A STUDY ON THE CONFRONTATIONAL QUESTIONS
AND INTERRUPTIONS USED BY THE INTERVIEWER
OF TV ONE AND THAT OF METRO TV
IN INTERVIEWING SURYA PALOH
THESIS
By:
MAS ANDITO KURNIAWAN
201010100311118
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
ii
A STUDY ON THE CONFRONTATIONAL QUESTIONS
AND INTERRUPTIONS USED BY THE INTERVIEWER
OF TV ONE AND THAT OF METRO TV
IN INTERVIEWING SURYA PALOH
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of requirements to achieve Bachelor’s Degree in English Department
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
By:
MAS ANDITO KURNIAWAN
201010100311118
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
iii
The thesis written by Mas Andito Kurniawan was approved on February 11th, 2015
By :
First Advisor,
Second Advisor,
iv
This thesis was defended in front of examiners of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of University of Muhammadiyah Malang
and accepted as one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
on February 4th, 2015
Approved by:
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education University of Muhammadiyah Malang
Dean,
Dr. Poncojari Wahyono, M.Kes
Examiners: Signature:
v
LETTER OF AUTHENTICITY
The undersigned below:
Name : Mas Andito Kurniawan
NIM : 201010100311118
Department : English Department
Faculty : Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
I hereby declare that in this thesis there has not been yet any thesis or paper that have been proposed to receive a bachelor degree, and there is so ideas or notions written or published by another person, unless what has been written in this thesis and
mentioned in the References.
Malang, February 11, 2015 Writer,
vi
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
1. 2.
“Orang yang menuntut ilmu bearti menuntut rahmat ; orang yang menuntut ilmu bearti menjalankan rukun Islam dan Pahala yang diberikan kepada sama dengan para Nabi”.( HR. Dailani dari Anas r.a )
DEDICATION:
This thesis I dedicate to:
My Beloved Father and Mother
My Beloved Brothers
vii
Alhamdulillahirrobbil’alamin, my highest gratitude is bestowed upon Allah who
gives the writer blessing and strenght to accomplish thisthesis as the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Sarjana English Department in University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
This thesis would not be finished without assistance and support from a lot of people. My first appreciation goes to both of my advisors: Dra. Erly Wahyuni, M.Si as my first advisor and Rinjani Bonavidi, S.Pd., M.Ed., Ph.D as my second advisor for their great assistance and tremendous advice so that this thesis cn be accomplished well.
Besides, I also want to thank all my friends in English Department. Lastly, my gratitude goes to my family, my beloved parents and my lovely brothers for their endless prayer, love, care financial, advice, support and motivation to me since the first time I study at this university still completing of this thesis, especially for my step brother Anandika Panca Nugrha S.S for all of your help to give me motivation and support who have helped me in finishing this thesis. Finally, I hope this thesis very useful for other researchers and for everyone. Thank you very much.
Malang, February 3, 2015
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES…... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the Study... 1
1.2Statement of the problem... 4
1.3Purpose of the Study... 5
1.4Significance of the Study... 5
1.5Scope and Limitation... 5
1.6Definition of Key Terms... 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1Pragmatics... 7
2.2Conversation Analysis... 8
ix
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1Research Design... 19
3.2Object of the Study... 20
3.3Data Collection... 20
3.4Data Analysis... 20
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1Finding 4.1.1 Confrontational Questions performed by Metro TV and TV One Interviewers... 22
4.1.2 Interruptions performed by Metro TV and TV One Interviewers... 30
4.1.3 The influence of those Confrontational Questions and Interruptions in reflecting the stances of Metro TV and TV One in relation to Surya Paloh... 42
4.2Discussion... 44
x CHAPTER V
5. 1 Conclusion... 48
5. 2 Suggestion... 49
REFERENCES... 50
APPENDIX... 52
xi
LIST OF TABLE
Table 4.1.1 Confrontational Questions used by Metro TV interviewer………..……… 23 Table 4.1.2 Confrontational Questions used by TV One interviewer... 27 Table 4.2.1 Interruptions used by Metro TV interviewer... 30 Table 4.2.2 Interruption used by TV One interviewer... 40
xii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Transcript Interview of Metro TV ... 52 Appendix 2: Transcript Interview of TV One ... 65
13
REFERENCES
Anssi Peräkylä. 2008. Conversation Analysis: The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. (Online),
(http://blogs.helsinki.fi/perakyla/files/2008/10/conversationanalysis_08l1.pdf). Accessed on April 13th, 2014
Ary, Donald, Jacobs, Cheser, Lucy, and Sorensen, Chris. 2006. Introduction to Research in Education. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth Corporation.
Beard, Adrian. 2000. The language of Politics. London: Routledge Taylor & francis Group Bogdan, C. Robert and Biklen, Knopp, Sari. 2007. Qualitative Research for Education: An
Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston and New York: Pearson Education. Inc. Brown, F dan Levinson, S. 1987.Politeness, Some Universals of Language Usage. London:
Cambridge University Press.
Cahyono, Herman. 2006. Politeness strategies used by the main character of “Dr. Jekyll and
Mr. Hyde” by Robert Louis Stevenson. Unpublished Thesis. Malang: University of Muhammadiyah Malang
Carli, L. L. 2001. Gender and social influence. Journal of Social Issues. Retrieved from https://www.kidlead.com/files/PDFForms/article%20Carli%20Gender%20and%20So cial%20Influence.pdf. Accessed on February 18th, 2014
Clayman, Steven and Heritage John. 2004. The News Interview. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Fairclough, Norman. 2001. Language and Power (2nd edition). London: Longman.
Feldman, Ofer and Landtsheer, D. Christ’l. 1998. Politically Speaking: A Worldwide Examination of Language Used in the Public Sphere. United States of America: Library of Congress Cataloging.
Goody, Ester N. 1996. Question and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Green. 1994. Conversatonal Interaction. www.google.com. Accessed on January 16th, 2014 Hakim, Lukmanul 2013. Politeness strategies used by Oliver Twist on Roman Polanskia’s film
oliver twist. Unpublished Thesis. Malang: University of Muhammadiyah Malang
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Hutchby, Ian 2006 Media Talk. New York: Open University Press
Holmes, Janet. 1995 An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London: Longman.
Leech, N. Geoffrey. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman Inc.
Marshall, Jill and Werndly, Angela. 2002. The Language of Television. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group
Romeltea.C. 2013. Pengertian Komunikasi Politik. (Online), (http://romeltea.com/pengertian-komunikasi-politik/). Accessed on May 20th, 2014 Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1986. An Introduction to Sociolinguistic. Australia: Basil Blackwell Ltd. West, Candace and Don H. Zimmerman 1983. Small Insult: A Study of Interruption in
Cross-Sex Conversation between Unacquainted person. MA: Newbury House
Wooffitt, Robin. 2005. Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis: A Comparative and Critical Introduction. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Yule, George. 2006. The Study of Language (3rd edition). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Zimmerman, D. H., and West, C. 1987. Doing Gender. Gender and Society. New York: Routledge.
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
Language as a tool of communication has a strong relationship with politics. Politicians surely need language to communicate their ideas, goals, etc to the public so that the people understand their strategies to run the country. That is why communication politically is something that needs to be done carefully. Otherwise, the objective of politics cannot be accomplished.
Political communication is a communication that involves political messages and political actors, or relating to power, government, and government policies. (Romelta, 2013:1). With this
understanding, political communication is not a new topic. It can also be understood as communication between “the authority” (government) and "the governed" (people). In every kind of political communication, there is always discussion about how aspiration from the people is accomodated and how the governer influences the governed. This can be done through various ways.
Mostly, political communication is performed by political parties, mass media, government information agency. Nevertheless, it can be found in any social environment, ranging from the scope of the two people to the parliament office.
2 power can supervise the mass media and consequently can also keep an eye on the language. Language is also used by politicians as a factor for them to strengthen their power. In 'Language and Power', there are case studies of language in politics. They know that language is an important tool to rise solidarity among social classes and then to take a side with a party (Fairclough 2003:201). For example, in a speech, politicians can use 'we' instead of 'you', because 'we' creates a feeling of unity with others. Therefore, the use of a single word, for example a pronoun, is significant in political speeches. Moreover, the speeches are broadcast by media. The use of language effectively like the use of pronoun above can be a weapon for politicians to rise people’s respect and belief.
Mass media is the connector between government and society, such as television news, newspapers, magazines and radio. They report the news of the government and interpret it to the public. Although media is considered a stand-alone, journalists do not report fully on the alternative issues or opinions. Politicians have invisible power or influence over the media. Similarly, the mass media is often used by governments as a means of mastering the people and spreading propaganda. In addition, it can be more interesting when a media is owned by a businessman who also becomes a politician. There will be concerns whether the media is still neutral and reports news objectively or depend on the interest of the owner.
3 Surya Paloh as one of the prominent politicians in Indonesia is a unique figure to be observed. As a former GOLKAR high politician and now the leader of NASDEM, he surely becomes an important figure in Indonesian politics. Known as the owner of Metro TV, his appearance in media is surely interesting to see. Moreover, it will be more interesting if we can observe how a television other than Metro TV performs interview with him. In this study, the writer picks another interview with Surya Paloh by TV ONE, a television owned by Aburizal Bakrie, the leader of GOLKAR which was his former party. Certainly, there should be something interesting during those interviews. Moreover, the topic are similar to each other. That is the foundation that underlines the writer’s intention to undertake this research.
In this case, this study is conducted because the writer wants to know the extent of professionalism and neutrality of the two stations in interviewing Surya Paloh. On the one hand Metro TV has relationship with him as the owner. On the other hand, TV One is owned by GOLKAR chairman, Paloh's former party. Moreover, the writer also wants to know whether the interviewers of both stations remain critical. The indicators being studied are the use of confrontational questions and interruptions because they are the features that might indicate whether a media interview is critical or not. These two attributes make today's media interviews different from those in the early of the 22th century where politicians were asked very brief questions, the interviewers performed their role politely, without interrupting, and their questions did not appear to contain assertions or presuppositions (Beard, 2000: 102).
4 Mr. Hyde” by Robert Louis Stevenson”, written by Herman Cahyono (2006). This research shares the same field with the writer’s Works: interruption. The perspective is also similar: conversation analysis. However, the object is a novel and the aspect being studied is the influence toward gender position between males and females in “gift of a family” novel. It also studied the factors of interruption used by characters in the novel. The difference between this research and that one above is the research object. Here, The writer takes “interviews with a political figure” and connects them with the aspect of journalism: recognizing the stances of the television stations who conduct interviews..
Here, interruption is scrutinized using the perspective of conversation analysis which is a disciplin that focuses on the linguistic research on conversation and things that exist within. Meanwhile, confrontational question is analyzed from the perspective of conversational maxims. Therefore, by means of this perspective, the writer can observe how the interviewers' questions fits to the maxims.
1.2.Statement of the Problem
1. What confrontational questions do the interviewer of TV One and that of Metro TV use in interviewing Surya Paloh ?
2. What interruptions do the interviewer of TV One and that of Metro TV use in interviewing Surya Paloh?
5 in interviewing Surya Paloh
2. To identify interruptions the interviewer of TV One and that of Metro TV use in interviewing with Surya Paloh
3. To understand the influence of those confrontational questions and interruptions in reflecting the stances of TV One and Metro TV in relation to Surya Paloh
1.4.Significance of the Study
In accordance with the research problems, the main purpose of this study is to give contribution for readers and researchers in the study of language in politics. Specifically, this study is significant to recognize the importance of using language and performing interview well. For students, it is beneficial as a learning example of how we observe and research news interview, especially in terms of understanding confrontational questions and interruptions in interview.
1.5.Scope and Limitation
The scope of this research only studies the confrontational questions and interuptions used by the interviewers because one of the most common accusations at politicians is that they never answer the question comprehensively. They seems to answer carefully. Besides, mostly politicians face critical interviewers that harshly attack them with critical question. Frequently, interruptions occur in those kinds of interview.
6 The writer is interested in examining the way how those interviewers interviewed Surya Paloh, especially how they used confrontational questions and interruptions.
1.6. Definition of Key Terms
1. Conversation analysis (CA) : a method for investigating the structure and process of social interaction between humans. It focuses primarily on talk, but integrates also the nonverbal aspects of interaction in its research design (Peräkylä, 2008: 1).
2. Confrontational question : type of interview question which contains presuppositions and assertions toward the interviewee (Beard, 2001:102).
3. Interruption : A state when a new speaker begins their turn, which prevents the previous speaker finishing theirs (Marshall and Werndly, 2002:114).
4. TV ONE : news television station owned by Bakrie group; an enterprise owned by Aburizal Bakrie (the leader of GOLKAR political party)
5. METRO TV : News television station which is a subsidiary of the Media Group, headed by Surya Paloh,
