The Effects of Palm Oil MES Surfactant and Inorganic Salt Concentration on Interfacial Tension Values

T A BLE OF CONTENT S

Innovative Agroindustriai and Business System Engineering

The Feasibility Srudy of Establishment of Biodiescl And Paving Block I- I

Induslry From Spent Bleaching Earth

Fcbriani Purha. Ani Suryani and Sukardi

Grecn Supp ly Chain Management lnnovation Diffusion in Crumb Rubber 1-7

Factori es: Des igning Strategies towards Implementation

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Mobi le Business Analytics System for Service LcvcJ Analysis of Customer 1- 13

Relationship Dec ision

Tautik Djatna and Yudhistira Chandra Bayu

Exploring an Innovative Approach to Address Non-Tariff Barriers 1- 19

Experienced

by

Small

to

Medium Enterprises in Downstream Coffee

Production in Indonesia

Andar t-Icnnawan. Yandra Arkeman. Tili Candra Sunani

An

Antilysis of innovation Network Perfonnance on the Palm

Oii

industry

1-26

in North Surnatera

Danang Krisna Yudha, Aji Hennawan and Machfud

Exploring the Internationalization Process ModeJ of an Indonesian Product 1-33

- Case study : Fruit Chips SME's

Dicki e Sulistya Apri liyanto, Hartrisari Hardjomidjojo, Titi C Sunarti

Innovation Management in Indonesian Palm Oi l Industry

1-39

Karim Abdullah, Aji Hennawan and Yandra Arkeman

Technology Innovation A.dopt'ion to Improve the Performance of Dairy 1-45

Small-Medium Enterprises (SME): Case study in Pangalengan-Bandung

Regency, West Java, Indones ia

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Managing Innovation through Knowledge Sharing in An Indonesia Coconut I-54

SM£

Muchammad Kodiyat P, Machfud, Nastiti S Indrasti

Increasing Added Value of Banana by Producing Synbiotic Banana " Sale"

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Using Innovation

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Technology Strategy Approach

Eka Ruriani

An AHP Appl ication for Selecting A Business lnnovation Stratef.,ry of 1-65

Chocolate SMEs in East Java

Yani Kartika Pcrtiwi, M. Syamsul Maari f and Machfud

Understanding local food consumers and their motivations: A ease srudy in 1-71

Padang city

Poppy Arsil

Spat ial Modcl Design for Competitive Improvcment of Small Medium 1-77

Scales Enterprises (Case Study: Bogor Area)

Hartrisari Hardjomidjojo, Harry Tmantho and Annaiki Yusmur

System Analysis and Design for Seleciing Chitin and Chitosan Industry 1-82

Location

by

Using Comparative Perfonnanee Index Method

Dcna Sismaraini . Nastiti S. Tndrasti and Taufik Djalna

Arduino-Bascd

Tempcrarure Monitoring

Device

for

Cold

Chain 1-90

Delmar Zakaria Firdaus and Endang Warsiki

Devc!opment of Downstream Cocoa Industry: Exploring

the

Role of

T-95

Government and Small and Medium Industry in Partnership

Farda Eka Kusumawardana. Yandra Arkcman , Titi

C Sunarti

The Rol e of Communi car ion

in

the Technology Transfer Process

1-101

Anindita Dibyono. Sukardi. Machfud

The Center for Pulp and Paper Appraising its Productivity in Generating

1-10&

Industry-Applicable Research: A

Good

Practice Illustration

Ahmad Rudh Firdausi, Anas

M

Fauzi, Machfud

Fronti er App roaches in Process and Biop rocess Engineeri ng

Identification of Flavor Compounds In Ccmcem

(Spondiazpinala

(L.F) JT-I

Kurz) Leaf Extra

luh Puru Wrasiati. Ni Made Wanini and Ni Putu Eny Sulistyadewi

Synthesis and characterization of nanosilica from boiler ash with co-

11-5

precipi tation method

Wahyu

K .

Setiawan, Nastiti S. lndrasti , and Suprihatin

The Comparison Of Media on the Microalgae

Nannoch loropsis

sp. Culture

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Anak Agung Made Dewi Anggreni, I Wayan Amata and

I B Wayan

Gunam

Identification of Media and Indicator Liquid as A Recorder Smart Label

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Endang Warsiki and Riris OClaviasari

The Effects of Palm Oil MES Surfactant and Inorganic Sail Concentration

fT-19

on Interfacial Tension Values

Rista Fitria, Ani Suryani. Mira Rivai and Ari Imam

Effect of Nano Zinc Oxide On Characteristic Bionanocomposite

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Sit; Agustina. Nastiti Siswi Indrasti. Suprihatin and Nurul Taufiqll

Rohman

The Effects of Molar Ratio Bctwecn

80'Yo

Glycerol

And

Palm Oil Acid on

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the Synthesis Process of Ester Glycerol

Mira Rivai, Erliza Hambali. Giovanni Nurpratiwi Putri. Ani Suryani.

Pudji Pennadi. Bonar T.H Marbun and

AT; Imam

Sutamo

Selecting Part of Natural Fiber EFB which

has

Best Mechanical Strength

1I-37

through Tcnsile Test Analysis for Composite Reinforced Material

F:trkhan. Yohanes Aris

J>un. ....

anto, Erliza Hambali and W:twan

Hennawan

Identification of phenol red as Staphylococcus aureus indicator label

11-44

Mclati Pratama. Endang Warsiki and Liesbetini Hartoto

Enhancing Ethanol Tolerant of

Escherichia coli

Recombinant by Glutamate

11-48

Addition under Aerobic Conditions

Indra Kurniawan Saputra. Prayoga Suryadanna and Ari Permana

Putra

In

Vitro

Potentifal of Antibaclerial

Marine

Microaigae

Extract II -53

Chaeroc("I"osgracilis

Toward

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Bacteria

Ardhi

Novrialdi

Ginting.

Liesbetini

Haditjaroko and

Iriani

Setyaningsih

The Potential Applications of Modified Nagara Bean Fl our through

IT-59

Susi. Lya Agustina and Chondra Wibowo

Studies on

tIlt;

Characteristics of Pasayu (Pasta of Waste-Cassava) H-64

Fort ifica ti on as a New Product Development

Marleen Sunyoto. Roni Kastaman . Tati Nunnala and Dedi Muhtadi

Optical And Parriclc Size Properties Of

Sargassum

Sp Chlorophyll As Dye-

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Sensitized Solar Cell (OSSC)

Makkulawu Andi Ridwan and Erliza Noor

Alkal ine Pre-Treatment of

Gelidium

!ali/nlil/III

and

Caulerpa racemosa

for

1I-7n

Bioethano! Production

OW! Setyaningsih, Nel i Muna, Elisab\!th Van Viv; Aryanti and

Anastasya Hidayat

New T r ends in Industrial Envir onm ent al En gineering

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Managemenl

Usc of Biofilter to Improve Quality of Polluted River Water fo r Drinking IJI- I

Water Supply

Suprihatin, Muhammad Roml i and Mohamad Yani

An Empirical Investigation of the Barriers to Green Practices in Yogyakarta 1I1 -8

Leather Tanning SM Es

Dwi Ningsih. Ono Supamo. Suprihatin and Noel Lindsay

Preliminary Srudy For CO

_J

Monitoring System

ill - IS

Farhan Syakir, Rindra Wiska, Irvi Firqotul Aini, Wisnu Jatmiko and

Ari Wibisano

Designing a Collaboration Fonn to Overcome Innovation Resistance in J11-22

Waste Management Practices in Lampung Tapioca Industry

Nul" Aini Adinda. Suprihatin. Nasli;i Siswi Indrasti

Pollution Reducing Opportunities for a Natural Rubber Processing Induslry: ftr-29

A Case Study

Syarifa Arum Kusumastuti. Su prihatin and Nastiti Siswi Indrasti

Effects of Palm-Dca Non-Ionic Surfactant as 3n Additive in Buprofczin IIl -35

Insecticide on the Efficacy of it in Controlling Brown Planthopper Rice Pest

Fifin Nisya, Rahmini. Mira Ri\'ai, Nobel Cristian Siregar, Ari Imam

SUlanlo and Ai nun Nurkania

Intelligent Information

&

Communication Technology for Adaptive

Agr oindustry orthe Futu r e

Design of Web-Based Information System With Green House Gas Analysis IV- J

fo r Palm Oil Biodiesel Agroi ndustry

Yandra Arkeman. Hafizd Adi tyo Utomo and Dhani S. Wibawa

Sequential Panems for Hotspots Occurenee Based Weather Data using IV-8

Clospan algorithm

Tri a Agustina and Imas S. Sitanggang

How to Deal with Diversi ty in Cultivation Practices using Sct::nario IV- 13

Generalion Techniques: Lessons from the Asian rice LCl lni tialive

Kiyotada Hayashi, Yandra Arkeman. Elmer BaUlista, Marlia Mohd

Hanafiah. long Sik Lee, Masanori Saito. Dhani Satria. Koichi

Shobatake, Suprihatin. Tien Tran Minh and Van Vu

Vita D Lclyana. Erwinsyah and Kiyotada Hayashi

Sequential PaHcm Mining on Hotspot Data using PrefixSpan Algorithm

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Nida Zakiya Nurulhaq and Imas S. Sitanggang

An Intelligent Optimization Model Analysis and Design ofSio-filtration in

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Raw Water Quality Improvement

Ramiza Lauda and Taufik Djatna

Development Of People Food Consumtion Patterns Information System

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Based On Webmobilc Application.

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Association Rules Mining on Forest Fires Data using FP-Growth and

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ECLAT Algorithm

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Development Of Expert System For Selecting Tomato

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Varieties

Erlin Cahya Rizki Amanda. Kudang Boro Seminar. Muhamad Syukur

and Noguchi Ryozo

Developing Life Cyele Inventorics for Rice Production Systems in

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Philippines: How to Establish Site-specific Data within the General

Framework

Elmer Bautista, Kiyotada Hayashi and Masanori Saito

Construction of

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Systems in Vietnam

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Hayashi

Study on Life Cycle Benefit Assessment as a 1001 for promoting the solution

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of Environmental Problems

TClSUO

Nishi

Real Time Monitoring Glycerol Esterification Process with Mid TR Sensors

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using Support Vector Machine Classification

Iwan Aang Soenandi . Taufik Djatna, Irzaman Husein and Ani Suryani

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Scientific Articles for Techno logy MonilOring

ArifR. Hakim and Taufik Djalna

Performance of Artificial Lighting Using Genetics Algorithms

ｉｖ ｾ ＶＹ＠

Limbran Sampcbatu

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Study on an Agro-industrial Enterprise

ICAIA 2015 ISBN: 978- 1-4673-7405-7

The Effects of Palm Oil MES Surfactant and Inorganic Salt

Concentration on Interfacial Tension Values

Risla Fitria. Eliza Hambali. Ani Suryani. Pudji Permadi. Mi ra Riva L Ari Imam

Laboratory o/SlIr/actGIIl a1/d Bioel/ergy Research Center

Faculty 0/ Agricultllral Technology. Hogor Agriculmral University

Program Study of Petroleum Engineering. Bandung Imililllte o/Technology

E-mail: risfit.92@gmail.com.erli=a.h@gmail.com.anisuryoni.sbrcipb@gmail.c:om.

pudji@tm.itb.ac.id. me _ raril'Oi@yahoo.com. art _imam@yallOo.c:um

Abstruct- Thc application of ｭ｣ｴｨｾ Ｇ Ｑ＠ ester sulfonic (MES) surfactant for enhanced oil ｾ｣ｯｶ･ｬＢＩＧ＠ (EOR) ""as ｢ｾｳ･､＠

on

its ab ility to reduce interfacial tension in c rude oil-water- S\'s(cm that reacbed 10'') dyne/cm. Performa nce of

ｾ ･ｴ ｨｹ ｬ＠

es te r sulfonic (MES) surfactant from palm oil can be identified with the spinning drop lIT method. T he objectives of this research were to dt:lennine MES surfactant perfonnance with the addition of inorganic salt in differenr conditions. The dispersing medi.a used ill this research were demin e rali7.cd w.ater and fonnation wate r. The spinning dr-op 1FT method was conducted ｵ ｳｪｮｾ＠ spinnillg drop te nsio meter

TXSOOD

tested in 40, 50 and 60"C. Results showed that reductio n of 1FT

values was affected by

MES

Ｎｾｵｲｦ｡｣ｴ｡ｮｴ＠ and inorga nic slI lr concentration In the ､｣ｭｩ ｮ ｾｲ｡ｬｬｺ･､＠

water and fonnation watE'r :lS dis pcl"Sion medium.

Meth yl [ster- Sulfonic surfacta nt could react better at salinity nmgcs of 5000-25000 ppm.

!. fNTRODUCTIOl\

T he application of surf.1clnnt for enhance oil rccovcry (EOR) needs particular requirements including ultralow interfacialtcnsion (:510.3 dyne/cm). compatibility with formation water and ｾｴ｡｢ｩｬｩｴｹ＠ In

Manll>-("flpt rCC<:I\'ro April 27. 2015 . ｔｨｾｮｬＨ ｳ＠ 10 SBRe LPPM IPI.3

for all fu,ili,iQ> , ｾ＠ Ihis !"I;So;;Irch could Ix-do"e

Fnria. R, sUI""as

"""I!

ｄ｣ｰｾｮｮＱＭｭＱ＠ of ａ ｧ ｲｯｩＱｈｊｕＵＬｲｩｾＱ＠ ｔ｣｣ｬｭｯｬｾ Ｉ Ｎ＠

Bogar Agncutl\lra l Unl ... ...-sily. RosOl". Indonesia. She IS 1\0\\' Willi

SurfiCUlllI and B";lencrgy Research Cl"Tlu:r. ｾ ｯｲＮ＠ tndOllC$ ia

Ｈ ｾｰｯｮ､ｬｮｬＺ＠ aulilor, phone: ·62 856-95<}4-1901. .,.ma,l·

ridil 9:!(a smaiLI:OIl1)

ｈｾｭ｢ｾｬｩ Ｎ＠ Eriil:&. is wilh ｾｮ･ｭＬＭＢＬ＠ Agroondl.l5trial Tcchn¢logy.

Bogor AgriCUllUral Uni\'C!1'iily. Bogor. ｉｮ､ｯｮＺＺｳｩｾ＠ (.,.maiL crlil..:l.h iQ'gma,l.com ).

Sur)":!.ni. An,. is with Dep;inm.:m of Agroindustrial Technology.

Bogor Agriculluml University. Bogar. Ａｮ､ｯｮＮＺｳｬｾ＠ Ｈ ｾﾷｭＳｩｬＮ＠

Armuryan, .sbn:'rb€ gmailoom).

P""""-<i •• PudJ' Ｌｾ＠ """,'" ?rogm.m Stud)' of PCU"OI=m iOnSlnccnnS.

Bandung Inslilule of Tedmology. Bandunt!. Indonn5a. He IS now

ｾｾｴ｢＠ SurfaCllIn1 :md SiOClCl"!-'Y R(""e::orcb C('"Tllcr. Bogar. tndunesia

(e-mail: pudJi i!< lm .llb.acid)

Rl\'a i. M im is wilh Surr..M:lnl and R,OI:I' Cf"8Y Research CCtllCl",

Bogor. !r.rltlllesla (e-m::;!: nlCJ.tn\":\:1i;y:lhoo.(."OTT1j.

Imam. AT, I.' Will! Surfact:mt and Bn:lenergy Research telllC!".

Bogor.lndoncs.ia (e-mail: ori_""um@")"uh"" <"<Im) .

reservoir temperature. pH interval 6· 8, havi ng III phase (middlt: phast:) or ph:lse 11

H.

and oil recovery increment between 15-20% of original oil in place (DOlI P)

[I].

A surfactant with ultl"310w interfacial tension «10.2 dyne/em) was predicted to be able to increase oil recovery by :IboUI 10-20% [2].

A surfactant that needs to be developed for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) requirernent is methyl ester sulronic (MES) surractant of palm oil. It was kno\\-"fl iTom an analysis that MES had 1FT values of 7.7 x 10" dyne/em and was stable in reservoir temperature of up 10 SO·C. This finding approved thaI

MES was suitable for usc in sandstone fields in

Indonesia and wa:. r.:siStantlO reservoir temperature. Methyl ester sulronic is an anionic surJilctant that developed as petroleum sulfonic substitution. MES has good dispersion ch.1raeteristie. good detergency. esp«ially in hard water. e;o;cdlent biodegradability and it does not contain phosphate. ester fat-acid C1 ... ｃ ｉｾ＠

and Cli gavc the best dctCTgcntion. Compared to petroleum sulfonic. MES surfactant shows some advantages. In lower concentration.

MES

has equal dctergency level. beller ability to maintain enzillle activities. better tolerance to calcium, and lower ｾｉｴ＠ content [3].

$urla"lan! injection in a water-oJ! system make:. surfactant dispersed in oil and water. This is then followed by the lormation of emulsion in watc r. As the resull of capillary effect and high interfacial tens-ion l:x:l"ween oil and wall;r. oil dropleu; trapped in por\! throats cllnnot be produced by using water injection only. TIle addition of surfactant is expected to 10WCT

the interfacial tension between wat{'r and oil allowing a dccrca. .. c in capillary pressure of oil and rocks. Iligh capillary pressure results in low recovery factor. Low capillary pressurc is nceded to reCOVer mol't remaining oil which is trapped after waterflooding. Lowercd interracial tension makes oil concentrated in rod: surface [4] . In the end. surfactant binds the oil so that thc oil can be produccd. The effect of 1FT values on oil recovery is modc[[(:d by cupi!!ary a desaluration curve. where residual oil salUration is correlated with capillary number function. Capill:Jry numl:x:r (Nc) is

ICAIA 2015

dcfincd as viscosity ratio and capillary force. Gener.illy, capillary number is calculated by using thc following equ::ltion.

wh!;'re:

vp Nc =

-"cos

6

V '" effective flow rate (emls)

ｾ＠ '"' viscosity of pusher solution (cp)

Cf ｾ＠ intcrfacialtension (dyne/em)

0 =

welling angle

SurfaClalll and salt conccmration in sohl1ion is the

has great effect on the obtainment of minimum 1FT

values. 1FT values get lower as surfactant concentmtion increases. II-I reaches its minimum v'3.lue as th..: critical surfactant C<,)Ll<!cntration. Higher surfactant concentration than its critical point will lead to increased 1FT values [5]. In this study. two types of water with exterem< difference in salinity lcvels (demincmlizcd \\'ater and form:uion water) were used. Fonl'llltion wat!",. wus used us electrolyt.: solution. Electrolytes in surfactant Systt'lll decrease surfactant-water interaction. Lipophilic groups of ionic surfactant wiU half-bind or full -bind with elcctrolytC"S. SO each molt:culc will bind with the right molecule. Negative charge of active lipophilic group will ha\'c a positive interaction with positive charge of salt molecules sueh

3., Na· molecule in N:lCl solution when anionic

surJ:lclant is used [6.7]. It is dim'rent from dt:miner.!lizcd water which has no sal! or electrolyte in it. ｾｯ＠ surfactant-water intcraction wil be bigger than surfactant-oil interaction.

II. i\·fETHODS

The swdy was done in two stages. In thefirsl stage. formulation of basic material was dOlle alld in the Ｎｾ･ｃｏｬｬ､＠ stage interfacial/ellsiolls were tested.

A. Busic Material Formlllation

1. Farmulatioll of demineralized water with difJerelll .fwiaclalll concell/I'atioll

MES was 10rmulated with dcmincralized water. Totsl weight offormulalion result was 25 gram for one tOrmul..1tion. Two samples were made for each fonnulation . Total weight of formulation result for trial proct.'durc was 25 gram. MES surfhctant was added in the concentrations of 0.1. 0.3. 0 .5. O.i. 1.0. 1.5. and 2.0-10. The example of surfactant weight calculation was ｾｨｯｷｮ＠ below:

0.3% x 25 gr:!m - 0.075 gr3m

ISBN: 978- 1-4673- 7405-7

Formation water was then added in to the fonnulation until the mixture wcigh(..'d

25

gram. The formulation was stirrcd for an hour by using a magnctic stirrer in room tempcraturc (27 "c). Then. densit)' test and 1fT value tcst were done.

1. FfJrlllulur/()I! of AlES .fuifac!unl uml demmerali=l;'d wuter wilh differenl morganic sail concentration.

In this stage. fonnulation ofdcmincralizcd water and

0.3% MES surfactant was done. The vallie of 0.3%

MES surfactant was used b3M:d on thc optimum surfactllnt concentration found in the previou.<; study al SBRe. Inorganic salt was added within the concentrations of O. I, 3, 4, 5. 6. 7. So 9. and 10% ..

TOI:!I weighl offoTmuJation fesult W:'lS 25 sram for one fonnulation and two samples were made for each sal! concentretion. Fonnula I

was

the fomlUlation of deminerali7ed ,vater with inorganic salt of O. I. 2. 3 ....

5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and to"Ia. The ･ｸ｡ｭｰｬｾ＠ of salt weight

e:.lleulation was shown below:

1° .. x 25 gram "" 0.25 gram

Demincralized water was thcn added in to Ihc formulation until the mixture weighed 25 gram. The fonnulation was stirred for 15 minutes until il was well blended by using a magnetic stirrer in room temperaturc (27"C). MES surfactant was wcighed

(0.075 g) and put in a dint-rent tube. Formula I was then added into the lube containing MES surfactant until thc wieght orthe mixture reached 25 grams.

In this study. a case study in an oil field which had salt concentration that fitted with performance of MES surfactant aC!"'ording to 1FT test resull ofdcminera1i7.ed water. Same treatments were done to formation water.

B. Interfacial Tension (1FT) Vallie TeSt

Interfacial tension was measured by spinning drop method. The following steps were the procedures of spinning drop interf:lei:ll method. The de\'iCe and the LED button were turned on. The spinning drop device was hcated before thc tcmperature was set at 40

DC

(fined to test condi:ion). Once the temperature was stable, surfactant which was prepared in certain cotlccnlratiol1$ was added into a glass [l,lbc. Thcn,

crude oil was added. Air bubble was not allowed in the glass tubo:. Then, the glass tube was put in the spinning drop device with gla:.:. tube surface facing outside. Spinning speed was set to be stable at 6000 rpm. Drop radius was read when !hc devicc temperature reached

40"C. The reading was repeated until the value of drop radIUS was constant. The test was repeated for the tcmperatures of 50 and 6O"e.

Whcn the fluid drop had a cylindrical form. cylinder ｲＮＧｉ､ｩｵｾ＠ (r). difference of drop densit)' (6p) and drop spinning speed (to) were ｴｮ･｡ｳｵｲｾＧ､Ｎ＠ Spinning Drop

ICAIA 2015

Tensiornc:tcr could measure interfacial tension (1FT) up

\0 10-tJ mNtm. Finally, mtcrlacial tension (y) was calculated by using the following equation [8].

I

r

=

- r'llprw

2

4

where:

r : r..dius

"'! : interfacial tcnsion

6.r :

difference of drop density

IJ) : spinning speed

11[. RESULTS ASD DISCUSS ION"

Optimum surf:lC:tant conccntration for demincralized water formula as dispersion medium was 0.7%

orMES

surfactant, but it did not meet the ultralow interfacial tension (Figu re I). IFT values for demineralized water as dispersion medium at 40, 50, and 600

e

_were

6.7Sx10o, L12xIO I. and 8.31x10o dyne'em. respectivety.

1,OOE+OZ

'?

1,00E+Ol

i

1,oo:c:+00 S I,OOE 01

]

ｾ＠ \,OOE -OZ

ｾ＠ l,ooE·O)

l,ooE-04

0. 1

mc-asurcmmt

ltmpa-ature of IFT value (0C):

•

-0,3 0,5 0.7 U

,

MES !ilrf3ctant coocentr31.!on\,"/.)

- '"

.,

SO

F ig. I . ｅｴｦｾ＠ or imcraction of M ES ｾ ｵｲｦ ｡｣ ｴｊｮｬ＠ ctmc,nir:JliOIl and

measuran&:1\1 tcmpcr.llun: on 1FT \'alL1o;S of ｾｵｲｦｮ｣ｵｮｴ＠ ｾ＼Ｉｉｵｬｬｯｮ＠ ""th

demJncrJli"l.C\l ＢＧｾｉ｣ｲ＠ ","' ､ｩｾｰ｣ｲｳｩｯｮ＠ medium .

Next lormulation step WilS optimal salinity by adding NaCI to dt!fl1ineralized water tht!fl 0.3% MES surfactant waS added. According to previous rescareh by SBRC IPS. surfactant that would be added was 0,3%. $:111 addition c:lUsed 1FT value dcerC:lsed and then would increased again along with 53lt concentr:ltion increasement at various temperatures. 40°C. ＵＰ ｾｃＮ＠ and 6O=C.

ISBN : 97R·!4673-7405-7

,_tOOE+O;

ｾＺＺ＠

_"l,OOE-02 ｾＭＭ ＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ ＭＭ

ｾｉＬｏｏｅＭＰＳ＠

l,OOE-04

O ... " " " " - ... "' .... ,., ... .... '<)"'O>O'S! ､ｏＢｾ＠

"'.-'

moeasuroemenI

ｴｾ･ｲｺｴｵｲ ･＠ of

1FT 1l;1lue (OC)

NlCl eoneenlt!t:O:'I (%)

- .,

- - 50

'"

Fig. 2. EffC'C"lS or lnteJ:lt"lion of salt INae]) ('()nC'l.Tltr.lUon and

ｭｬ［ＲＮｓｵｲ｣ｭｾｔｬｉ＠ tanper.uun: on 1FT value or ｏＮＳﾷｾ＠ MES 5urfaC\.:lllI

soIUliQn .... ,m defl'LLn(T.Ihn-d wal(r as dlSptrllOll medium.

It was shown in Figure 2 that dcmineralizl.:d water fommla with NaCI and ＰＮＳＥｾ＠ SMES addition had minimum 1FT v:Jluc when salt concentralion was 0.5% or 5000 ppm. The II-T value required by oil ｩｮ､ｵｾｴｲｹ＠

was ::;10-) dyne/cm. Results (Figure 2) showed that optimum salt concentration for M ES surfactant was

5000

to

25000

ppm or 0.5 to 2.5% . Therefore, for a

field case study, fluid X which had sah concentration of 5795 ppm which was within the optimum range, was u$cd. As for n::servoir which has !O:llt conct:ntration higher than

5000-25000

ppm. the sudaclant could not

be used.

The 1FT values for fOrmltion water as dispersion medium with 0.3% palm oi1 surf3ctant addition \.\cre found to be within the ultralow interlacial tension. The

TFT values at 40, 50, and 60°C were 4.40 x 10.3, 1.68

X 10.3. and 1.10 x 10-1 dyne/em. respectively. These IFf values were shown in Figure 3.

!,00E 02

-E'I,OOE+OI

ｾ＠

ｾ＠ 1,00£"'00

:§

..

1 001':·01

.

"

'J

1.00E-02

!;

1,00£ 03

l,OOE-04

"'-

'\

0.1 0.3 0,5 0,7

1.'

MES surfacu:rt ･ｃｮ＼ＺｾｯｮＨＥＩ＠

:nea:."UI"oement.

ｾ･ｲ｡ｴｬＮｬｦｾｯｦｉｆｔ ｟ ＴＰ＠

'13!uoe{eC)

.,

ｾｏ＠

,

F'Il. 3. Effecb 01' '"="on

or

MES surheum ｣ｯｮｾ｣［ｮｬＢｭｯｮ＠ ｾｮｕ＠

mc:\Surenw;:nl lnnperalurc on 1fT ,,,,IL1C$ of surfxt:mt solution ",,111

form3UOO

"''''1;1'

as (j,spc:naon medium.

In surfactant addition fonnula, difterenccs in 1FT

values ofsurf.'lCI:lllt solution disperscd in dem ineralized

[image:8.594.312.510.77.255.2] [image:8.594.302.505.537.672.2]

ICAIA 2015

water medium and surfactant M11Ulion dispersed in formation water medium were caused by differences Ul water salinity levels. Formation water salinity reached

5795

ppm (Table

1)

while that of demineralized was

0

ppm. Wlu:n salinity condition was optimum. minimum value of 1FT could occur and thc emulsion fonncd could reach phase TIl. 1FT decrea.5{.-o as surfactant concentration increased. However. this IFr value would reach its minimum valuc at a certain surfactant concentration known

as

the critical concentration. Increasing surfaeta", concentration above this critical point would not further lower but rather increase 1FT [image:9.596.303.515.342.483.2]

value

[5].

This interact ion is sel"n in Figure

I

and Figure

3.

Results of [FT tcst gave a differcnt description of oil respond in dcmincralizoo water and formation water media. \\lhen thc tcst was donc. in demmeralized water mediu m. the oil used had a round ｾｨ｡ｰ･Ｎ＠ Meanwhile. the oil taken from a sandstone field used in fonnation watcr medium was [ongitudinally twisted indicating I1Ul the oil was not well blended 31though surfactant was added. This might be cause by the fact that thc re was no So'll! in it.

Intcr-headgroup repulsion occuring in a surfactant molecule is one of the factors most affecting self as:.cmbly of surfactant molecules ill miccllc fonmtiun. In anionic surfactant solution. repulsion occurs because surfactant h<.:ad ｾｲｯｵｰｳ＠ havc thc samc ｣ｨ｡Ｎｲｾｴ［ＺＮ＠ As this repulsion will ob:.truct surfactant molecules to aggregate, it has to be decreased [9]. RepulsIon of surfactant solution occurs because ionic power of the solution is weak. Sal! addition. like in the form of fonnation wllter used as a dispersion medium, can be done to increase the ionic power of solution. Salt iOrn>

Si\'c a screen out effect which decreases intcr-head group repulsion. This leads to a dccre;l,l;C III

micdle form:llion free energy

so

that surfact,mt molecules ;lrc ｴ［Ｚ［ｉ ｾ［･ｲ＠ to unite ,md the micelles fonned tcnd to have bigger size [! 0].

The inclination of micelle growth

is

affected by

(he

type and concentration of salt 3dded [1\]. As the concentration of salt added gets higher. the screen out effect resu!t(,.'{! ｩｾ＠ 3lso higher le3ding to an expansive micelle growth fomling a flexible cylinder shape (worm like) as seen in the response of oil to fonnation water dispersion medium

[12l In

MES solution. with the existence of NaCI. micelle growth is att ributed to the screen out effect resul ted from the relcase of Na ion from N aC!. This ion neutralizes charges of sulfonate groups in the headgroup of MES molecules so that inter·headgroup repulsion caused by similar charges can be minimized . E'l:panded micelle formation with an increased salt concentration is shown in next fonnula in Figure 2 and 4.

ISBN: 978-1-4673-7405-7

The mechanism of a decrt'ase in interfacial tension of oil and water IS as follows. Organtc surlaetam has a hydrocarbon basic group (R) which is bonded to Sal. an ino rganic compound (sulfonate group). to form

R-SOlH.

in

water. this type of surfactant

is

ionized into SO}· and H+. When an RSOl · molecule has a contact

with a nonpolar compound (oil). the R-group will fonn an adheSIon force (surfactant-oil) whIle to surfactant molecule, a ･ｯｨ ｾｳｩｯｮ＠ force among

RS0

3· molecub

will work. The etlcct of this adhesion torec reduces the resultant value of the cohesion force of the oil which will in tum, reducc the interfacialtcnsion of oil and water

[13].

If

1FT

could be decreased to

IO-

J

dyne/cm. oil fraction inside rock pores could be better mobilized [14J.

In Ihh study, III formation water with 0,3%

surfactant and NaCi addition. thc 1FT values were found to increase with

an

increase in the concentration of NaC! added.

Ｎ ｾ＠

.

-

Ｍ ｾ Ｍ ＢＬＬ ＧＭ ＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ Ｍ

•

N .cl ｣ｯｮ｣ ＢＭｕ ｬｬＮＬ ｯｮ ｾＩ＠

Fill _ 4. EffC<:1>i "f ｎｾｃｉ＠ com:cnlr;ll;on Jnd ｭｃｾｗ｜Ｚｉ｜ｉｴｬＱ｜＠

1CD1rott'.llllrCS on IFf valUe< orO, 3°;. MES ｾｵｲｦｾｃｬ｡ｕ｜＠ in

iOrm.11iQfl "''''leI' ､ｩｾｩｑｦｬ＠ medium

It was found in this study that the addition of Nael

to dcminenllized water (1m,! formal ion waler resultcd in increased 1FT values. In water fo rmation dispersion medium samples, the lowcst 1FT v3luc was found in fonnulation withoUi NaCi addition. Thi!. was supported by thc tindmg lhal formation waler rcacht:'a its optimum salinity of 5795 ppm with MES surfactant inclusion of 0.3%. Higher coneentnnion of NaCI added resulted in higher [ FT values.

Results of this study also showed Ihal salt addition in an optimun optimum concentration decreased 1FT .... alues. MES surfactant used in this study had an

optimum salt concentration of 5000-25000 ppm. If ),all concentroltion in the solution was abo.)\c 5000 ppm. [Ff values of the solution would start to increase as shown in Figure 2 and 4 . This could happen because disodium c;lrboxy sulfonic was fonned when salt in the solutiull W;lS over the 0pLi.llum ｾＳＱｴ＠ lilllit of the surfactant itself. Salt ･ｸｩｾｴ ･ ｮ｣ ･＠ in a solution containing

IC'AIA 2015

MES would mako: MES lose its lost its f.1cial active property as MES would gel involved in a rcactlon to form ､ｩＮＮｾ､ｩｵｭ＠ carboxy sulfonate (di-salt). Anionic surfactant (1-.1£5) which was origul,LUy bonded to .:I Na molecule would bind to more N;J ions from salt (NaCl) so th:!t there would be one molecule containing two Na ions [15.16]. This reliuhcd in a dl:creascd surfactant performance and lugher IFf values. Tbe rc;Jction mechanism of disodium carboxy sulfonate fonnation is depicted in Figure

5 ..

Fig. 5.Reaclioo mechanIsm of disodium carbo")' sulrilnatc fOl"mallOl"l

With similar sail concentration and ivIES surfactant concentration (0.3%) . 1FT values of samples of demineralized water dispersion medium were lower than those of fonnation water. The lowest IFf value was obtained at salt coneentr.ltion of 0.5% or 5000 ppm which was closed to .snIt concentration in formation water. Results of the test done at three lemper-Hures with salt addition of

5000-7500

ppm in dcmineralized water dil:persiom medium showed that

the

II-I

values were

2.64

x 10""

1.3

X 10.3 dyne/cm.

These values were lower than those obtained from formation water (1.10 x lO,j - 4.40 ,.; 10.1 d}11dcm). This might be caused by less amount of electrolytcs, in

addition to NaC"1. in dcmmeralizt.'ti water than in fonmtion water. The existence of other electrolytes originating from other molecules was suspt:cted to inhibit the rcaction to reduce IFf v31ues by surfactant

Hard water, like formation water u!<-cu in this study. contains cations including Ca·- (12.2 mgfL) or

Mg2-(9.08 mgfL). Physicochemical propenies of water arc

given ;n Table I. Cation concentration is water with high hardness level. MES surfactant is an anionic surfactant with active gtOUp containing negative charge. Whcn this surfactant meet hard waler, the active group would form a bond with ｃ｡ｾＭ or ｍｧｾﾭ iOllS. The bonds betwecn negative ions in surfactant and thcse cations would decrease pcrfom13ncc ofMES ｾｵｲｦｵ｣ｬ｡ｮｴ＠ at lowering interfacial tension as indicated by high IFf values. The undissolved component lormcd is (RCH{SO)Na)CO::Ca [ 17]. Thi:-- undissolved component in surfactant solution decreases surfactant

ISBN: 97R-I-4673-7405-7

loOlubility in water making the performancc of MES surfaelanl in lowering interfacial tension reduced.

TABLE I

P!-!YS!("OC!lEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUID TAKEN FRO\1

SANDSTO'lE FIELD WATER USED N TIltS SruDY

P:lr.lmeter Un:! InjCClIOll fonnallOn M.:thods 0)

',n

Wat.:r "'":Iter Number

Anion

soi'

mg>l.

« ....

<:1. 44 4500-50,:

,

tKO, m.L

""

1939 2320B

C,

mg>l. 510$ ｊｓｉｾ＠ 4500-CI·D

Killion

N, mgll 29J3 2lu 3120 B. 3030 E

K m.,t. 20 13.9 3121 B.J030F

ＨＧｾ ＾Ｍ _mWJ- 250. 7 ＱｾＮｾ＠ ＳＱｾｾｂＮＳＰｊｏｅ＠

Mg'· mgt!. 12.9 9.08 31BRJ030E

Ba" mgfl. 0.73 0.14 3124R.3030E

Sr" mg/l. 3.71

'"

312SB3030E

rei' _"WL 0.26 0.) 31 26 B. 3030 E

pll mwL RJ

"

4500-H-·8

Salim!>

"'

ｎｾｃｉ＠ mwL 11417

""

'::5208

T",,'

Hardness

.,

ClICD, mgll.

'"

67.9 ｾｊＴＰ＠ B

T"",

Suspcnd"d

Solid mg>l. Jl

"

25400

0118:. Once mg>l. < l

"

;520 I:l

ｄ ｉ ｾ＾ｏｉｖｉＺ､＠

<nyg,'"

mg>l. 5.59 .5.74 45()()..O.G

TABLE 2

PlrYSiCOC'H!:"M1CAl PROPERTIES 0 1· fLt.:IDTAKEl' ｉＧｉｗｾｉ＠

SASDSTO:"E FIEl!) OIL UStoD IN THIS STIJDY

Pllrlmclot ｾＺｾｓｬｬｲ･ｭｃＧｈ＠ To:nyx:n.urc L'C)

"

"

'"

DentlW(S·",n'l uQl4RJ

o

ｾｏｒｏＩ＠ \l ""L42

TCt1'p.o:r:uurc ＴＰＮＰｾ＠

""

S997

"Pl Ocn"'Y

ＨｉｉＡＢＢＢ ｉ ＨｉｾＧｃＩ＠ Il9314 0.9313 0.911;

'"

" .... ""y

(WeI 2021 20.} ｾ ＰＮＲＸ＠

'"

""',.

o .... r"yCWCi 0.9123 0.9322 09H

ｖＧＭＧｉＩｲ｛ｾｐｽ＠ 25.60 :Sl' Lion ｌＶＮＴｾ＠ 1169 lL.76

SpcnL(rpml ".00 .,.W 0000 "'.00 "'.00 .. 00

TOI"qIIc ('I<.) 5L 22 7Ul

'"''

'9.36 B.llJ )S ｾｒ＠

ｾｨｑＮｴ＠ St""', :0.21 ＲＹＹｾ＠ LJ !O 19.54 'I :f> 13.97

SMar Rotc (1 Is) 711 20 lLUO 7'1. 20 L ｉｾＮｾｏ＠ 79.10 I ＬｾＮｾｕ＠

IV. CO:-<CUJS10NS AND RECOMMFNDATIONS

.4. Conclusions

Pcrfonnance of surfactant was affeclcd by the addition of surfactant concenlration and inorganic salt. Methyl Ester Sulfonic surfactant reacted wcU at salinity ｲ｡ｮｧｾＢ＠ of 5000-25000 ppm. Minimum IFf va!ues iLl demincralued water dispersion medium were obtained at salt formula addition of

5000

ppm. The addition of

0.3% ｾｵｲｦｵ｣ｴ｡ｮｴ＠ ill fommli()n water dispersion medium

resulted in 1FT v,llucs which mct

oil

industry rcquirements. [image:10.592.301.542.156.435.2] [image:10.592.96.258.227.333.2]

ICAIA 20lS

B, Re('Q/J1mendUliolls

Funher ::.tudies on additive inclusion and other tests need to

be

done

in

order to make

this

MES

surfactant

ready for uS( in oil industry.

AC K.l\'QWLEDGI\'1£NT

Facility suppons from SSRC LPPM IPS were acknowlcdsed.

REFERENCE'S

[ I) BPMIGAS." Spo,lik""" Tcknis SunakuII1 untuk AplikJsi

EaR." Jakana: BI'MIGAS, 2009.

[21 Aero Nobel SUnlCUnt5 ... Enhan ... -d Oil Rcronry (FOR)

Chemicals and ｆｯｮｮｬｬｩ｡ｴｩｯｮｳｾＮ＠ Sicnion from . RI\';li ｾＱ Ｎ＠ Tun

TWJa I, IIni S. Owl S. Eds .. •· Ptlbalkan ｾ＠ Produksi

S,,:f3kbn /'.I,;,ul f""I "" SulfC:1:ll d3n FonnulOlSlIly.t unmk

Aphkasl EnhJIICc Oil Rccovt:ry (t::ORr.,Jumal Tdmologl

[ndU.!I' "crtanian. 2010 Mel. 21(1):41-49, 2006.

[31 K.L Malh\$Ol1 "Formtllalion oOlous<:hold and ｉｮ［ｪｬｬｾｬｮ｡ｬ＠

DClc:rsc:ncs", S,tali(ln from: SpllZ t. cd "Soap and DCI<:r8enl$:

A Thl'Of<.1Ical and Pmeti""l R<."\i;l'W", illinOIS: AOCS

ｉＧｮＺｾｳＬｉＹＹＶＮ＠

[41

c.c.

Emrgwalu:"Enh,meed Oil ｒ･｣ｑ｜ Ｇｾ＠ SurflCtlllt Flooding

A. A POoISlbillty For The Nome E-Sq;:mc:nl," P E Thesis

[)qJ;:Inmc:nt OfPctroleum Englnec'l1n, And Applied

Gcopht.olcs. NQOI.·-.;,rm Un"·<.'TSlty ofs..,,,,,e.: and Technolusy.

NQOI.cr,;i;!. 2009 [2014 S<;pI.cmbtT 231. ａ｜Ｇ［ｉ｜ｉｾ｢ｬ｣Ｇ＠

hup'/'ww\I',im mnu.no.

[5j 1.1_ Cayias. Schechter R.S .. Wadt W.H,," The Ulilil .. :uion of

P<:ltOkum Sulfollics for ｐｲｯ､ｵ｣ＬＢｾ＠ law Intc:rfuci:d To:nsion

Iktw«n Il)'Ilroo:arbons and ｗｾｬ･ｲＢ＠ S,13!,oo from; Shc:nl: JJ

w .. -

Mod.:m Cb.,.."o:::aJ ｬｯｮｨＺｷ｣ｾ＠ 0.1 R=n"Cl)'. Theory and

Practice", Burlinfloo: GulfProfcssiOl1al Pubhshing-EI!iC'\icr.

1'.177

[6] S. Ajilh, A.C. Joon Jnd A.R ｒ｡ｫｾｴｬＡｬＬ＠ "I'hYSICOl:hemlcal

Slud,es of M",'7Q<.'lTlulsions. Pur,· & Appl". ChI.'lTlIOfllme). Vol.

66. 1'10,),1994. Gro:.'3t Brita;n. [20]4 Owbcr 05].A\"aibhle,

http," ... '"' iU(!,l£o!l:,publ;cD\iQ!!' pnc! 1 9'}:!IJXJfI('f>03xQ(09,OO

f

171 R. ｓ｡ｭｾｬｨＮ＠ LT. Moet,. M.J. Pms and D.I-I. Smnll

Ｂｃｨ｡ｲＬｬＨＬＧｬｯ［ｦｬｾｴｬｏｉＱ＠ ofSurfa.o;w!lS for ｅｮｾ＠ 0011 ｒｃｏｏ｜ｾＢ＠

[onlme), l'I'OI.:eI:dIng.<'. 199K. [2Q14 Okwbn OIJ. A\J.ibt>le·

... ,netl.doe.lovplIblicauntW

ProceedInIlUClS'9ShbcwSAM P A TI-Ill'OF

rS) ), Drthch. Fang Ch .. Whit CL .... ｾｫ｡ＮＮｕｮＺｭｃｬｬｬ＠ oflnll'ffaClal

Tenl'ion In FIUld·fluld ｓＩＧｳｴｾＧｦｉＱ＠ J.;n')'Clop<.'dia ofSurlilc" Jud

Colloid Stio:nct", Michir,;3.n Technological Un;\-=oity.

Michigan MarcelOcl<kcr Inc .. 2002

{'.I] S.KlImar S.L ｄ｡ｾＬ､ Ｎ＠ V.K. Mwal. P.S Go)'al. Kabir-ud-Din.

"Gmw!h QfS<l.::hum dodecyislIlf.lle ｭｬﾫｬＱｾ＠ In aqueous

ＺＺＬＬＢＢｾｮｯｮｩｵｭ＠ s:lllo. ". Amo;:-u,an ChemlCiI Suc,,:ty. Journal of

Lang.muir " (24)6461-64(,.1 1997

[IQI R.J. Hunla'." Fouoo;uior: oiCoiloidh Se,c:nce." X.:w York

Oxford ｕｮｴｾＧｃｦｬｩｩｴｹ＠ Press Inc .. 2(1)1.

[II] E.G.P.. f>ull'(l. lkr:lm A .... A 36m SANS RA TAN SIX'Clromctct

(SMA RTer): ProomS< I> n"'-'i>-dodecyl-jl-d-m.allos,de

micelles stnlCtUrcs by a ｾｩＩＨｉｾｴ＠ ｜ＢＺｬｲｩｬｬｴｩｩＩＨｬＮｾ＠ Journal of Nuclear

[n<uumcfI\$ :uw. ｾＱ｣ｴｨｯ､Ｎ＼＠ ;" ｲｴＮｾＧｬｯｉＨｓ＠ P.I:C\C,,:h Sect;"" ....

Accckrnton. SPO;O;ImnI<.'1crs. Dct..'CIon. and ASSOCla<N

EqUlpl1wnt. 2009. ＲＸＩＨＮＮｾＹＰ＠

r 12J A. ｐｾｴｲｩＳＧ［＠ E.G.R. Pulr:t, ｾ＠ Elhp-<01d to ｗｯｮｮ ｟ ｨｫ･ｍ［ｾＧｃｬｬ｣＠

ｓｬｮｬｃｴｵｮｾ＠ ｔｬＧｬＱｮｾＬｬｩｯｯ＠ Rcvcakd by a SmaH-Anl!.lc ＢｾＧ｜ｊｬｲｯｮ＠

Scauenng ｔｾＧｃｨｮｪｱｬｬ･ Ｌ Ｂ＠ ICMNS 2008: 28-300ktobcr 2008:

Bandung. ITIJ Bo'mdllng. 2008

]SBN : 978·[-4673-7405-7

[l3] E. ａｦｦｩ｡ｬＱ ＮＢ ＢｾＧｮｲＬ［ＮＬｲｵｨ＠ KlIalitalifco-slIrfaclunl Tl;'I'hlli.lllp

PcoUlglatan ｒｾＧｷｷｲｹ＠ Mmyak:' Pelrohun, Engm .. 'Cr TI1<."SZS

Dept. I:.nsmc.:r' Petroleum. Uni,-=;1::L1O "fTn .... k\; ..

hkJrta.[992,

[1 41 M. ｂ［ｺ｜ＢｩｾＮ＠ P. Gh:mu. N. Pl:u.;an1,'l.. and J, Labrod." SPE

RCSl:JVQlr En&zDecTlng." USA: MacrmHan Publi<hing Comp.any.I992,

[1'1 K. Hcn-.b .. Ｂｔｨｾ＠ (hooilcIISc ot':-'1C'_";.1 E"to;r Sulf""lIlion

'"(online). ｔｨｾ＠ ｃｨｾＱｭｴｨｯｮ＠ COfl'onuion, 2002. [2Q\ 4

Sc-plo:mbtT 29 ]. Available:

bllD;liWww cbrnmbon CQT 'Nl"-'I}i brocbLlo..,/lbc Cball"oum

MES des

I \6] Mac Armur. W ｒｲｩｾｮ＠ \\. 8 Sbeats. "Mt\hyl f..lil<:r Sulfonic

ProductC [onlirlt'J. 2002 [2014 SI.'1'll'll1b\.,. 30). Available: hUp:','www,dW!Imhoncorn

[17] R. J. F<:$scndcn. Fe«rndcn J. S .. "Orsan,s Cham<!!')'." 2nd

Ed. ｊ｡ｨｲｴｾ［＠ J><'rlcrbi' Erlangga. 1982.