THE THEMATIC ROLES IN ARTICLE OF
‘
What Ever Happened I
n Kraras, Timor Leste ‘Pak’ Prabowo?’
ON THE
JAKARTA POST ONLINE
DECEMBER 20, 2013
Saidah Turahmah NIM : 1110026000033
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTEMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
THE THEMATIC ROLES IN ARTICLE OF
‘
What Ever Happened I
n Kraras, Timor Leste ‘Pak’ Prabowo?’
ON THE
JAKARTA POST ONLINE
DECEMBER 20, 2013
A Thesis
Submitted to letter and Humanities faculty in partial accomplishment
of the requirement for S1 Degree
Saidah Turahmah NIM : 1110026000033
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTEMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITYSYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
i
ABSTRACT
Saidah Turahmah, The Thematic Roles in article of „What Ever Happened In
Kraras, Timor Leste „Pak‟ Prabowo?‟on The Jakarta Post Online December 20, 2013. A Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2015.
This research examines the role of thematic roles in sentence in opinion
article entitled „What Ever Happened in Kraras, „Pak‟Prabowo?‟ published
December 20, 2013 using qualitative method.
This research finds the role of thematic roles which is applicated in the
article „What Ever Happened in Kraras, „Pak‟Prabowo?‟. There are eight types of
role in thematic roles, Agent, Patient, Beneficiary, Theme, Experiencer, Instrument, Location, Goal and Source. That article has included all of the role excluded beneficiary. To prove it, the writer tests each datum using the test suggested by Jackendoff.
Furthermore, the way of article‟s writer Aboeprijadi Santoso is explained in
this research. Based on the using of noun, pronoun, verb and adverb, this research finds some concept of thematic role used by Aboeprijadi Santoso. The concept of proper noun for the agent, the concept of distance for the location, the concept of abstract things of patient, instrument, goal and sources.
iv
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best
of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or
written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been
accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other
institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in
the text.
Jakarta, February 5th 2015
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In The Name Of Allah, the Most Gracious, And the Most Merciful
First of all, there is no word better than praises be to Allah, who always
gives the writer much of strength and His amazing guidance so, the writer able to
accomplish all the processes of this thesis. Peace and salutation forever be given
to our prophet Muhammad SAW as the greatest prophet for Muslims.
Secondly, the writer would like to express his greatest honor to his family,
especially his Parent, Namih and Hasan Basri who has been fulfilling the writer‟s
needs and always supports in many aspects, may Allah always bless you. The
most thanks is addressed to his greatest honor and thankful to his advisors, Dr.
Frans Sayogie, S.H,.M.H.,M.Pd and Mrs. Yenny Rahmawati, M.Ed, who had
been fully guiding, support, and encourage the writer very well in making this
thesis from the beginning until the ending. The writer will never forget about all
of their kindness until the end of time.
Then, the big thankful send to the writer‟s friends of struggling in every
moment of tasking, laughing, sharing, Nisa Fitria Anshori, Dewi Afriyanti, Asri Sukowati, Inas Ghina, and Renita Rosa. The writer‟s friend of traveling wherever,
Windy Indah Sari, Dewi Angela Iriani, and Siti Nuraini.
Furthermore, the writer would like to express his honor to those who have
helped him in finishing this thesis, they are:
1. Mr. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag, as the Dean of Letters and Humanities
Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta.
vi
3. Mrs. Elve Oktaviyani, M.Hum, as the Secretary of English Letters
Department.
4. All the staffs of English Letters Department.
5. All the Lectures who had been taught her in English Letters Department
from the first semester until he accomplished the study.
6. All her beloved friends in English Letters Department 2010, who have
been accompanying her from the first semester.
Jakarta, February 5th, 2015
vii
B. Significance of the study ... 3
C. Research Question ... 3
D. Research Methodology... 4
1. The Objectives of Research ... 4
2. The Method of Research ... 4
3. The Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis ... 4
4. The Instrument of the Research ... 5
5. The Unit Analysis ... 5
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ... 6
A. Previous Researchces ... 6
B. The Concept of Thematic Role ... 8
C. Grammatical Relation and Thematic Role ... 14
CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS ... 18
viii
1. The Concept Of Article „What Ever Happened in Kraras, „Pak‟
Prabowo?‟ ... 17
B. Analysis of Thematic Role ... 20
1. Classification of Thematic Role ... 20
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 40
A. Conclusion ... 40
B. Suggestion ... 42
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 43
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of The Study
Mass media has an important role in social life.1It presents various life
information such news refer to economics, politics, health, community,
technology and arts. Nowadays, media as a benchmark toward the cases are
reported and written by news reporter.
People have some way to realize their voices. It can be divided into some
methods to realize agreement and disagreement such as direct and indirect way.
The direct one is usually done by demonstration even violence and anarchy
already happened because of the issues.2 The indirect way has been applied in a
column of newspaper and other kind of printed media such as magazine and blog
community.
Furthermore newspaper is a daily printed media to publish news about
government actions, natural disasters, president election and many other facts and
truth. Indeed, in certain column of news media there are many people giving their
opinion of cases and problems. It is a simply way to acces others opinion. One of
the features related to the society is opinion on the media listed in the views
column where people can access and channelize their voices through writing
1
Teun A Van Dijk. News as discourse. (USA: Lawrence Erlbaum associates, 1943) p. 5
2
Kompas News, “Bara Perseteruan konflik Thailand yang tak Kunjung Padam”accessed date: 5 June 2014 retrieved from :
2
opinion. It includes a part of argumentation. 3Argumentation of newspaper is a
reader description as opinion contains reader‟s idea and attitudes official
publication of the media as an institution to the actual problem, phenomenal, or
controversial that developed in society.4Opinion is written by another person
exclude editorial team.
The opinion also a text which should be built by many sentences
grammatically. It can be analysed by the grammar theory, syntactic analysis. In
other side, the sentences of text should have the conceptual meaning which can be
analysed by semantics. This semantics feature is explained by John I. Saeed. He
explains semantics in his theory of text analysis.5The text analysis is described
the meaning of every aspect in sentence. He divided the sentence semantics into
two parts, the situations and participants. The situations explain the using of verb
in sentence based on the meaning. The participants describes the sentence into an
aspect of a situation concerns how to portray the roles of any entities involved. 6
There are many types of semantics sentence participant. Each has role to
concept the meaning in sentence such as Agent, Participant, Patient, Goal,
Instrument, Sources, Beneficiary. using those typicals of thematic roles, the writer
intend to applicate the thematic roles into sentence in opinion article „What Ever
Happened in Kraras, Timor Leste, „Pak‟ Prabowo?‟ in order to know the
purposes of thematic roles in sentences of argumentative text. \
3
The Jakarta post, accessed date April 7, 2014 retrieved from
http://www.thejakartapost.com/channel/opinion 4
John.E. Richardson, Analysing newspaper (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007) p. 149
5
John I. Saeed, Semantics 2nd ed, (Victoria: Blackwell Publishing, 2003) p. 116
6
B. Focus of The Study
Focus of this study is to analyse the application of thematic roles in the text
which published in online media article of opinion. This study focuses on
participants and the function of thematic roles which are able applied in
argumentative text „What Ever Happened in Kraras Timor Leste, Pak Prabowo?‟.
C. Significance of the study
Generally, since The Jakarta Post is one of the largest English media in
Indonesia which has broader reader then it can help the reader to gain the
information about the opinion article „What ever Happened in Kraras Timor
Leste, Pak Prabowo?‟
Specifically, this study can be useful in society, in the field of linguistics
semantics in text. In addition, the semantics participants explained by John I
Saeed is directed to the using of words in sentence and text.
D. Research questions
Based on the background of the study the main question of the research
are:
1. What are type of thematic roles used in article„What Ever Happened in
Kraras Timor Leste, Pak Prabowo?‟?
2. How is the thematic roles applied in the opinion article „What ever
4
E. Research Methodology
1. The Objectives of Research
Based on the research question above, the objectives of the research are :
a) To know what are the types of thematic roles applied in
argumentative text of Aboeprijadi Santoso, „What Ever Happened in
Kraras, Timor Leste, „Pak‟ Prabowo?‟.
b) To know how the thematic roles applied in the article of Aboeprijadi
Santoso„What ever happened in Kraras, Timor Leste Pak Prabowo?‟
2. The Method of Research
Based on the study background and aim of the research, this research uses
qualitative method.7
3. The Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis
The bibliography technique is used to collect the data. This technique uses
written source to gain the data then the will be collected in data card.8 There are
several steps of writer to collect the data:
1. To choose an opinion article from The Jakarta Post
2. To read the article
3. To identify clause by clause of semantics sentence
4. To classify every part of sentence in the text
5. To write the whole classification in the explanation of every sentence in
the text.
7
David Nunan. Research Methods in Language Learning, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)
8
After that, those specific numbers of data is analyzed. To do that the writer
runs steps as follows:
1. To determine its semantics meaning of the data by using thematic roles
of Saeed.
2. To describe the function of thematic roles which has processed in step
(1).
3. To make conclusions based on that theoritical description.
4. The Instrument of the Research
The instrument of the research is the data card in order to write, to identify
which are needed from that article.
5. The units of analysis
The unit of analysis is the thematic roles in the article of The Jakarta Post
an opinion article from AboeprijadiSantoso„What ever happened in Kraras, Timor
6
CHAPTER II
THE THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
A. Previous Researches
Some previous studies about thematic roles have been investigated by
several researchers in different perspectives and resources which are taken from
narrative, argumentative or persuasive text.
First, An important question in the study of language production is the
nature of the semantics information that speakers use to create syntactic
structures. A common answer to this question assumes that thematic roles help to
mediate the mapping from messages to syntax. However, research using structural
priming has suggested that the construction of syntactic frames may be insensitive
to variations in thematic roles within messages. Because these studies involved
structural alternations whose syntax covaries with the order of thematic roles, it is
difficult to assess any independent contribution that role information may make to
the positioning of phrases. In this study, we primed the order of the roles without
changingthe syntactic structure of the sentences produced, and found that the
order of the roleswas influenced by the priming manipulation. This implies that
thematic roles or the features that differentiate them are active within the mapping
between messages and sentence structures.9
9
Second, considering the developments concerning semantic and syntactic
approaches within the framework of Generative Grammar have intended, in this
study, to analyze the thematic and syntactic structures of sentences in Turkish, an
to find out the principles underlying to correspondence between the two domains,
and then to observe how the findings can shed light on certain aspects of Turkish
Grammar satisfactorily. 10
Third, The syntactic realization of a verb‟s arguments is constrained by the
role that the argument plays in the meaning of the verb. In most linguistic
frameworks, these constraints are captured by mappings between syntactic
functions and thematic roles. Such mappings clearly shape our interpretation of
novel verbs. But there is controversy about when these mappings develop and
whether they are employed in the processing of utterances containing known
verbs. We explored these issues using the visual-world paradigm and structural
priming during comprehension in 4-year-old children. In experiment I, we found
robust priming of dative constructions. This priming persisted when animacy cues
were put in competition with argument structure, indicating that the locus of
priming was either in syntax or in the mapping between thematic roles and
syntactic functions. Experiment II demonstrated priming from locatives to datives
indicating that this priming was not purely syntactic. Together these experiments
provide evidence for the use of thematic mappings during sentence processing,
independent of confounding syntactic or conceptual factors. We discuss the
10
Nafi, Yalcin, “The Analysis of Correlations between Thematic Roles and Syntactic Relations in
(Turkish Sentences” Hacettepe University , Department of English Linguistics, 2002) acessed date:February 24, 2015, retrieved from
8
developmental implications, apparent discrepancies with the adult priming
literature, and the compatibility of our findings with different theories of argument
structure alternations.11
This paper has different focus among those researchers. It brings into a
theory of semantics sentence. it will find the thematic roles description and function which applied in opinion article „What ever happened in Kraras,Timor
Leste, „Pak‟ Prabowo?‟ using the test of thematic roles suggested by Jackendoff.
B. The Concept of Thematic Roles
The thematic roles one of topic in sentence semantics. It describes the
sentence by looking the role of entities. Every entity has the role which is related
to thematic roles and grammatical relations. This relation requires the role of verb
in sentence.12
(1) Gina raised the car with a jack
This sentence identifies three entities. The entities here are the part of
sentence which brings the sentence related each other, the subject, predicate and
complement. The subject is Gina which the entity responsible for initiating and
carrying out the the action described by the predicate as verb raised. The predicate
is raised from the base verb raise. the object is the car which is acted upon and
11
Malathi Thothathiri and Jesse Snedeker, “The Role of Thematic Roles in Sentence Processing:
Evidence from Structural Priming in Young Children”, (Philadhelpia: Departement of Phsycologhy, Harvard University) retrieved
from:http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~lds/pdfs/Thothathiri%20&%20Snedeker%20under%20review. pdf.
12
has its position changed by the action. The complement is a jack which describes
by which Gina is able to cause the action.13
The description of entity in sentence can be listed in thematic roles such as:
1) Agent
The thematic roles has Agent. It means the initiator of some
action, capable of acting with violition. The Agent usually described as
the subject in sentence. syntactically, the Agent has responsible for
initiating and carrying the action. Moreover, it able to do the action
which is described by the verb. The verb divides into active and passive
which has different grammatical structure. Thus, the relation between
grammatical structure and thematic roles are important in text
analysis.14
(2) David cooked the rashers
(3) The fox jumped out the ditch
The sentence (2) and (3) shows that David and The fox are the
Agent for the action described by the verb cook and jump. Both are the
initiator of action, capable of acting with violition.15
13
John I Saeed, Semantics 2nd ed (New York: Blackwell Publishing, 2002) p. 148
14 Ibid 15
10
2) Patient
The thematic role has Patient. It means the entity undergoing the
effect of action, often undergoing some change in state. The Patient
appears as the object related to the transitive verb because intransitive
verb does not need the object. Furthermore, it can be applied in subject of
sentence in passive voice structure. Thus, the using of verb in passivation
or activation can influence the determination of Patient in thematic
roles.16
(4) Enda cut back these bushes.
(5) The sun melted the ice.
The sentences above show that these bushes and the ice are the object
which is the entity undergoing the effect of action. They described by the
verb cut back and melt. So, they can be called Patient. 17
3) Theme
The thematic roles has Theme. It means the entity which is moved
by an action, or whose location is described. The determination of
Theme is not depend on the syntactic features but based on semantic
relation. The semantic relation in sentence can be examine the object or
(7) The book is in the library
The sentences above shows the ball and the book as the
participants. The ball can be classified as the Theme because it has the
movement of action. Furthermore, the book can be classified as the entity
whose location is described and the ball can be classified as the entity
which is moved by an action.19
4) Experiencer
The Experiencer is an entity which has role to the action but which is not in control the action or state. based on Saeed‟s approach of
Thematic roles, it has the similar meaning with Agent which also has a
role for controlling the action. The Agent and Experiencer often perform
as subject in sentence.
(8) Amora saw the kites festival
(9) Amora cut the paper
The example of sentences has different meaning of verbs. The
sentence (8) has the entity to look at the things without doing anything.
In contrast, the sentence (9) shows the entity which described an action
of entity Amora. The verb (9) need an actor to doing action. Thus, Saeed
explains the Experiencer has an action as verb but it can not be an actor.
19
12
5) Beneficiary
The beneficiary is the entity of thematic roles which has
benefacted things in sentence. Syntactically, It is build by noun phrase
and pronoun as direct obejct. The beneficiary has the verb which is
related to giving other things through the action.
(10) They baked me a cake
The sentence above explains that the entity me is the one who
accept the action which has benefit to pronoun me. It can be happen in
another sentence with the predicates. The predicates often the transitive
verbs.
6) Instrument
The instrument of thematic roles is the tool of action which is
needed. The instrument appears in preposition phrase. There are
examples of Instrument in sentence.20
(11) She cleaned the wound with an antiseptic wipe
The sentence describes that the entity with an antiseptic wipe
shows by which the action clean is perfomed. Syntactically, the entity
with an antiseptic wipe is an preposition phrase of complement in
sentence.
20
7) Location
The location is the entity which describe where the action happen. The
location can be identified by the using of preposition phrase. The example
sentence shows the Location.21
(12) The monster was hiding under the bed.
The sentence described the bold words as the location of sentence. it
can be identify from the meaning of preposition under which has directed
to the location of action hide. Thus, the location can be identified by
preposition verb but it has to build by the meaning of place where the
action happens.
8) Goal
The thematic roles has Goal to identify the meaning of purpose in
sentence semantics.22 The Goal can be described by the preposition phrase
for or to such the sentence below.
(13) Sheila handed the license to the policeman
The sentence above shows the purposes object of action. The goal
described by the policeman which has to accept the object the license. The
policeman can be called the Goal of sentence (13).
21
Ibid 22
14
9) Source
The source of thematic roles is the entity from which something moves
either literally or metaphorically.
(14) The plane came back from Kinshahsa
There is the preposition phrase from Kinshasha. It directs to the
performs of sources described by the action came back. Thus, the effect
of goal in sentence can be predicted by the preposition phrase in
meaning of source.
C. Grammatical Relation and Thematic Role
Every sentence has their meaning syntactically and semantically. The
relation of grammar in sentence is called the grammatical relation. It
determines the sentence with the function of words in sentence. Then, the
relation of sentence meaning is called semantic relation or thematic roles.
“we outline the main contenders for individual types of roles and grammatical relation, and discuss the idea that verbs must have their thematic role requirements listed in the lexicon” 23
Saeed stated that there is relation between the roles and verbs. He
explains that the important of roles is require the verbs to be analysed. The
following sentence will describe it clearly.
(15) Jane is waiting for the school bus
23
The grammatical relation shows that Jane as noun, is waiting as verb
phrase, and for the school bus is prepositional phrase. It can be concluded
that Jane is subject of sentence, is waiting is predicate, and for the school
bus is the complement of sentence.
The semantic relation describes that Jane is Agent of verb wait, for the
school bus is the Goal of sentence. it can be predicted by a number of tests
to identify thematic roles by Saeed. 24 He suggested to added phrases like
deliberately, on purpose, in order to in sentence to determine the Agent in
sentence. This proves that the agent shows the animacy and volition.
(16) David received the car
The sentence (2) has different meaning in semantic relation with
sentence (1). The sentence (1) shows that jane is doing something that have
purposes. In contrast, the action can not make the David is the agent because
the action is not related to the violition of action.
(17) Jane threw the ball in order to give her friend
(18) David received the car on purpose celebrate his birthday (?)
The sentence (3) and (4) has different meaning after the test of
thematic roles. Clearly, sentence (2) shows that Jane has a purpose of
volition an action but the sentence (4) does not show it. The agent can be
classified as actor or not based on the predicate. The participant which
16
performs, effects and instigate or control the situation can be classified as
Actor. So, the Agent in sentence (1) is clearly the actor.
The test is not only available for the agent of sentence but also to the
patient of sentence. by making frame of questions, Saeed test the perform of
patient.25
(19) What did X do?
(20) a. What happened to Y was...
b. What X did to Y was...
The question of frame above is the suggestion of determining and
testing the agent and patient in sentence.
(21) Jane threw the ball
(22) What Jane did was to throw the ball
(23) a. What happened to the ball was that Jane threw it
b. What Jane did to the ball was throw it
The test above shows that Jane is the agent and the ball is the patient
of sentence.
In conclusion, using this test which suggested by Saeed, the writer
will determine the thematic roles in opinion article „What Ever Happened in
Kraras, Timor Leste „Pak‟ Prabowo?‟ and identify the function of each
thematic roles in sentences of that article.
25
17
CHAPTER III
DATA ANALYSIS
A. Data Description
In this research, the writer explains text written by Aboeprijadi Santoso taken from The Jakarta Post opinion‟s article What Ever Happened in Kraras,
Timor Leste, „Pak‟ Prabowo? The article contains 27 paragraphs which contain
44 sentences. Then, those sentences are selected by the thematic role applied in
the text. The 44 data are founded by classified into the complete and incomplete
form of sentence to determine the thematic role subject, predicate, object, and
complement. Then, by selecting the complete form the 24 data are applied in
analysis. Furthermore, the collected data are analysed with thematic roles of John
I Saeed to explaining the role of thematic role.
1. The Concept of Article ‘What Ever Happened in Kraras pak Prabowo?
There are some concepts developed by Aboeprijadi Santoso to guide
reader into the imagine. He applied some political issue as a main point to
draw the event in order to explain as clear as the tragedy in the past. He also draws the personal character inside another character through Prabowo‟s
colleague. Then, the whole tragedy is detailed in times, step by step, and
18
B. Analysis of Thematic Role
1. Classification of Thematic Role
1) Datum 1
The sentence show one entity, Prabowo Subianto which is delivered
by the predicate is and the complementOne of the most interesting and most
controversial presidential hopefuls. The sentence portrays the entity as the
position of Prabowo Subianto, the importance of his role. So, the sentence
describes that Prabowo Subianto is a theme of sentence.
The theme applied by the explanation of complement. There are the
complement used for describe the wide of theme, One of the most interesting
and most controversial presidential hopeful. In the first sentence, the sentence
are described clearly. It can be the way to make the reader stay on the article.
2) Datum 2
This sentence identifies four entities, He, public attention, new ideas
and policy initiatives, related by the action described by the verb attract and
offer. The sentence draws these entities in specific roles: He which referred
to Let.Gen (ret) Prabowo Subianto as existed in the previous sentence, is the
entity responsible for initiating the action, public attention, new ideas and
policy initiatives are the objects acted upon and has its position changed by
He is among the view who have both attracted public attention and
offered new ideas and policy initiatives.
One of the most interesting and most controversial presidential hopefuls
the action. Such roles have a number of labels in semantics, including the
theory of classification of participants as explained by John.I. Saeed. He
examines the notion of thematic roles by sketching and the basic picture of
thematic roles to be assumed by much of the syntax and semantics literature.
Based on theory which is explained in chapter 2, the writer can describe the
thematic roles by calling He the agent of the action, public attention, new
ideas and policy initiatives are the theme.
The datum shows that the Agent is directed to „He‟ which referred to
Let.Gen (ret) Prabowo Subianto as existed in the previous sentence. The
Process is characterized by the verb in sentence. The datum above shows „attracted‟ as the Process in sentence. There are two Process such as
„attracted‟ and „offered‟. Both are exist in clause of sentence. The Affected
things are „public attention‟ and „policy initiatives‟.
Specifically, the writer of article uses the same agent in previous
sentence „One of the most interesting and most controversial presidential
hopefuls, is no doubt, Lt. Gen. (ret.) Prabowo Subianto‟ . The action is used
in past tense to make sense the time. The theme is applied in countable and
non countable. The countable of theme are applied in ideas from the
singular idea and initiatives from the singular initiative. The non countable
theme attention means notice, thought, or interest.26
26
20
3) Datum 3
This sentence identifies three entities, he, President Soeharto‟s family,
and a number of human rights violations related by the action described by
the verbs connect and involve. The sentence draws the entities in specific
roles: he is the entity whose the history was described, President Soeharto‟s
family means by which an action is performed or something comes about, in
a number of human rights violations is the circumstance toward the action.
Thus, it can be called that He is the theme , President Soeharto‟s family the
instrument, and in a number of human rights violations the location of
sentence.
The datum shows that the Agent in the sentence is „He‟. It still
referred to one person mentioned in previous sentence as Let.Gen Prabowo
Subianto. The Agent here also the actor in the sentence which is related to the Process „was once closely connected‟.
The author of the article used the pronoun to identify the agent. It can
be the way of repetition. The instrument applied is not a tool which is
important to relate with the action connect. The location described is not
identified by the place but it is identified by the circumstance. It can be seen
from the violation which related to the agreement. 27
27“
Violation” in Cambridge Online Dictionary, accessed date March 15, 2015 retrieved from http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/violation
But he also was once closely connected with president Soeharto’s
4) Datum 4
This sentence is divided into three clauses: one would be left
wondering, we know little about his role in indonesia‟s former 27th province, now Timor Leste, and his later military career was shaped.
The first one identifies one entity, one which is related by the action
described by the intransitive or intransitive verb leave. This clause portrays
this entity in specific roles: one describes the enitity undergoing the effect of
action leave which is showed in passive form would be left
The second one identifies three entities, we, and Indonesia‟s former
27th province, now Timor Leste related by the action described by the
transitive and intransitive verb know. The sentence potrays these entities in
specific roles: we is the entity responsible for initiating the action,
Indonesia‟s former 27th province, now Timor Leste is entity which indicated
the place in which something is situated or takes places in the action.
The third one identifies one entity, his later military career which is
related by the passive verb form of shape. This sentence potrays this entity
undergoing the effect of action.
Thus, it can be described that thematic roles in datum 3 by calling one
the patient,we the agent, about his role the patient,in Indonesia‟s former 27th province, now Timor Leste the location, his later military career the
patient.
Yet one would be left wondering why we know little about his role in
22
The datum are applied the agent in the clause of sentence. The agent
we is referred to the reader and writer because the writer is also invited the
reader to enjoy the text especially in this sentence. He cannot detail the
patient his role because he is not mentioned what the type of role in the text.
The location is described by the place of action Timor Leste.
5) Datum 5
This sentence identifies one entity, Kraras related by the predicate is
and the complement in the district of Viqueque and beautifully couched in a
wide valley with a river near forest. The sentence portrays the entity as the
description of place. So, the datum is showed that Kraras is a theme of
sentence.
The application of theme is decribed by proper noun. The complement
is widely used to explain the theme perfectly. It can be the way to make the
reader imagine the words easily.
6) Datum 6
This sentence is divided into two clauses. The first one identifies I
which is related by the action described by the verb visit. This clause
portrays the entity as the iniator of action.
When I visited in April last year, I found it almost an empty
field with a few dispersed houses containing fewer than 100
inhabitants.
The second one identifies I, it, and with a few dispersed houses
containing fewer than 100 inhabitants. The clause portrays these entities in
specific roles: I is the entity responsible for initiating and carrying out the
action. It is the entity undergoing the effect of action, and with a few
dispersed houses containing fewer than 100 inhabitants is the entity which
means by which an action is performed or something comes about.
Thus, this datum is described the thematic roles which are applied in
sentence by calling I who is referred to the writer of article Aboeprijadi
Santoso as the agent, it referring to Kraras as mentioned in previous
sentences as the patient, and with a few dispersed houses containing fewer
than 100 inhabitants as the instrument.
The ways of the author for describing the agent, patient, and
instrument are clear. He is placed the agent as himself to gain the reader
attention in the beginning of paragraph. He uses pronoun it which refers to
Kraras in previous sentence. The instrument is not described by the tool of
an action. It is a circumstance of a pace.
7) Datum 7
This sentence identifies three entities, in neighboring areas called
Bibileo and Klalerek Mutin, one, houses and various relics of the recent
past that indicate militarization.The sentence portrays these entities in
specific roles: in neighboring areas called Bibileo and Klalerek Mutin is the But in neighboring areas called Bibileo and Klalerek Mutin, one will
find houses and various relics of the recent past that indicate
24
entity of place in which something is take place, one is the initiator of
action, houses and various relics of the recent past that indicate
militarization is the entity undergoing the effect of action. Thus, the writer
describes the thematic roles by calling, in neighboring areas called Bibileo
and Klalerek Mutin, one, houses and various relics of the recent past that
indicate militarization the location, one the agent, houses and various
relics of the recent past that indicate militarization the patient.
The entities are applied by pronoun, action verb and the plural noun.
The agent is referred to a subject which is related to the human who is able
to do an action. The process is expressed through a verb which denotes an
action in future tenses. The action need an affected things as we call an
object of sentence. The objects are showed by house and relic. Clearly, the
writer of article applied the sentence in the simple future tense and the
anonymous of agent.
8) Datum 8
This sentence identifies three entities, Some villagers, their houses,
and with wantedposters of 19 generals seen as being responsible for the
country‟s bloody past, related by the action described by the verb
decorate.The sentence portrays these entities in specific roles: some
villagers is the entity of capable of acting with violition, their housesis the
entity undergoing the effect of action, and with wantedposters of 19
generals seen as being responsible for the country‟s bloody pastis the entity
which means by which some villagers is able to cause the action.
The writer describes the thematic roles by calling some villagers the
agent of the action, their houses the patient of action, and with wanted
posters of 19 generals seen as being responsible for the country‟s bloody
pastthe instrument of the action.
Furthermore, the agent is displayed by plural noun villagers of
villager which is related to the verb decorate. It is the past tense which
denotes the action. The kind of action is the process which is need the object, intransitive verb. The instrument is added by the preposition „with‟
to make sure that the action needs the instrument as a tool. The tool is a plural noun to make sense of reader about the „houses‟.
9) Datum 9
This sentence identifies two entities, most people, and Indonesian
related by the action described by the verb learn. The sentence portrays
these entities in specific roles: most people is the entity responsible for
processing and carrying out the action, Indonesian is the entity undergoing
the effect of action. Thus, the writer describes the thematic role of this
sentence by calling most people the Agent, and Indonesian the Patient
Those two entities are applied in superlative and noun. The superlative
is displayed by the agent „most people‟. The sentence shows the subject in
Unlike East Timorese elsewhere, most people here never learned
26
uncountable noun related to the community of human being. The verb is
described by the process of action to get knowledge or skill. It can be
affected the patient which is known by Indonesian. The affected thing
relates to the citizens which are referred to the part of country.
10)Datum 10
The sentence above identifies three entities, March 1983, Gen. M.
Jusuf, Col. Gatot Purwanto, meet with then Falintil guerilla leader Xanana
Kay Rala Gusmao, related by the action described by the verb send. The
with then Falintil guerilla leader Xanana Kay Rala Gusmao the goal.
The proper noun can be found in some sentences of this article. It is
shown by name of the participants. This sentence is used the complete name
of participants such as Gen. M. Jusuf, Xanana Kay Rala Gusma, and Col.
definition of Agent, Theme, and Goal. Applying the proper noun of agent,
Goal and patient are the way of writer to describe the subject, object, and
complement clearly.
11)Datum 11
The sentence identifies three entities, in a placenear Kraras, the two,
hold a cease-fire, it, and a dinner party for soldiers and guerillas, related by
the action described by the verb agree and celebrate. The sentence portrays
these entities in specific roles:in a placenear Krarasis the entity of place in
which is situated takes place, the two is the entity of two persons refer to
Gatot Purwanto and Xanana Kay Rala Gusmao which are the initiator of
action, hold a cease-fireis the purpose of action, it is the entity undergoing
the effect of action, and a dinner party for soldiers and guerillasis the
entity by which an action is performed. Thus, the writer describes the
thematic roles by callingin a placenear Kraras the location, the two the
agent, hold a cease-fire the goal, it the patient, a dinner party for soldiers
and guerillasthe instrument.
The author of the article employs the thematic roles in some ways. He
applied the location in the beginning of sentence with the preposition in and
proper noun Kraras. For applying the agent, the writer of article used the
pronoun „the two‟ which is referred to the persons as mentioned in previous In a place near Kraras,the two agreed to hold a cease-fire and
28
sentence, Xanana Kay Rala Gusma, and Col. Gatot Purwanto. The way of
process are described by „agree‟ the past simple tense which means that
action. Thus, the writer describes the thematic roles by calling, The falintil
the agent, levatamento the patient.
The author of the article defined this sentence in some ways. Clearly,
the agent is explained by the verb of action. So, the agent in this sentence is the actor. The way of process is defined by the past tense „plan‟ which
means to set a decision how to do something in the future. It expresses and
denotes an action mentally. The way of application in agent and theme is used the proper noun in term of army, „Falintil‟ and „levatamento‟.
13)Datum 13
The Falintil planned levatamento, a national uprising
At the same time the special Kopasandha military units (later named
The sentence identifies three entities, the special Kopasandha Military
units, Falintil‟s most important command area, recruit a greater number of
Timorese, related by the action described by the verb seemed to have been
consolidatedand started to recruit. The sentence portrays these entities in
specific roles:the special Kopasandha Military units is the entity the
initiator of action. inFalintil‟s most important command area is the entity of
the place in which the action seemed to have been consolidated is situated
and takes place, a greater number of Timorese is the entity which is moved
by an action started to recruit. Thus, the writer describes the thematic roles
by calling the special Kopasandha Military units the theme, in Falintil‟s
most important command area the location, a greater number of Timorese
patient.
The author of the article has some ways to describe this sentence. the
agent is defined by the proper noun. It also happened in the application of
theme and location. The description of theme is the group of military which
is related to the content of article. This article is a narrow explanation which
is referred to the military case. The verb is described by the linking verb „seem‟ which means „to be judge‟ in mental process of verb. The location
which is used the proper noun, is displayed clearly.
14)Datum 14
Indeed, following the invasion war (1975-1978),some guerilla units
changed tactics by surrendering only to rebuild forces from within the
30
The sentence identifies five entities, following the invasion war, some
guerrila units, tactics, surrendering only rebuild forces, and from within the
army, related by the action described by the verb change. The sentence
from which the action moves. Thus, the writer describes the thematic roles
by calling following invasion war is the location, some guerrila units is the
agent, surrendering only rebuild forces is the instrument, and from within
the army is the source.
The writer of article are described this sentence in some ways. The
way of agent are defined by the actor of sentence related to the verb. The verb is explained by the past tense „change‟ which means the mental action.
The thing is moved is „tactics‟ described by plural noun of „tactic‟ . it is not
the phsically changed by an action but it is mentally changed by the process.
The instrument is not a tool physically but it is a tool mentally. Similarly,
the thing of source is not defined by the physic entity because the using of „within‟ and the proper noun „Army‟.
15)Datum 15
mass desertions and guerilla attacks occurred only in Viqueque
The sentence identifies two entities, mass dessertion and guerrila, and
in Viqueque district on Aug. 8,1983, related by the action described by the
verb attack. The sentence portrays these entities in specific roles: mass
dessertion and guerrilais the entity which is capable of acting with violition,
and in Viqueque district on Aug. 8,1983is the entity of the place where
action is situated. Thus, the writer describes the thematic roles by calling
mass dessertion and guerrila is the agent, in Viqueque district on Aug.
8,1983 the location.
The author of the article employs the thematic roles in some ways.
The ways of agent are plural noun and noun phrase. The chosen nouns are
drawn the circumstances of article. The verb is described by the past tense „occur‟ which defines the accidents to happen. It is placed in the middle of
sentence but it is not required the object. Furhermore, the location are
described by the place and the time of acccident to happen.
16)Datum 16
The sentence identifies three entities; a deserted unit of hansip (local
civil defense) led by commandante Ular Ruhik, attack, and 16 Indonesian
soldiers, related by the action described by the verb launch and kill. the
sentence portrays these entities in specific roles: a deserted unit of hansip
(local civil defense) led by commandante Ular Ruhikis the entity of initiator
with violition, attack is the entity which is moved by an action, 16 indonesian
On that day, a deserted unit of hansip (local civil defense) led by
32
soldiers is the entity undergoing the effect of action. Thus, the writer
describes the thematic roles by calling, hansip the agent, attack the theme,
and Indonesian soldiers the patient.
The author of the article employs the thematic role in some ways. The
agent is the part of an actor which placed in beginning of sentence. it also relates to the process which is placed in the middle of sentence „launch‟ and
„kill‟. He describes „launch‟ in mentally process and „kill‟ in physically
process. So, the objects of sentence are also applied in different way.
17)Datum 17
„burn‟, the families and others is the entity undergoing the effect of action „persecute‟, into the forest is the entity towards which something moves of action „run‟. Thus, the writer describes the thematic roles by calling An
Army unitthe agent, to Kraras the goal, the houses the patient, the families
andothers the patient, and into the forest the goal.
An Army unit with hansip went to Kraras in search of the killers,
burned the houses and persecuted the families and others whoran into
The writer of article applies the thematic roles of this sentence in some
ways. The proper noun is chosen to be an agent who is placed in the
beginning of paragraph. The agent is described an actor because the verbs.
The processes are applied by the past verbs „go‟,‟burn‟ and „persecute‟. All
verbs are applied in past verb which relates to the physically process. The
patient of processes are drawn by the plural noun.
18)Datum 18
The sentence identifies two entities, men and Wetuku River related by
the action described by the verb execute. The sentence portrays these
entities in specific roles: men is the entity undergoing the effect of action,
Wetuku River is the entity of place in which the action moves. Thus, the
writer describes the thematic roles by calling men the patient and Wetuku
River the location.
The writer of article applied the thematic roles in some ways. The way
of beginning sentence is not described by the agent but the patient. The
subject is not only the agent of sentence but also the patient or beneficiary.
The process is passivation form. The location is described by the preposition
to describes the particular place of distance.
19)Datum 19
There were several massacres at different times; at one point some 180
men were executed nearWetuku River.
34
The sentence identifies two entities, Chandraka and in the region
around that period, related by the action described by the verb see. The
sentence portrays these entities in specific roles: Chandraka is the entity
for whose benefit the action was performed, in the region around that
period is the place in which the verb see is situated or takes place. Thus,
the writer describes the thematic roles by calling chandraka is the patient,
in the region around that period is the location.
The way of article‟s author can be seen from some concepts. the
subject of sentence is not the agent but the patient because of the
passivation. The process which is described by „see‟, is referred to the
indirect action. The location is directed to the place and the distance of
place.
20)Datum 20
The sentence identifies two entities, Purwanto and Mario
Carrascalao, related by the action described by the verb warn. The
sentence portrays these entities in specific roles: purwanto is the entity
responsible for initiating an action, and Mario Carrascalao is the entity
undergoing the effect of action. Thus, the writer describes the thematic
roles by calling Purwanto the agent and Mario Carrascalao the patient.
As early as April, Col. Purwanto had warned governor Mario
The ways of writer are drawn in some concepts. The beginning of
sentence is contained by the time „as early as April‟. The agent is
described by the proper noun „purwanto‟ as explained in previous data. It
can make the clear definition for reader than the pronoun. The process applied is „warn‟. It express the action mentally. The action is affected
Mario which is expressed by proper noun.
21)Datum 21
The sentence identifies two entities, the villagers and Prabowo,
related by the action described by the verb meet. the clause portrays these
entities in specific roles: the villagers is the entity which is aware of the
action or state described by the predicate, and Prabowo is the entity
undergoing the effect of action. The writer describes the thematic roles by
calling the villagers the experiencer and Prabowo the patient.
There are the term used in this sentence. the agent is applied by the plural noun from „villager‟ as mentioned in the previous data. It is also the
part of an actor physically because of the verb „hear‟. The process which is
defined by the past form. The patient „Prabowo‟ are related to the title of
article which means the thing to be listened.
22)Datum 22
The villagers I met three decades later, mostly 1983 survivors, all had
heard of Prabowo.
36
The sentence identifies two entities, He and Command related by the
action described by the verb do. The sentence portrays these entities in
specific roles: He is the entity responsible for intiating and carrying out the
action, command is the entity undergoing the effect of action. Thus, the
writer describes He refers to Prabowo Subianto is the agent, and command
is the patient.
The ways of writer in thematic roles are applied in some parts. The
agent is the subject of sentence which is defined by the pronoun. The pronoun is referred to the previous sentence „Prabowo‟. using the process
„do‟ which means the action in past form. „commnand‟ is defined as the
patient. It is the part of noun which means an order of soldier.
23)Datum 23
The sentence identifies one entity, Prabowo related to an action
described by the verb involve. The sentence portrays this entity in specific
role: Prabowo is the entity undergoing the effect of some action, often
undergoing some change in state. The writer describes the thematic roles by
calling Prabowo is the patient.
The ways of author in thematic roles are applied in some parts. The
subject of sentence is not an agent or actor. It contains the plural noun. The
sources and researchers suspect Prabowo was directly involved,
action is described by the present form. So, the proper noun explained in the
text is the man who is the case in point.
24)Datum 24
The sentence identifies two entities, He which refers to Prabowo in
previous sentence, and to the principal question that must be asked yet
again described by the action described by the verb give. The sentence
applies these entities in specific roles: he is the entity the initiator of an
action, and to the principal question that must be asked yet again is the
entity towards which something moves. Thus, the writer describes the
thematic roles by calling, He is the agent and to the principal question that
must be asked yet again is the goal.
The simply way to describes this sentence by placing the agent and the
goal. The agent can be classified an actor because the verb which denotes the action „give‟. The give in this sentence is the mental action because
there is not the term of physic in the goal as the adverb of sentence.
25)Datum 25
The sentence identifies two entities, the falintil and uprising
throughout the country, related by the action described by the verb plan.
The sentece portrays these entities in specific roles: the falintil is the
He would give to the principal question that must be asked yet again
38
entities responsible and carrying out the action, and uprising theoughout
the country is the entity undergoing the effect of action. Thus, the writer
describes the thematic roles by calling the falintil the agent, uprising
theoughout the country the patient.
The author of article employed the thematic roles in some ways.
using the proper nouns for the agent as an actor. It can be defined by the verb which is denoted an action „plan‟. The object of the sentence is
39
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion
The important part of media is text which sentences are placed. The
sentences are not the meaningless text. It should be known by the concept of
meaning. Then, semantics is the linguistics science which is learnt how the
sentences are meaningful or meaningless. One of the explanation in
semantics is the thematic roles. The roles of participants in sentence are
described by some types, agent, patient, theme, location, instrument, goal
and sources.
From the research that has been carried which is aimed to examine the
role of participants in thematic roles to one of the opinion article: „What
Ever Happened in Kraras, „Pak‟ Prabowo?‟. This research finds several
types of thematic roles that follow the thematic role excluded the
beneficiary which means the entity of receiver a benefit. Beneficiary entities
are not founded because there are not any particular that entity which has
benefit cause of action.
Then, through the Jackendoff‟s test in Saeed‟s book, this research
obtains the relation of semantics that occur on that pattern of sentence to
relate with the way writer of article applied the thematic roles. the thematic role can be tested through Jackendoff‟s suggestion. However, there was
thematic role, agent which is failed to be an actor because of unsuitable
40
In the way of arranging thematic role, the writer of article describes
the thematic role in some concepts. The concept of using proper noun is
applied in the agents of article. The agents are described in the subject of
sentence. It is placed in the beginning of sentence. the using of proper noun
is chosen to make the text clear. The proper noun Prabowo Subianto,
Guerrilas, Purwanto, Xanana Kay Rala Gusmao, The Falintill are described
the actors which are responsible of action.
Based on data, there are some related participants of Actor such as
Prabowo Subianto, Guerrilas, Purwanto, Xanana Kar Rala Gusmao, The
Falintill. They mentioned in the text as the subject of sentence but not all of
them is classified as Agent which has responsible for initiating and
controlling the action. in contrast, the subject can be the patient or
beneficiary of sentence based on the verb or action applied.
Another way of applying thematic roles is applied by patient. The
concept of soldiers terms are applied in many sentences of article. Patient
can be directed to direct object whereas performs after the verbs. It has
function to explain the affected things through the action. It is similar to the
Theme as the object.
The application of Experiencer is described by the subject of
sentence. Similarly, the agent and the experiencer has the their position. The
Agent has responsible for initiating and carrying out but The Experiencer
does not need it. The Experiencer are showed in the article. It is related by
The perform of Goal, Source, Location and Instrument is described by
the prepositional Phrase and adverbial phrase. They are not performed by
the real things but it is performed by the abstract objects. Significantly, the
way of Location is described by the using of distance as the prepostition
such as near, around. So, the functions of Goal, Source, Location and
Instrument are not directed to the location, purposes and tool of action.
B. Suggestion
The suggestion is given as follows:
1. The reader of article should take the detail of article. The using of agent and
actor can be influences their approach after reading the article.
2. The further researcher is important to have a further understanding about
sentences and its form. Since language is arbitrary, it is necessary to conduct
continuous researcher in order to increase the knowledge about phenomena
of word formation. The sentence semantics is the small part of larger
semantics sentence explanation. There are many explanation about
semantics sentences such as the situation context. So, many sources of
analysing semantics text are needed. By further examination of another
analysis in sentence semantics type, the new findings will hopefully be
found to bring more evidence and enrich the social semantics sciences
knowledge.
3. The writers of article should locate himself as the writer whether he is an
42
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