Improving Production Performance of Peranakan Ongole Cows and Nutrient Digestibility of Rice Straw Based Diet with Energy-Protein
Supplementation Given Separately or in Complete Feed
Suryahadi1,2,*, Anita S. Tjakradidjaja1,2, D. Sunaryo2, & O. S. Astuti1,3
1Centre for Tropical Animal Production Studies (CENTRAS)
Centre for Research dan Community Service - Bogor Agricultural University Jl. Raya Pajajaran - Baranangsiang IPB Campus, Baranangsiang - Bogor 16143
Telephone/fax : 0251 8350413; *email : ipbsurya56@yahoo.co.id 2Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
Faculty of Animal Science – Bogor Agricultural University Jl. Agatis – Dramaga IPB Campus, Dramaga – Bogor 16680
Telephone/fax : 0251 8628149
3Present address: Pati Regency - Central Java Province
Abstract
Climate is the limiting factor for availability of good quality forage in Rembang regency. Rice straw is then given as an alternative feed for Peranakan Ongole (PO) cows. However, this feed is low in nutrient content and quality has low digestibility and low palatability. Overcoming this problem can be done by designing good quality supplements, such as nutrient rich supplement (SKN) that can be mixed with concentrate, or can be formulated in a complete feed. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to study responses of PO cows to improvement of rice straw based diet with supplementation and complete feed. The experiment was carried out in a randomised block design with 16 cows were allocated randomly into 4 groups. The treatments were R1 (rice straw), R2 (R1 + rice bran 2 kg/head/day), R3 (R2 + SKN 0.4 kg/head/day), and R4 (complete feed). The data were analysed using analysis of variances and differences among treatments were examined with contrast orthogonal test. The results showed that the use of rice bran, SKN and complete feed improved quality of rice straw as based diet which subsequently improved nutrient intakes. The treatments were significant on dry matter and crude protein digestibilities (P<0.05), but did not affect organic matter and energy digestibility, body weight gain and feed efficiency. The highest income over feed cost was obtained by using R2. It is concluded that giving complete feed (R4) produced the best performance of PO cows. SKN can still be used to improve rice straw based diet if the amount is increased.
Introducton
Rembang Regency s the 4th rank for beef cattle producton n Central Java Provnce, populatons were 115,220 heads n 2009 wth Peranakan Ongole (PO) was one of cattle breeds rased by farmers (Government of Rembang Regency, 2011). Cattles are used to meet local requrement for meat, and exported to other regences n Java Island. However, clmate s the lmtng factor for rasng the cattle and for the avalablty of good qualty forage; ths was because: 1. ts locaton n low land area n the north coastal area of Java sland; 2. havng tropcal clmate (maxmum temperature 33 oC and average temperature 23 oC); 3. short perod of wet season (4-5 month/year) wth long perod of dry season, and 4. scarcty n ran drops n a year (average ran drops 1 039.36 mm n 2009) (Agrcultural and Forestry Offce, Rembang Regency, 2009).
Rce straw s gven as an alternatve feed for PO cows, but t has low nutrent content and qualty, low dgestblty and low palatablty (Sutard, 1981). One solu-ton to overcome the problem s by desgnng good qualty supplements (Suryahad
et al., 2003; Leng, 1993), .e. nutrent rch supplement (SKN, suplemen kaya nu-trien) contanng good qualty of energy, proten and mneral sources, that can be mxed wth concentrate, or can be formulated n a complete feed. These supplements are expected to provde nutrents lackng n rce straw and can be gven n a small amounts to mprove rce straw utlsaton. These can be formulated by usng feed sources avalable locally n Rembang Regency or nearby ctes (CENTRAS, Centre for Research and Communty Servce, IPB, - Government of Rembang Regency, 2010). Fsh meal from locally fsh ndustry and legumnous leaf meals (leucaena,
Leucaena leucocephala; and tur, Sesbania grandiflora) are undegradable proten
sources, and degradable proten sources are cassava meal (Manihot esculenta) and
rce bran cassava leaf meal and rce bran had proten that were less degradable than fsh meal, soybean meal and the other two legume leaf meal; so would you mnd
to leave the prevous statement as t s(Sutard et al., 1983; Soenarso, 1984). Rce
bran and molasses are hghly fermentable energy sources than rce straw. Mneral sources are also provded. These are expected mprove anmal performance. There-fore, ths experment was conducted to study responses of PO cows to mprovement of rce straw based det wth supplementaton and complete feed.
Materals and methods
Mature PO cows (16 heads) were used (aged : 2-6 years old and ntal body weght, BW : 304.31 + 30.1 kg), dvded nto four groups and kept n an ndvdual
cage. Feeds were rce straw (Oryza sativa), leaf meal contanng cassava, leucaena,
Four treatments were developed based on observaton n feedng practse
conducted by farmers n Rembang Regency: R1=Rce straw (ad libitum); R2=
R1+rce bran as energy supplement (2 kg/head/day); R3=R2+SKN (0.4 kg/head/ day); supplement was gven separately, and R4= Rce straw base complete feed n whch rce straw and energy - proten supplement (SKN) was mxed and gven as a sngle feed. Complete feed: rce straw 40, rce bran 30.5, fsh meal 8.5, cassava leaf meal 5.7, leucaena leaf meal 3.0, sesbana (tur) leaf meal 0.3, molasses10, vegetable ol 1 and mneral mx 1 (% dry matter, DM bass).
Varables measured were feed and nutrent ntakes, dgested nutrents, nutr-ent dgestbltes, body weght gan (BWG), feed or raton effcency rato (FER), and ncome over feed cost (IOFC). Randomsed block desgn (4 treatments and 4 replcatons), analyss of varance and contrast orthogonal were appled (Steel and Torre, 1993).
Results and Dscusson
The study was done n a communty farm taken care by 18 members and located n Tanjung vllage, Sulang dstrct, Rembang Regency (July to September 2010). PO cattles (mature bulls 2 heads, mature cows 16 heads, and calves 4 heads) were mostly kept for fattenng and breedng programmes. As keepng cattle s the secondary ncome, the farmers look after the cattle tradtonally and gve feeds
Table 1. Nutrent composton of raton
Nutrent composton1
Ash (% DM) 17.40 17.19 17.08 18.75
Organc matter (% DM) 82.60 82.81 82.92 81.25
Crude proten (% DM) 4.21 5.92 6.48 11.80
Ether extract (% DM) 1.44 2.48 2.71 3.52
Crude fbre (% DM) 32.50 31.02 30.44 25.80
Ntrogen free extract (% DM) 44.45 43.39 43.30 40.12
Ca (% DM) 0.42 0.30 0.41 2.65
P (% DM) 0.28 0.54 0.52 0.29
1 Calculated on the bass of data from Sutard (1981) and proxmate analyss by the Laboratory of
avalable seasonally havng low quantty and qualty whch were nsuffcent to support producton and reproducton of anmals.
R1 had the lowest nutrent contents, excepted for CF content (Table 1). Rce bran supplementaton (2 kg/head/day) mproved nutrent contents n R2 wth further mprovements were obtaned n R3 and R4. These affected ntakes of rce straw DM, total nutrents (DM, OM, and CP) (P<0.01) and TDN (P<0.05), but dd not
af-Table 2. Intake, dgested nutrent, nutrent dgestblty of rce straw based det, body weght gan and feed effcency rato
fected fresh feed ntake (Table 2). Increases n total energy and CP ntakes followed ascendng order: R2, R3 and R4.
Treatments affected dgested energy and CP (P<0.05) wth the lowest n R1 (Table 2), and the hghest n R4 (P<0.05). Dgested nutrents were also mproved by rce bran supplementaton (R2), but ts combnaton wth SKN (R3) only ncreased dgested energy. The ncrease n CP dgestblty (P<0.05) occurred n a smlar trend, but reverse results were found n DM and OM dgestblty, and dgestble energy (DE). The lowest results n energy dgestblty were complete feed (P<0.05), and the hghest were rce straw (R1). As bulky feeds wth hgh CF content, rce straw flled the dgestve tract stmulatng satety sensaton n faster rate, slowerng passage rate, decreasng ts DM ntake and ncreasng ts dgeston.
Supplementaton mproved BWG and FER bologcally (Table 2) that were
smlar to others (Purnomoad et al., 2007; Arfn et al., 1998). The same effects also
occurred n IOFC, but n descendng order: R2, R3 and R4 (Table 3) due to the hgh cost of supplement (SKN) ncreasng the prce of complete feed wth a greater use of SKN.
Table 3. Income over feed cost for cattle gven rce straw based det and supplement
Varables
Total feed cost (Rp/day)1 704.83 2,339.04 3,241.37 12,926.03
Body weght gan
1Feed prce n July 2010: rce straw= Rp. 200,-/kg; rce bran= Rp. 1000,-/kg; SKN= Rp. 2890,-/kg;
Supplementaton produced good effects through the ncrease n avalablty of good qualty nutrents (energy sources, combnaton between degradable and undegradable proten and mneral addton) for rumen mcrobes to mprove ts ablty to ferment rce straw based det and synthess ts proten and for rumnants
to dgest the nutrents ntensvely n post rumnal dgestve tract (Suryahad et al.,
2003). Lack of sgnfcant effects on BWG and FER was due to small amount of supplement (SKN) gven to the anmals and varaton n responses among cattles.
Concluson
Bologcal effects of rce straw based det supplemented wth rce bran has ncreased effcency of nutrent utlsaton, especally energy. Further ncreases were obtaned by supplementng wth SKN. Gven rce straw, rce bran and SKN n a com-plete feed produced the best performance based on effcency of energy utlsaton (TDN and DE values) and BWG, and the best IOFC. The hghest IOFC produced by usng rce bran as supplement was due to the hgh prce of SKN and the hghest cost of producng complete feed. It s recommended to mprove nutrent qualty and quantty of supplements, to reformulate SKN composton and rato between SKN and rce straw n complete feed, and to produce supplements at low cost n order to ncrease ncome over feed cost for the farmers.
Acknowledgment
Thank s due to the Government of Rembang Regency for the study of Kajan dan Pendampngan Masyarakat dalam Pengelolaan Pakan Ternak d Kabupaten Rembang.
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