Effect of Prebiotic on Broiler Performance:
A Meta-Analysis
Bayu Sesarahardian
Department of Feed Technology, PT. Sinta Prima Feedmill, Jl. Sulaiman 27 A, Slipi, West Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia
e-mail: bayu-sesarahardian@sintafeed.com
Abstract
A meta-analysis of results from broiler chicken trials was conducted from several countries between 2003-2012 to demonstrate the effects of dietary prebiotic versus basal diets on feed consumption, weight gain, body weight gain and feed conversion of broiler chicken. A number of thirty seven references (peer reviewed papers) was collected to analyse by using statistical meta-analysis. Criteria for selecting studies were : 1) pen trial, 2) prebiotic dosage, 3) negative and/or positive control, 4) antibiotic inclusion, 5) replication, 6) result and discussion. Results were averaged “by treatment” using paired T-test to compare the use of dietary prebiotic on broiler performance. Compared with negative control, the final body weight and body weight gain of broiler chicken with the inclusion of prebiotic give significan effects (P<0.05) and was found to be 2.22 % and 2.83 % greater than unsupplemented. However, dietary prebiotic slight improve (P>0.05) 1.974 % feed intake and 1.153 % feed conversion. Comparisons between this present of meta-analysis and those done previously on another prebiotic trial suggest that dietary prebiotic may improve broiler performance.
Keywords: broiler, chicken, meta-analysis, prebiotic
Introducton
However, certan olgosacchardes such as fructo-olgosacchardes, galacto-olgosacchardes and mannan-galacto-olgosacchardes due to ther unque chemcal structures, are resstant to dgestve enzymes n the upper dgestve tract of a host enter n the hndgut, fermented by the ntestnal mcroflora and transt unchanged nto the large ntestne (Rehman et al., 2007). Prebotcs have ndrect favorable effects on the host mmunty. They stmulate the growth of lactc acd-producng bactera. These bactera can nfluence the mmune system by producng mmunostmulatng compounds (Houshmand et al., 2012). Mannan-olgosacchardes (MOS) are present n the cell wall of yeast and have been shown to alter mcrobal populatons n lvestock (Bggs et al., 2007). MOS have unque functons as a compettve bndng ste, the bactera bnd to t and are carred out of the gut rather than bndng to the ntestne (Grggs and Jacob, 2005). Inuln, a prebotc polyfructan, extracted from chcory (Chicorium intybus) that contains β (2 → 1) glycosidic bond and resistant to host-derved dgestve enzymes (Rehman et al., 2007). But, the major prebotcs of nterest as poultry feed addtves are fructo-olgosaccharde and mannan-olgosaccharde (Shanmugasundaram and Selvaraj, 2012).
However, there were nconsstency and nconclusve data of the applcaton of prebotcs on broler performance (Grggs and Jacob, 2005). An alternatve to fnd out ths problem s the meta-analyss approach that allows ntegratng dfferent varables and establshng systematc responses adjusted to the dversty of avalable expermental publcatons (Andrette et al., 2012). Therefore, ths study was performed usng meta-analyss to nvestgate the relatonshp of several prebotcs on broler chckens performance.
Materals and Methods
Literature Preparation
Indexed publcatons wth n vvo expermental results on broler feed supple-mented wth prebotcs were selected. The search strategy to select the publcatons was to consult dfferent onlne data sources wth key words n Englsh. The man crtera for selectng publcatons were a) dets wth prebotcs comparng wthout prebotcs, b) research wth no challenge treatment, c) effects of prebotcs on broler chcken performance. After the selecton of the publcatons, the performance var-ables such as feed ntake, body weght, body weght gan and feed converson were tabulated to permt the descrprve analyss of studes ncluded n the database.
Description of the Database
Anmal Scence (8,11 %), Journal of Appled Poultry Research (5.41 %), Interna-tonal Journal of Poultry Scence (5.41 %), Australan-Asan Journal of Anmal Sc-ence (5.41 %), Brazlan Journal of Poultry ScSc-ence (5.41 %) and Journal of Anmal and Veternary Advances (5.41 %). Most of the experments were conducted n Eu-ropean (43.24 % of the papers), Australan (24.32 % of the papers) and Amercan (18.92 % of the papers) nsttutons.
The studes ncluded n the database total 13,928 brolers, wth an average of 376 brolers per paper. The genetcs were descrbed n 86.49 % of the papers (40.54 % Cobb and 35.14 % Ross). Most (59.46 %) of the papers used male brolers, 13.51 % used mxed lots and 27.03 % dd not descrbe broler sex n the study. The facl-tes used ncluded floor (32.43 %) and cages (51.35 %) and 16.22 % of the authors dd not present the nstallaton type. Average temperature n expermental facltes was 28.18 oC (rangng from 18 - 35 oC). No nformaton about stress caused by
env-ronmental condtons (heat, cold or humdty) or santary challenge was presented n database papers. Vaccnaton (for Mareks, Coccvac, ND, IB or IBD) was descrbed n 7 studes under analyss. However, only data from anmals vaccnated n the pre-tral perod were consdered for analyss. The other papers dd not descrbe the pro-cedures for anmal vaccnaton. Corn and soybean meal were the man ngredents (70.27 %), where wheat based dets (18.92 %) also used for broler dets.
Statistical analysis
The meta analyss consdered only the prebotc that was evaluated n two or more than two ndependent studes. The effect sze was calculated for each study : effect = mean of the group fed prebotc – mean of control group/mean of control group (Fara-Flho et al., 2006). Statstcal analyss was performed usng 47 pars data on lteratures for each of parameters and conductng pared t-tests and probablty of statstcal sgnfcance.
Results and Dscusson
Fourty seven expermental data from thrty seven artcles (2003-2012) was collected and dvded nto 4 prebotcs, FOS, GOS, MOS and Inuln. Some of artcles whch conductng research usng chto-olgosacchardes, Aspergillus prebotcs, somalto-olgosacchardes, stachyose dd not used as meta-analyss data because nsuffcent artcles that report the effect of those prebotcs on broler chcken.
that detary prebotc from FOS or MOS dd not mprove feed ntake of broler chckens (Km et al., 2011; Swatkewcz et al., 2011). The use of prebotcs may reduce feed ntake of broler chckens (Bggs et al., 2007) whle others have reported no sgnfcant effects (Yang et al., 2008a; Abdel-Raheem et al., 2011).
The use of prebotcs gve sgnfcantly effect (P<0.05) on body weght by 2.22% mprovement, compared to basal dets wthout any prebotcs. Table 1 showed that body weght of broler chcken fed prebotcs was 2080.93 g/brds, hgher than broler chcken fed basal dets (2035.78 g/brds). It was reported that the use of prebotcs may mprove body weght of broler chckens (Ortz et al., 2009; Houshmand et al., 2011). In contrast, however, another research reported that preb-otcs added n broler feed dd not mprove body weght (Rehman et al., 2008).
In the present meta-analyss, body weght gan was greater (P<0.05) for the broler chcken dets wth prebotc addton. From Table 1, t showed that body weght gan of broler chckens fed prebotcs was 917.15 g and 2.83% hgher than broler chckens fed basal det wthout any prebotcs addton (891.94 g). Km et al. (2011) observed that body weght gan were mproved n brolers fed dets supplemented wth 0.25% FOS and 0.025% MOS comparng wth basal det. Ths result also smlar wth Xu et al. (2003); Abdel-Raheem et al. (2011) and Yang et al. (2008b).
Nonsgnfcant (P>0.05) changes of feed converson rato of broler chckens usng prebotc dets were 1.153% or 0.02 pont compared to basal dets wthout any prebotcs. Table 1 showed that feed converson rato of broler chckens fed prebotcs was 1.67 compared wth basal dets (1.69). Km et al. (2011) observed that detary FOS or MOS dd not mprove feed converson of broler chckens. Another result reported that the use of MOS have no effects on FCR (Yang et al., 2007; Houshmand et al., 2012).
From the meta-analyss data ndcated that there were nconsstency results of the use of prebotcs on broler performance. In one hand, t was reported that the use of prebotcs could mprove broler performance, but n the other hand, addton of prebotcs on broler dets dd not have any sgnfcant effect on broler
Table 1. Meta-analyss of the effect of prebotcs on feed ntake of broler chcken
Statstcal Analyss
Feed Intake Body Weght BWG FCR
Wthout Wth Wthout Wth Wthout Wth Wthout Wth
Overall
average 2634.46 2686.47 2035.78 2080.93 891.94 917.15 1.69 1.67
Dfference
(%) 1.974 2.22 2.83 1.153
t-value
performance. Ths varablty on the effectveness of prebotcs may be due to the effect of dfferent factors: type and ncluson level of prebotcs, type of det, anmal characters and degree of hygene n husbandry condtons (Verdonk et al., 2005; Bggs et al., 2007).
The lack of benefcal effects of the prebotc also related to stress factors be-cause of temperature, humdty and stockng densty (Houshmand et al., 2012). En-vronmental challenge and dsease also the man factor of the effect of prebotc. Yang et al. (2008a) reported that the use of MOS could mproved the broler
perfor-mance of the E. coli challenged brds more than FOS dd by the end of the exper-ment, whereas, wthn the unchallenged brds, FOS largely ncreased the BWG of brds compared to MOS.
Concluson
The meta-analyss performed n ths study allowed us to address and system-atcally quantfy the effects of prebotcs on broler performances. Fnally, t can be concluded that the use of prebotcs could mprove body weght and body weght gan but not feed ntake and feed converson rato. Also, t can be contnued to analy-ss the use of MOS as feed addtve on broler performance due to suffcency and consstency of the data.
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