical of how Islam rmdmtood women's staltfS, d1eir conceptualization and artiotlation of the problem has differed accm·ding to the historical period and comext m ques-tion

Women's inferior place irl Muslim society, for example, can be seen in the

"kitab kuning-" (or yellow books-Islamic classical texts thac bave become yel-low becatJSe of age) 17Je kitab kuning, widely used by muiitional kiyai and

'ulama' (religiolfS scholars/leaders} of the pesantren (Islamic boarding schoolj, haveasu/ftciently clear albeit not absolute point ofview which ｲ･ｧ｡ｲ､ｾ＠ women's status as below that of men. An illuscration of this viewpoint is the text Uqud

ai-Lujayn f) Bayan f:iuqug al-Jawzayn, by Nawawf al-Bantant, a zext widely

read m the pesamren ofjava. In many matters, this text stresses a wife's duty to

her btiSband rather than the other war round. The men are positioned as the sub;ect of the text, women as the ob;ect. According to the text, one of the main duttes of women is to serve their husbands in

bed

RejiJSal of sex wi

tb

her hus· band represents a woman's great sin. Nawaw£, basing his opmion on the Qur'an and (ladfth, greatly stressed an attitude of a woman's total obedience and en-slavement to her husband.

Indonesian responses to an opinion such as that held by Nawawf can be divided mto three phases. The first phase occurred between the end of the 19th amtu?y and tbe beginning of the twentieth. 7he second phase was in the 1960s and 1970s and the third phaseafier the 1980s.

The

first

phase of Indonesian Muslim disc01me represents that of pioneer thinkers. Attention during this perzod was directed to the improvement ofttr· gent and basic problems that women confronted including m areas of educa-tion,freedom from traditional discrimination, and imprO'Uement ｮｦｩｮ､ｩｶｩ､ｾｩ｡ｬ＠

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liS f.m• Sttr:

and socUil stttcus in rruzrriage-especially regarding the issue of polygamy. Al-though .Mus! im aspirations foy em;1napation were not as strong as those held by secu!a1· women's groups, figttres such as Rohant1 Kudu.s a11d Rahmab

el-Yuni{.St)yab quue clearly demaruled tmprm)emen t of

apport

unities fm-women. Beginning with "iqra" or the command to read the Qur'Jn, Rohana Ktdus expwined that reading fmd writing was not the specUil right of men, but also a b,wc right that women should recezve. From a youthful age, she was .-tlrearly aaive struggling/or u•omens education. In addzt10n, she diSatssed po!ttzul rights for women ｾｴｳｩｮｧ＠ women's achievements internationally as a model on which lo base her ideas. She was strongly owosed to the practice by tbe Dutch in. tbe Indies of keeping "second wives" and improper treatment ofwomen work-ers on Deli plantations.

17Je second phase of Mztslim discourse concerned the theme of women and development. 'J7Jis pe1iod was marked by lndoneszan women's efforts to gain what is called "partnel'Ship in development."' One figure representative of this second phase of struggle was Zakiah Darajat. 7Akiah re;ected the opinion that women cannot mvolve themselves m national development and wider socUil

｡｣ｴｩｾＱｩｴｺ･ｳＬ＠ or that they should be rest?7.Cted from tbe same rights and duties of men to demand knowledge. Rough!)' during this period, !ndonesian intellectu· als began to use the tenn feminism and gender in established scholarship.

17Je third phase possessed its own specific cbamcte1·, as there was greate1· ar·

tzad,tllOn of eman.cipatzon by exponents ofMttslim thought. They ｩｮｴ･ｮｳｩｾＱ･ｬｹ＠

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Emzi

ｎ･ｴｾＭｩ＠

Al-Tafk!r al-Islam!

'an Tabr!r al-Mar'ah

bi

Indun!siya

Abstraksi: Posrsz perempuan yang umumnya lemab dalam masya?·akat telah mendorong !ahtmya pemikzran dan gerakan emanstpasz perempuan da·ri kalangan Muslim Indonesia. Para tokob utamanya menggugat pemahaman Islam tentangperempuan yang diwariskan dari satu generasi ke generasi karena dinilai be?·tanggungjawab atas irzferio?·itas dan pomi subordinatifperempuan di ten.gah·tengab rnasya1·akat. Menurut keyakinan mereka, Islam adalah rahmat bagz semua. Karena iw, Islam tidak mungkin mengisumewakan laki-lakr dan merendahkan pe1·empuan. Semua tokoh ini kritis terhadap pemahamarz Islam dalam lmbungannya derzgan posist ｰ･＿ﾷ･ｭｰｴｾ｡ｮＬ＠ sekalipun artikulasi pemikirannya dalam menanggapi penoalan tersebttt berbeda·heda sesuai dengan perbedaan zaman dan konteksnya.

Pe1nahaman Islam yang memberi tempat rendah pad,t perempuan misalnya dapat dtlihat dalam 'kitabkuning': "Kitabkuning"yang meluas dipakai kiyaz dan ulama tradislOnal dengan basis pesantren, memandang bahwa kedudttkan perempuan berada di bawab faki-laki. Penggambt1rarz demikian dapat dilLhat misalnya cU!fam kitab 'Uqud al-Lujayn fl Bayan f-:iuquq al-Jawzayn, karya Nawawt al-Bantani, yang merupakan salah satu kitab yttng banyak dibaca di pesantren-pesanlren dz ]awa. Dalttm banyak hal, kitab t(?Ysebu t banyak menekankan kewajiban isteri atas suam i

daripttda sebaliknya. Laki-laki dalam kitab ini diposisikan sebagai subyek, sedangkan perempuan sebagai obyek.

Respons aLas pemahaman semacam iw, di Indonesia, apabila dilibat dari temanya, Japat dibagi kepada tig,t gelombang. Gelombang pertama

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180 £nu f'iet•·•

ter;adt ,1khrr abad ke-19 d4n awal abad 20. Gelombang kedua ialah ksmm 1960-an dan 1970-an dan gelombang ketiga adalah periode pasca tahun 1980-an.

Diskursus Islam gelombang pertama mempakan plktran-prkiran pelopor d,m penggagas. Pada pe1·iode ini perhatian tertuju pada perbaikan persoa/an mendesak dan meruiasar bagi pe·rempuan meliputi pendidtkan, pembebasan dan disk1iminasi tradm dan perbaikan status indwidual dar1 sostal dalam perkawinan seperti kasus poligami. ｗ｡ｬＬｵｾｰｵｮ＠

aspirasinya tidaksekuat da1't perempuan golongan sekuler, tokoh gerakan gelombang iniseperti Rohana Kudus dan Rahmah el-Yunusiyyah dengan sangat jelas menzmwt perbaikan kesempatan bagi perempuan. Rohana Ku.dtts bertolak dari Ｇｾｱｲ｡Ｂ＠ atau perimah membaca dalam af-Qur)an, menegaskan bahwa tulis-baca ｢ｴｾｫ｡ｮｬ｡｢＠ bak isttmewa pihak lakz-fakt, akan Letapi juga hak mendasar yang han-ts diterima perempuan.

Diskunus Islam gelombang ｫ･､ｴｾ｡＠ ber-kisar tema perempuan dan pembangunan. Penode ini ditandar oleb waha perempuan Indonesia untuk memperoleh apa yang disebut "micra dalam pembangtman ".Salah seorang tokoh yang dapat disebsa ia!ab Zaktah Daradjat. Tokoh ini menolak anggapan sementara orang yang berpandangan babwa perempuan tidak dapat berkiprah dalam pembangunan nasional atau dalam lapangan ｳｯＬｾｩ｡ｬ＠ febib luas. Juga terhadap pandnngan yang membatasi perempuan dan· hak dan kewajiban11ya unwk bersama laki· laki memmtut ilmu. Yang peming dicatat, lebzb kurang pada pe1·iode inilah iklim intefektual Indonesia mulai menggunakan istilah feminisme dan gen.de1· sebagai istilah teknis keilmuan.

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AI-Tafkir"/.1'/ami 191

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Al-Tafkir al-Islami‘an Taḥrir al-Mar’ah bi Indunisiya

INDONESIAN

!SLAM AND MEDICAL SCIENCE:

lA ISLAMIKJ\

EDITORS

N111'$WIIU(/

Emzi Netri

first

Al-Tafk!r al-Islam!

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