Design Of Tulip And Hibiscus Antenna.

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DESIGN OF TULIP AND HIBISCUS ANTENNA

SYAZANA BASYIRAH BINTI MOHAMMAD ZAKI

This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics) With Honours.

Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

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UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN

PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II

Tajuk Projek : DESIGN OF TULIP AND HIBISCUS ANTENNA

Sesi

Pengajian : 0 9 / 1 0

Saya SYAZANA BASYIRAH BINTI MOHAMMAD ZAKI mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan

syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.

2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :

SULIT* *(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

TERHAD** **(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh _{organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)}

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh:

__________________________ ___________________________________

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

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“I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as cited in the references.’’

Signature : ...

Author : SYAZANA BASYIRAH MOHAMMAD ZAKI

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“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering

(Telecommunication Electronics) With Honours.’’

Signature : ………..

Supervisor’s Name: MR.MOHAMAD ZOINOL ABIDIN B. ABD. AZIZ

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of ALLAH, Most Generous and Most Merciful

It is with the deepest sense of gratitude of the Almighty ALLAH who gives strength and ability to complete this project. All good aspirations, devotions and prayers are due to ALLAH whose blessing and guidance have helped me throughout to entire project.

First and foremost, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supportive supervisor En.Mohamad Zoinol Abidin bin Abdul Aziz, who was instrumental in providing guidance and supervision throughout conducting this project. His willingness to assist in my comprehension and application of antenna concepts is invaluable and will not be forgotten. The completion of this report would not also be the possible without some special people who had provide me with the guidance and much-needed assistance on the design and measurement of Tulip and Hibiscus Antenna every single step of the way.

The report is also dedicated to all staffs at FKEKK’s Laboratory, for giving me the chance to use test and measurement equipment at the laboratory. Not forgetting, Saidatina, Izzatul, Nurbaiti and Nurfaisya who had offered me continuous guidance and co operations during the course of this project.

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRAK

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

PROJECT TITLE i

ACKNWOWLEDGEMENT vi

ABSTRACT vii

ABSTRAK viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ix

LIST OF TABLES xvi

LIST OF FIGURES xvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION xxiv

LIST OF SYMBOLS xxvi

I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Project Objective 3

1.4 Scope of Project 3

1.5 Project Methodology 4

1.5.1 Project Methodology Flowchart 5 1.6 Thesis Outline 6

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2.5 Feeding Techniques 12

2.5.1 Inset Feed 14

2.5.2 Fed with a Quarter-Wavelength 15 Transmission Line

2.5.3 Coaxial Cable or Probe Feed 16

2.6 Antenna Parameters 16

2.6.1 Radiation Pattern 17

2.6.2 Efficiency 18

2.6.3 Bandwidth 19

2.6.4 Directivity 19

2.6.5 Gain 19

2.6.6 Polarization 20

2.6.7 Polarization Types 21

2.6.7.1 Linear Polarization 21 2.6.7.2 Circular Polarization 22

2.6.9 Input Impedance and VSWR 24

2.7 Method of Analysis 24

2.8 Transmission Line Model 24

2.9 Design Parameters of Patch Antenna 25 2.9.1 Substrate Thickness 25

2.10 Antenna Patch Dimensions 26

2.11 Circular Microstrip Antenna 29

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2.11.2 Circular Disc Microstrip Antenna Overview 30

2.11.3 The Cavity Model 30 3.1 Process of Designing Tulip Antenna 43 3.2 Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna Design 46 3.3 Specification of Designing Circular Microstrip 47

Patch Antenna in CST Software

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Quarter-wave Feedline for f = 2.2GHz 3.8 The Process of Optimization for f = 2.2GHz 65

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IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Finalized Design 84

4.2 Inset Feed Circular Patch Antenna with 85 Quarter-wave Feedline at f = 2.3GHz

4.2.1 The Design 85

4.2.2 Graph of Return Loss versus Resonance 85 Frequency

4.2.3 Bandwidth 86

4.2.4 Gain and Directivity in 3D Radiation Pattern 87 4.2.5 HPBW and FNBW for E-Field Radiation 87

Pattern

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4.9 Measurement Results 106

4.9.1 Design I 106

4.9.2 Design II 106

4.9.3 Design III 106

4.9.4 Design IV 107 4.9.5 Design V 107

4.10 Gain Measurement 108

4.11 Comparison of Simulation to Measurement 108 Results

4.12 Discussion 109

4.13 Summary 111

V CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS

5.1 Conclusion 112

5.2 Recommendations for Future Works 113

REFERENCES 115

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LIST OF TABLES

NO TITLE PAGE

2.12.4.1 Roots of J'n

 

a = 0 35

2.15.2 Dimensions of Pi-Shaped Slot 41

3.4.1 Dimension of the Inset Feed Circular Patch Antenna 56 with Quarter-wave Feedline

3.4.3 Dimension of the Inset Feed Circular Patch Antenna 58 with Half-wave Feedline

3.6.1(a) Dimension of the Inset Feed Circular Patch Antenna 65 with Quarter-wave Feedline

3.6.1(b) Dimension of the Inset Feed Circular Patch Antenna 66 with Half-wave Feedline

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LIST OF FIGURES

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1.5.1 Project Methodology Flowchart 5

2.2 Operations of Microstrip Patch 9

2.3 Patch Antenna 11

2.4 Narrowband and Broadband for Microstrip Antenna 12

2.5 Typical Feeds for Microstrip Antenna 13

2.5.1 Patch Antenna with Inset Feed 13

2.5.2 Patch Antenna with a Quarter-Wavelength Matching 15 Section

2.5.3 Coaxial Cable Feed of Patch Antenna 16

2.6.6 Elliptical Polarization 20

2.6.7.1 Microstrip Antenna Patch with Linear Polarization Wave 21 2.6.7.2 Two Type of Microstrip Patch with Circular Polarization 23

Wave

2.8 Transmission line model of microstrip antenna 25

2.10 Microstrip Transmission Line 28

2.11.3 Configuration of a Circular Disc Microstrip Antenna 31 2.12.2 Configuration of Microstrip Patch Antenna with 33

a Feed at x

2.13.1 Microstrip Line Feed 34

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(b) dimension of the Pi-shaped slot

2.15 The Geometry of Proposed Microstrip Hibiscus 38 Patch Antenna

2.15.1(a) Simulated results of the antenna return loss for 39 different value of semicircle radii

2.15.1(b) Simulated results of the antenna return loss for 40 different shapes of optimum capacitive coupled feds

2.15.1(c) Geometry of proposed wideband microstrip patch 41 antenna with capacitively coupled rectangular feed

(Ground size: 10 cm * 10 cm)

3.3.1 Layout of Inset-Feed Circular Patch Antenna with 48 Quarter-wave Feedline

3.3.2 Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for Half-wave 49 Feedline

3.4.1.1(a) Graph of Inset Feed versus Return Loss for Quarter-wave 50 Feedline

3.4.1.1(b) Graph of Return Loss versus Frequency for Quarter-wave 51 Feedline

3.6.1.1(b) Graph of Return Loss versus Frequency for Quarter-wave 54 Feedline

3.6.1.2 Simulation Result for Inset Feed Circular Patch Antenna 55 for Half-wave Feedline

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3.6.2(b) Graph of Return Loss versus Frequency for Quarter-wave 56 Feedline

3.6.3.2(e) Simulation Result for 2 Slots Inset Feed Circular Patch 61 Antenna for Half-wave Feedline

3.6.3.2(f) 3D Layout for 3 Slots Inset Feed Circular Patch Antenna 62 for Half-wave Feedline

3.6.3.2(g) Simulation Result for 3 Slots Inset Feed Circular Patch 62 Antenna for Half-wave Feedline

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3.8.1.1(a) Graph of Radius versus Return Loss for Quarter-wave 65 Feedline

3.8.1.1(b) Graph of Return Loss versus Resonance Frequency 65 for Quarter-wave Feedline

3.8.1.2 Simulation Result for Inset Feed Circular Patch Antenna 66 for Half-wave Feedline

3.8.2(a) Graph of Return Loss versus Inset Feed Length 67 for Quarter-wave Feedline

3.8.2(b) Graph of Return Loss versus Frequency for Quarter-wave 67 Feedline

3.8.3.1(a) 3D Layout for 1 Slot Inset Feed Circular Patch Antenna 67 for Quarter-wave Feedline

3.8.3.1(b) Simulation Result for Inset Feed Circular Patch Antenna 68 for Quarter-wave Feedline

3.8.3.1(f) Simulation Result for 3 Slots Inset Feed Circular Patch 70 Antenna for Quarter-wave Feedline

3.8.3.2(a) 3D Layout for 1 Slot Inset Feed Circular Patch Antenna 70 for Half-wave Feedline

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Quarter-wave Feedline for Quarter-wave Feedline

3.10.2(b) Graph of Return Loss versus Frequency for Quarter-wave 76

Feedline Antenna for Quarter-wave Feedline

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4.5.1 Layout for 3 Slots Inset Feed Circular Patch Antenna 95 4.5.4 Gain of Inset Feed Tulip Antenna for Quarter-wave 97

Feedline for Quarter-wave Feedline

Directivity of Inset Feed Tulip Antenna for Quarter-wave Feedline

4.5.5 HPBW and FNBW Plotted for E and H-Field Radiation 98 Pattern

4.9.1 The Measurement Result for Design I 106

4.9.2 The Measurement Result for Design II 106 4.9.3 The Measurement Result for Design III 106 4.9.4 The Measurement Result for Design IV 107

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Symbol Definition

ADS Advanced Design System

AR Axial Ratio

BW Bandwidth

CP Circular polarization

CST Computer Simulation Technology

EM Electro-magnetic

EMC Electromagnetically Coupled

FNBW First-null Beamwidth

FR4 Flame Retardant (Type-4)

GSM Group Special Mobile

HPBW Half-power Beamwidth

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical

LP Left-hand Polarization

LHCP Left Hand Circular

MWO Microwave Office

PCB Printed Circuit Board

Q Quality Factor

RF Radio Frequency

RFID Radio Frequency Indentification