Taxonomy Study on Trepang collected from Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon

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TAXONOMY STUDY ON TREPANG COLLECTED FROM

KARIMUNJAWA, SITUBONDO, SPERMONDE AND AMBON

ANA SETYASTUTI

GRADUATE SCHOOL

BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNVERSITY BOGOR

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ISSUES RELATED TO THIS THESIS AND THE SOURCE OF

INFORMATION AND COPYRIGHT*

Herewith I declare myself that this thesis, entitled “Taxonomy Study on Trepang collected from Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon” is my own work under the direction of an advisory committe. It has not yet been presented in any form to any education institution. The sources of information which have been published or not yet published by other researchers were mentioned and listed in the references of this thesis.

Hence I grant the copyright of my thesis to Bogor Agricultural University. Bogor, September 2013

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SUMMARY

ANA SETYASTUTI. Taxonomy Study on Trepang collected from Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon. Supervised by NEVIATY PUTRI ZAMANI and PRADINA PURWATI.

Trepang is a group of sea cucumbers or holothurians (Class Holothuroidea, Phylum Echinodermata) which has been consumed as food and traditional medicine mostly by Chinese communities worldwide. Due to the increasing demand of trepang recently, trepang industries tend to expanse fast both national (Indonesia) and international. The numbers of countries involving in trepang industries become doubled during a period of two decades.

Indonesia was the largest trepang (beche-de-mer) producer countries before the year 2000, and the main importer country is Hong Kong SAR (China). Lacking of regulation has been threatening the trepang’s populations in the nature and issues of over-exploitation and depleting resources have already been pronounced from Indonesia and other contries. The large volume of trepang in world markets has been attracted many countries and generates the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) to discuss the population’s status and potential of trepang in each producer country. Problems that encounter Indonesia to participate in CITES conservation efforts are: (1) list of trepang species traded in Indonesia which has been taxonomic confirmed is not available; (2) some processed trepang (dried or salted) losses most of the body characteristics, making them difficult to identify the species. Therefore, the objectives of this research are (1) to identified the species of trepang which are collected from Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon based on their morphology and ossicles characteristics and (2) to possibly trace their species identity from processed trepangs (dried and salted).

Samples for this study were collected from December 2011 to February 2013, from four different areas: Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon. Samples of trepang were collected from the fishermens and trepang collector. Trepang samples collected in various conditions: fresh (from Karimunjawa and Situbondo), salted (from Spermonde) and dried (from Ambon). Species identification was done through (1) determining macroscopic characteristic of body morphology and anatomy (calcareous ring, tentacle ampulae, polian vesicle, longitudinal muscle, respiratory tree, cuvierian tubulus, gonad) and (2) observing ossicles from the body wall, tentacle, dorsal papillae, ventral tube feet, longitudinal muscle, gonad, respiratory tree, cloaca, cloaca retractor muscle and cuvierian tubulus under a compound microscope.

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Stichopus vastus, S. pseudohorrens, S. monotuberculatus, S. quadrifasciatus, S. noctivagus); and 3 Bohadschia species which were unable to be identified. Concerning the species composition, it was difficult to determine whether the fishermen did not have any preference on the species or there has been a species composition change due to depleting the main species targets.

Disagreeing the previous reports, processed trepang in the present study (salted and dried) were still able to be species identified. Even though most of the external body characters has been damage, the ossicles remained recognizable. Thus, in order to determine trepang species that enter the markets, both fresh and processed specimens can be sampled and identified.

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RINGKASAN

ANA SETYASTUTI. Studi Taksonomi Teripang dari Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde dan Ambon. Dibimbing oleh NEVIATY PUTRI ZAMANI and PRADINA PURWATI.

Teripang merupakan kelompok timun laut atau holothuria (Kelas Holothuroidea, Filum Ekinodermata) yang dikonsumsi sebagai makanan dan obat-obatan tradisional oleh masyarakat Cina diseluruh dunia. Tingginya permintaan teripang di pasar dunia, menyebabkan perburuan teripang semakin meluas baik di tingkat nasional (Indonesia) maupun internasional. Jumlah negara yang terlibat dalam perdagangan teripang turut meningkat dua kali lipat dalam kurun waktu dua dekade.

Indonesia merupakan negara eksportir teripang (beche-de-mer) terbesar sebelum tahun 2000, dimana negara tujuan utamanya adalah Hong Kong SAR (Cina). Kurangnya peraturan mengenai penangkapan dan perdagangan teripang menyebabkan populasinya di alam terancam. Terjadinya tangkap lebih dan kepunahan teripang semakin banyak dibicarakan di Indonesia dan juga negara-negara eksportir lainnya. Penurunan populasi teripang akibat tangkap lebih menarik perhatian CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) untuk mendiskusikan mengenai status populasi dan potensi teripang di masing-masing negara eksportir.

Permasalahan yang dihadapi Indonesia dalam kaitannnya dengan usaha konservasi yang dilakukan oleh CITES adalah: (1) tidak tersedianya daftar jenis-jenis teripang yang diperdagangkan yang telah divalidasi secara taksonomi; (2) teripang yang telah diolah (kering dan digarami) banyak kehilangan karakteristik tubuh, sehingga proses identifikasi hingga tingkat jenis sulit dilakukan. Oleh karenanya, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) studi taksonomi untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis teripang yang ditangkap dari Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde dan Ambon; (2) mencoba mengidentifikasi teripang olahan (kering dan digarami) hingga tingkat jenis.

Sampel teripang di dapatkan dari nelayan dan pengepul dalam kurun waktu Desember 2011 hingga Februari 2013 di empat lokasi penelitian: Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde dan Ambon. Spesimen teripang yang didapat dalam beberapa kondisi: segar (Karimunjawa dan Situbondo), digarami (Spermonde) dan Kering (Ambon). Identifikasi spesimen dengan cara (1) melihat morfologi dan anatomi tubuh (calcareous ring, tentacle ampulae, polian vesicle, longitudinal muscle, respiratory tree, cuvierian tubulus, gonad); (2) mengamati bentuk spikula dari dinding tubuh, tentakel, papila dorsal, kaki tabung, longitudinal muscle, gonad, respiratory tree, cloaca, cloaca retractor muscle dan cuvierian tubulus dibawah mikroskop.

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ananas); 13 jenis lainnya, merupakan jenis-jenis yang jarang bahkan tidak pernah dilaporkan sebelumnya sebagai teripang baik di pasar Indonesia maupun dunia (Holothuria excellens, H. lessoni, H. cf. albiventer, H. turriscelsa, H. cf. imitans, Stichopus vastus, S. pseudohorrens, S. monotuberculatus, S. quadrifasciatus, S. noctivagus); dan 3 spesimen Bohadschia yang sulit diidentifikasi hingga tingkat jenis. Berdasarkan komposisi jenis teripang yang diperoleh, sulit untuk menentukan apakah nelayan memang mengambil semua jenis timun laut yang ditemui saat turun ke laut ataukah karena jenis-jenis teripang target memang telah mengalami penurunan populasinya di alam akibat tangkap lebih.

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©Copyright by IPB, Year 2013

Copyright is protected by law

It is prohibited to cite all or part of this thesis without referring to and mentioning the source. Citation only permitted for the sake of education, research, scientific writing, report writing, critical writing, or reviewing scientific problem.citation

doesn’t inflict the name and honor of IPB.

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Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirement of the Marine Science Study Program for the degree of Master of Science

TAXONOMY STUDY ON TREPANG COLLECTED FROM

KARIMUNJAWA, SITUBONDO, SPERMONDE AND AMBON

GRADUATE SCHOOL

BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY BOGOR

2013

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Title : Taxonomy study on trepang collected from Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon

Nama : Ana Setyastuti

NIM : C551110174

Approved by Advisory committee

Dr Ir Neviaty P. Zamani, MSc Advisory

Dra Pradina Purwati, MSc Co-Advisory

Known by

Head of Marine Science Study Program

Dr Ir Neviaty P. Zamani, MSc

Dean of Graduate School

Dr Ir Dahrul Syah, MScAgr

Date of examination: September 18th 2013

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FOREWORD

Bismillah. Research topic for this thesis is Taxonomy Study on Trepang Collected from Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon, which has been started from November 2011.

The author gratefully acknowledge all parties who gave supports and helps making the research and thesis done. The supervisors: Dr. Neviaty P. Zamani and Pradina Purwati, M.Sc who had provided their time and efforts, patiently supervised from the start to end, shared experience, knowledge and also fun. Thanks are delivered to Prof. Dr. Suharsono as external examiner, Dr. Agus S. Atmadipoera as a Delegation Examiner of the Marine Science Study Program, Dr. Tri Prartono as an Editor of Marine Science and Technology Department Quality Control. Thanks also subjected to Dr. Alexander M. Kerr (Guam University), Dr. Gustaf Paulay (Florida Museum Natural History) and Dr. Yves Samyn (Free University Brussel) for their assistance in identification. Thanks to Dr. Karen Von Juterzenka, Dr. Rosichon Ubaidillah, Dr. Teguh Triono for valuable discussion. Thank to Mr. Abdul Rochim, Wawan, Raf, Mrs. Sumarni, Andi Haerul, Mr. La Pay, Dr. Mu’jizat Kawaroe for their assistance in collecting specimens and lab -works and Mrs. Denti for her helps in administration stuffs. Role of RC Oceanography-LIPI and Conservation International as project funding and scholarship are acknowledged.

It is with a great pleasure to recall the important role of parents (Mr. Edi Suharto and Mrs. Suyati), husband (M. Dinarsa Kurniawan) and children (Kenzie Keandra Ramadan and Andrea Zivareta Ramadani), thank you for the pray, supports, inspiration, motivation, reminding to do the best, on time, always learn, humble, work hard and smart for the better and the best to reach the goals. Thanks to all friends (all of the member of IKL and BKL year 2011) for the friendships, critizising and spirits.

May this thesis bring benefits.

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LIST OF TABLES

1. Orders of the Class Holothuroidea 6

2. List of trepang in trade based on Choo (2008) 7

3. Trepang in Indonesia 8

4. List of trepang species collected during the study 11

LIST OF FIGURES

1. a.External morphology of Holothuroidea, Aspidochirotida 4

1. b.The internal organs of Holothuroidea 4

2. Ossicles of trepang 5

3. Locations where trepang specimens were collected from 9

4. Schematic procedure of ossicle preparation 10

LIST OF APPENDICES

1. Figures of species described 51

2. Specimens of trepang collected for study 100

3. Ossicles isolated from each body part of fresh and processed specimen 101 4. Local name and price list of trepang collected in 2011-2013 103

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1. INTRODUCTION

Background

Trepang, a group of sea cucumbers or holothurians (Class Holothuroidea, Phylum Echinodermata), is one of the economically potential marine commodities, and has been consumed as food and traditional medicine mostly by Chinese communities worldwide (Bruckner et al. 2003; Chen 2003; Choo 2008). Due to the increasing demand of trepang recently (Purwati and Yusron 2005; Purcell et al. 2009; Choo 2008; Purcell et al. 2011), trepang industries tend to expanse fast both national (Indonesia) and international. The numbers of countries involving in trepang industries become doubled during a period of two decades (Conand and Byrne 1993; Purcell et al. 2011).

Trepang takes up only ± 4.5% of the total number of sea cucumber species. Sixty six (66) species of trepan have been fished worlwide although they are Indonesia that entered the international market were 35 species. These informations are compiled from fishery reports which do not include taxonomic examination. In addition, trepang is considered single product in export statistic book published by The Ministry of Indonesia Marine Affairs and Fisheries (2011). In order to understand the distribution, population potentials and species involve, taxonomy of trepang species is important to be achieved not only for the trade needs but also for the protection of their natural resources (Bruckner et al. 2003; Conand 2004; Massin et al. 2009; Purcell et al. 2011).

Indonesia has once been the largest trepang (beche-de-mer) producer country refering to Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO) global statistics with Hong Kong SAR (China) the main importer country (Bruckner et al. 2003; Tuwo 2004; Choo 2008). Issues of over-exploitation and depleting resource have already been pronounced from Indonesia and other countries, and un-regulated fishing is considered as the main cause (Bruckner et al. 2003; Tuwo 2004; Purwati and Yusron 2005; Choo 2008; Purwati et al. 2010; Purcell et al. 2011).

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species except for high value species; 3) difficulty to distinguish or identify trepangs taxa in the form they are traded (dried or salted) (Bruckner et al. 2003; Choo 2008; Purcell et al. 2011).

For Indonesia, constraints in responding the above conditions are that: Indonesia has vast waters (70 % of total area 5.2 million km2) with limited taxonomists, while trepang fishermen are scattered throughout the waters. These generates difficulty to determine the main producing location/areas related to their species composition (Tuwo 2004; review Purwati 2005; Choo 2008). Furthermore, trepang that have been entering the market are in form of processed product (dried or gutted and salted)s. Many experts state that those forms are hard to species identify as they lose their species characters.

Problems

1. List of trepang species traded in Indonesia which has been taxonomic confirmed is not available. Whilst, this list is the most required information for population protection and conservation program.

2. Some processed trepang (dried or salted) losses most of the body characteristics, making them difficult to identify the species.

Objectives

The purposes of this study are: (1) to identify the species of trepang fished for trade in Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon, (2) to possibly trace their species identity from processed trepang (i.e. dried and salted).

2. LITTERATURE REVIEW

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3 Wirawati et al. 2007; Purwati and Wirawati 2009; Setyastuti 2009). Out of them, 35 species were listed as trepang (Choo 2008).

Molecular study on sea cucumbers that has been conducted by several scientists, is mostly subjected to the phylogeny of this marine animals. Among those, several study i.e. Uthicke and Benzie (2000, 2001), Uthicke et al. (2003, 2004, 2005, 2009) are focussed on commercial sea cucumbers or trepang species, determine the taxonomic status of species complex, population genetic or gene flow, and DNA fingerprints to investigate the resistance and resilience of trepang populations

Trepang are sold in many forms i.e. frozen, boiled, dried and salted, but the most common product in local and international market is dried form (Fox 2000; Bruckner et al. 2003; Purwati 2005; Purcell et al. 2009; Manez and Ferse 2010; Purcell et al. 2011). Dried trepang are processed through six steps: first boiling, stomach cutting, second boiling, releasing stomach content, fumigation followed with sun drying. Variation may occur during these steps depending on the species (Conand and Byrne 1993). It is therefore that processed trepang lose their species characters (morphology and ossicles). Several expert including Bruckner et al. (2003); Conand and Tuwo (2004); Choo (2008); Purcell (2010) and Uthicke et al. (2009) stated that most processed trepang cannot be species distinguished.

Taxonomy is a theory and practise on describing, naming the organism (nomenclature) and grouping thembased on their relationship (taxon) (Adisoemarto 2008; Ubaidillah and Sutrisno 2009). A taxon is a named or unamed group of organisms that can be recognized as a formal entity at any level of hierarchical classification (Samyn et al. 2010). Taxonomy needs to determine the unique identifier of a taxon (scientific name). Samyn et al. (2010) recommands taxonomical research on trepang species. This is necesssary to give unique, stable, and universil scientific name which ease efforts on conservation and sustainable trepang industries (Mace 2004; Massin et al. 2009).

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Fig. 2. Ossicles of trepang. a: table from the side; b: table from downside; c: table from upside; d-g: button; h-l: rod; m-o: plate; p-q: rossete; r: grain. 1-3: crown, spire and disc. (Source: Wirawati et al. 2007, Purwati and Wirawati 2009).

Classification of trepangs that are internationally traded (review based on Brusca and Brusca 2003; Kerr and Kim 2003; Kerr and Kim 2001 and Choo 2008):

Phylum: Echinodermata Class : Holothuroidea

Order : 1. Aspidochirotida Grube, 1840 Family : 1) Holothuriidae Ludwig, 1894 Genus : a. Actinopyga Bronn, 1860

b. Bohadscia Jaeger, 1833 c. Holothuria Linnaeus, 1767

d. Pearsonothuria Levin, Kalinin dan Stonik, 1984 Family : 2) Stichopodidae Haeckel, 1896

Genus : a. Sctichopus Brandt, 1835 b. Parastichopus

c. Thelenota H. L. Clark, 1921 d. Apostichopus

Order : 2. Dendrochirotida Grube, 1840 Family : 1) Cucumariidae Ludwig, 1894 Genus : a. Mensamaria

b. Cucumaria c. Pentacta

Order : 3. Molpadiida Haeckel, 1896 Family : 1) Caudinidae Heding, 1931 Genus : a. Acaudina

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7 Table 2. List of trepang in trade based on Choo (2008). (x) Commercial

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Table 3. Trepang in Indonesia. Asteric refers to rarely traded (see review Purwati 2005).

No .

Species Local names International market

name

1 Actinopyga echinites kunyit, ladu-ladu, kapok/kapuk, bilalo

Deepwater redfish

2 Actinopyga lecanora batu, balibi Stonefish

3 Actinopyga mauritania buntal Surf redfish

4 Actinopyga miliaris kapok/kapuk, lotong, gamet, sepatu Blackfish

5 Bohadschia argus ular mata, cempedak Leopard

fish/tigerfish/spottedfis h

6 Bohadschia

marmorata olok-olok, getah putih, pulut, benang, krido polos

-

7 Bohadschia

tenuissima* karet -

8 Holothuria atra teripang hitam, dara/darah Lollyfish/black trepang

9 Holothuria coluber taikokong Snakefish

10 Holothuria edulis dada merah, takling, perut merah, cerak, batu keling

Pinkfish

11 Holothuria

fuscopunctata ? Elephant trunkfish

12 Holothuria fuscogilva susu putih White teatfish,

susufish

13 Holothuria hilla ? -

14 Holothuria impatiens donga, babi, ular-ular, tempulo - 15 Holothuria

leucospilota salengko, talengko, getah -

16 Holothuria nobilis susu hitam, lotong, koro, susuan Black teatfish

17 Holothuria ocelata kacang goreng -

18 Holothuriapervicax ? Tiger spotted trepang

19 Holothuria scabra pasir, buang kulit, gosok, putih, kamboa

Sandfish

20 Holothuria similis krido, krido bintik Chalkfish/whitefish

21 Pearsonothuria graeffei

bintik merah Flowerfish

22 Stichopus chloronotus jepung, jepun Greenfish/squarefish

23 Stichopus horrens kacang goreng, kacang, susu Dragonfish

24 Stichopus variegatus gamet, kasur, taikongkong, anjing, kapok, gama

Curryfish/yellow meat

25 Thelenota ananas nanas, nenas Prickly redfish/plum

flower trepang

26 Thelenota anax Duyung amberfish

3. STUDY METHODS

Study period

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Fig.3. Locations where trepang specimens were collected from.

Specimen collection and handling

Samples of trepang were collected from the fishermen at each study regions to ensure that the sea cucumbers were fished for trepang trade. All information related to the samples was documented (i.e. fishing sites, equipment used, local names and sampling date). Samples collected were in various conditions: fresh (from Karimunjawa and Situbondo), salted (from Spermonde) and dried (from Ambon). Fresh and salted specimen was preserved in 90% ethanol while dried specimen deposited in dried condition.

According to the fishermen during interview at Karimunjawa and Situbondo, samples were collected from the given areas. On the contrary, fishermen at Spermonde and Ambon were fished from extended areas, reaching East Kalimantan and Maluku waters.

Materials

Material used in this study were: specimens of trepang, camera for documentation, sample bottles for preserved specimens, labels for detail information of each specimens, dissecting set, pipette, object glass, compound microscope, microscope with lucida camera, alcohol, domestic bleaching (NaClO), aquadest.

Species identification

Samples were identify macroscopically by observing the characteristic of external body and internal organs (calcareous ring, tentacle ampulae, polian vesicle, longitudinal muscle, respiratory tree, cuvierian tubulus, gonad). To determine the species, ossicles from body wall, tentacle, dorsal papillae, ventral tube feet, longitudinal muscle, gonad, respiratory tree, cloaca, cloaca retractor muscle and cuiverian tubulus were examined microscopically.

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dipped with several drops of NaClO for 5-10 minutes. Afterward, they were rinsed (4-7 times) with several drops of distilled water, and ended with 70% ethanol and ready to be observed under a compound microscope (Fig. 4). Drawing tube was set for line drawing .

Literature refered for identification included Semper (1868); Sluiter (1887); Sluiter (1901); Koehler and Vaney (1908); Deichman (1938); Heding (1940); Cherbonnier (1951a, 195 1c, 1952, 1967, 1988); Cherbonnier and Feral (1984a and 1984b); Rowe (1969); Clark and Rowe (1971); Rowe and Doty (1977); Canon and Silver (1986); Rowe and Gates (1995); Massin and Lane (1991); Massin (1996b), Massin (1999); Samyn and Massin (2003); Samyn (2003); Samyn et al. (2006); Wirawati et al. (2007); Setyastuti (2009); Massin et al. (2009); Purcell et al. (2012).

Fig. 4. Schematic procedure followed for ossicle preparation: Small cut was made from each observed organs using scapel or scissor put it on an object glass and give several drops of domestic bleaching and left for 5-10 minutes to allow the flash tissue dissolved and remained the ossicles on the glass base (A-C). The supernatan was then pipetted (D), and rinsed the ossicles on the glass with distilled water (E). For permanent ossicle preparats, a drop of eupharal liquid was used to embed the ossicles prior to be covered (F-H) (source: modified from Samyn et al. 2006).

The examined samples were record as KJ, STB, SPM and AMQ which subsequently refered to collecting location Karimunjawa, Situbondo, Spermonde and Ambon. All speciemen were deposited at RC Oceanography-LIPI reference collection.

4. RESULTS

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11 specimens in dried condition lost their body color and the internal organs. Their bodies were stiff and dark all over. The sizes of dried specimens were smaller than those fresh and salted.

Identifying the dried specimens were more difficult because of the limitted access to ossicles except those from the body wall (Appendix 3). Three Bohadschia were also still questioning. In this case, confinis (cf.) which mean “close to the species” was used. The 27 species described were presented in Table 4.

Table 4. List of trepang species collected during the study.

N

1 Actinopyga lecanora (Jaeger, 1835) Situbondo Fresh STB09;

STB10

2 Bohadschia vitiensis (Semper, 1868) Spermonde Salted SPM003

3 Bohadschia subrubra (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Spermonde Salted SPM007

4 Bohadschia sp1. Spermonde Salted SPM002

5 Bohadschia sp2. Karimunjawa Fresh KJ005

6 Bohadschia sp3. Ambon Dried AMQ02

7 Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis (Selenka, 1867) 8 Holothuria (Microthele) fuscopunctata Jaeger,

1833

Ambon Dried AMQ05

9 Holothuria (Halodeima) edulis Lesson, 1830 Karimunjawa, Spermonde

Fresh, Salted

KJ006; SPM008 10 Holothuria (Halodeima) atra Jaeger, 1833 Karimunjawa Fresh KJ002 11 Holothuria (Platyperona) exellens Ludwig,

1875

Situbondo Fresh STB05;

STB11 12 Holothuria (Metriatyla) cf. lessoni Massin,

Uthicke, Purcell, Rowe & Samyn, 2009

Karimunjawa Fresh KJ001

13 Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra Jaeger, 1833 Situbondo Fresh STB07 14 Holothuria (Metriatyla) cf. albiventer Semper,

1868

Ambon Dried AMQ06

15 Holothuria (Theelothuria ) turriscelsa Cherbonnier, 1980

Situbondo Fresh STB06

16 Holothuria (Stauropora) fuscocinerea Jaeger, 1833

Situbondo Fresh STB03

17 Holothuria (Acanthotrapeza) coluber Semper, 1868

18 Holothuria (Semperothuria) cf. imitans Ludwig, 1875

Ambon Dried AMQ07

19 Pearsonothuria graeffei (Semper, 1868) Spermonde, Ambon

Salted, Dried

SPM009; AMQ01

20 Stichopus vastus Sluiter, 1887 Situbondo,

Spermonde

21 Stichopus pseudohorrens Cherbonnier, 1967 Spermonde Salted SPM006

22 Stichopus cf. monotuberculatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)

23 Stichopus quadrifasciatus Massin, 1999 Situbondo Fresh STB04

24 Stichopus chloronotus Brandt, 1835 Ambon Dried AMQ08

25 Stichopus noctivagus Cherbonnier, 1980 Situbondo Fresh STB02

26 Thelenota anax Clark, 1921 Spermonde Salted SPM005

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12 Muelleria lecanora Jaeger, 1833: 18, pl. 2 figs 2, 2b, pl. 3 Fig. 8.

Holothuria (Actinopyga) lecanora; Panning, 1929: 127, Fig. 9a-c (complete synonym).

Actinopyga lecanora; Clark & Rowe, 1971: 176, pl. 27 Fig. 2; Cherbonnier, 1988: 20, Fig. 4A-I; Massin, 1996: 8, Fig. 4A-G; Massin, 1999: 8, Fig. 3a-j, 4, 110a; Samyn, 2000: 15 (tab. 1); Samyn, 2003:12, Fig. 3A-E, 51C; Purcell et al., 2012: 16.

Material examined - STB09 (1 fresh specimen, 220x75 mm in ethanol); STB10 (1 fresh specimen, 215x130 mm in ethanol).

Morphology - Color in alcohol: dorsally brown yellowish; ventrally lighter than dorsal; 45 to 50 mm above the anus with a lighter zone with pale whitish lines. Body wall smooth, up to 110 mm thick. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 13 to 17 brown to yellow large tentacles. Anus terminal, surrouded by five white to brown anal teeth. Dorsal papillae long; up to 8 mm; conical; bright yellow; scattered in interambulacral and ambulacral areas; the number more numerous in the anterior side. Ventral tube feet up to 6 mm; brown to yellow; in ambulacral areas only, in nine to ten rows, the number very numerous.

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13 Geographic distribution - see Appendix 1, Fig. 3.

Genus Bohadschia Jaeger, 1833 Bohadscia vitiensis (Semper, 1868) Fig. 4A-C, 5A-K, 6 (see Appendix 1)

Holothuria vitiensis Semper, 1868: 80, pl. 30 Fig. 2; Domantay, 1933: 76, pl. 1 Fig. 2; Domantay, 1935: 119.

Holothuria (Bohadschia) vitiensis; Panning, 1929: 122, Fig. 3a-k (complete synonym).

Bohadschia vitiensis; Rowe, 1969: 130; Clark & Rowe, 1971: 176, pl. 27 Fig. 5; cherbonnier 1988: 42, Fig. 14A-I; Conand, 1989: 21, Fig. 3; Massin, 1999: 13, figs 8a-k, 9.

Material examined - SPM003 (1 salted specimen, 270x120 mm in ethanol).

Morphology - Large species. Body color white pale to brown dorsally with dark brown transverse banding; ventrally, white pale with a brown median longitudinal line (Fig. 4a-b). Body wall rough to the touch, 10 mm thick. Mouth ventral surrounded by 20 small brownish tentacles (8 mm length). Anus terminal, black in color. Dorsal papilae conically, very numerous, spreading overall; ventral tube feet succer-like, densely crowded without allignment.

Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout; radial with an anterior notch (Fig. 4c). Radial pieces one and half times as wide as interradial pieces (the radial piece up to 10 mm wide and 10 mm high, the interradial piece up to 8 mm wide and 8 mm high). Since the specimens observed was processed specimens (salt processed), internal organ a little bit difficult to observed, most of them already broke. Cuvierian tubulus not observed in the specimen; tentacle ampulae present 20 pieces, translucent; single polian vesicle, sac-like, 45 mm long; stone canal, gonad and rate mirabile not observed in the specimen; respiratory tree arise from single stalk; longitudinal muscle, flat, attached medially, lateral margins free. Cloaca and cloaca retractor muscle black in color.

Ossicles - Tentacles with spiny rods, bifurcated or bended extremities, 50-250 µm long (Fig. 5k). Dorsal body wall with rosettes and grains, 15-30 µm long (Fig. 5a-b). Ventral body wall, perforated and unperforated grains together with rosettes, 15-40 µm long (Fig. 5e-f). Dorsal papilae with rosettes, 15-25 µm long (Fig. 5c), and banched rods, 15-50 µm long (Fig. 5d). Ventral tube feet as ventral body wall with no clear separation between rosettes and grains, 15-30 µm long (Fig. 5g-h), rods is 20-75 µm long (Fig. 5i), perforated plates 150-250 µm accros (Fig. 5j). Cloaca retractor muscle with miliarly grains.

Geographic distribution - see Appendix 1, Fig. 6.

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Holothuria subrubra Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: 136.

Bohadschia subrubra; Cherbonnier, 1988: 40, Fig. 13, A-K; Massin et al. 1999: 155 (complete synonym), figs. 3, 4, 5, pl.1A, C, D; Samyn, 2000: 15 (tab. 1); Samyn, 2003: 24, Fig. 10A-D, Fig. 52B, pl. 2B; Purcell et al. , 2012: 34. Material examined - SPM007 (1 salted specimen, 250x140 mm in ethanol).

Morphology - Large species, loaf-like shape. Body color dark brown dorsally with irregular light-brown patches scaterred overall the dorsal surface. Ventral, white to yellow. Body wall smooth, 18 mm thick. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 20 brown tentacles. Anus terminal. Dorsal papilae very small, scatered overall the surface. Ventral tube feet, very long, succer-like, spreading overall the surface. Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout with radial pieces three times as wide as interadial pieces (the radial piece up to 12 mm wide and 10 mm high, the interradial piece up to 4 mm wide and 8 mm high); radial pieces with a deep central anterior and posterior notch, two lateral hollows in the anterior side (Fig. 7c). Since the specimens observed was processed specimens (salt processed), internal organ a little bit difficult to observed, most of them already broke. Cuvierian tubulus not observed in the specimen; tentacle ampulae present; polian vesicle not observed in the specimen; single short stone canal (< 1/12 of body length), straight; gonad, rate mirabile, respiratory tree and longitudinal miscle already broke.

Ossicles - Tentacles with large spiny rods (Fig. 8d); dorsal body wall with rossetes, 20-40 µm long (Fig. 8a); ventral body wall with more involute-shape of rosettes than dorsal body wall, 20-45 µ m long (Fig. 8b); ventral tube feet with rosettes like in ventral body wall (Fig. 8c) and perforated plate, 100 µm across (Fig. 8e).

Geographic distribution - see Appendix 1, Fig. 9. Bohadscia sp1.

Fig. 10A-C, 11A-P, 12A-C, 13 (see Appendix 1)

Material examined - SPM002 (1 salted specimen, 300x70 mm in ethanol).

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15 Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout with radial pieces twice as wide as interadial pieces (the radial piece up to 12 mm wide and 14 mm high, the interradial piece up to 6 mm wide and 8 mm high); radial pieces with a deep central anterior notch and two lateral attachment sites for the longitudinal muscles; interradial pieces with an anterior tooth and shallow concave posterior side. Cuvierian tubulus not observed in the specimen; tentacle ampulae long (85 mm); single polian vesicle, sac-like, up to 60 mm long; longitudinal muscles, yellow and flat, medially attached with lateral margins free.

Ossicles - Tentacles with numerous rugose and smooth surface of rods and a few rossetes and perforated grains (Fig. 12A-C); dorsal body wall with numerous large rosettes from simple to involute shape, 25-50 µ m long (Fig. 11A), and irregular small rods, 15-35 µm long (Fig. 11B); ventral body wall with numerous perforated grains, 15-35 µm (Fig. 11G), imperforated grains up to 20 µm long (Fig. 11I), rosettes with more simple shape than dorsal body wall, 15-40 µ m long, and straight smooth rods, 55-165 µm long; dorsal papilae with rosettes, smaller than in dorsal body wall, 25-40 µm long (Fig. 11C), but irregular rods larger than in dorsal body wall, up to 60 µm long (Fig. 11D), straight rods up to 70 µm long (Fig. 11E), and perforated end plates up to 160 µ m accross (Fig. 11F); ventral tube feet with regular and irregular rods, 20-65 µm long (Fig. 11K-L), imperforated and perforated grains, 15-30 µm long (Fig. 11N-O); anal papilae with rosettes, 15-50 µm long (Fig. 11M), and rods up to 65 µm long.

Bohadschia sp2.

Fig. 14A-C, 15A-O (see Appendix 1)

Material examined - KJ005 (1 fresh specimen, 160x90 mm in ethanol).

Morphology - Medium species. Dorsal, creamy-brown uniformly with three irregular large spots transversally (Fig. 14A). Ventral, cream to white color with whitish median longitudinal line (Fig. 14B). Rugosity of body wall, smooth to the touch, 5 mm thick. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 20 small tentacle. Anus terminal, surrounded by anal papillae. Dorsal papilae uniformly orange but in the area of irregular spot brown color, appear from the darker circle base, numerous and scattered on all surface of dorsal body wall. Ventral tube feet, succer-like, brown transparent, numerous, spreading on the surface of dorsal body wall.

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16

Ossicles - Tentacles with moderate spiny, unperforated, most with branched extremities, 30-70 µm long (Fig. 15M); dorsal body wall with involute rosettes shape, 25-45 µm long (Fig. 15A), many small grains, and endplate; ventral body wall with numerous simple shape rosettes, 15-45 µ m long (Fig. 15E), bigger perforated and imperforated grains than dorsal body wall, 10-30 µ m long (Fig. 15F-G); dorsal papilae with rosettes, 10-30 µm long (Fig. 15B), irregular rods, 25-50 µm long (fig 15C) and perforated irregular rods (Fig. 15D); ventral tube feet with simple rosettes like in ventral body wall, 20-40 µm long (Fig. 15H), irregular rods, 25-45 µm long (Fig. 15I), perforated and imperforated grains, 15-30 µ m long (Fig. 15J); anal papilae with rosettes and irregular rods with no clear separation, 10-40 µm long (Fig. 15K); cloaca with rosettes and irregular rods with no clear separation, 15-45 µm long (Fig. 15L), and straight rods (Fig. 15O); respiratory tree with numerous small rods, 25-55 µm long (Fig. 15N).

Remarks – color pattern of the body was slightly different from Bohadschia vitiensis as transversal bands absent. Instead, its transverse irregular large spots with dark color was observed. One crustacean family of Pinnotheridae (D.L.Rahayu pers. comm.) was found inside the respiratory tree.

Bohadschia sp3.

Fig. 17A-B, 18A-G (see Appendix 1) Material examined - AMQ02 (1 dried specimen, 95x40 mm).

Morphology - Dorsal, light brown with numerous black conical papilae scattered on the surface of dorsal body wall. Ventral, dark brown with black median longitudinal line. Ventral tube feet, brown to black spreading on the surface. Ossicles - dorsal body wall with perforated and imperforated grains, 15-40 µ m long (Fig. 18A-B), rods up to 50 µm long and perforated end plate up to 150 µm across; ventral body wall have no rosettes, numerous irregular rods and grains, 5-30 µm long (Fig. 18C-D), button-like ossicle up to 55 µm long (Fig. 18F).

Remarks - Calcareous ring and internal organs have already been removed. There was button-like ossicles in the ventral body wall, and no single rosette present.

Genus Holothuria Linnaeus, 1767 Subgenus Microthele Brandt, 1835

Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis (Selenka, 1867) Fig. 20A-C, 21A-G, 22A-O, 23 (see Appendix 1) Holothuria nobilis Selenka, 1867: 313, pl. 17 figs 13-15.

Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis; Cherbonnier, 1979: 861; Massin, 1999: 33 (complete synonym), 110g, h; Samyn, 2000: 15 (tab. 1); Samyn, 2003: 58, figs 23A-K, 24A-B, 25A-C, Fig. 53H, pl. 3D; Purcell et al. 2012: 70.

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Morphology - Large species. Specimen SPM001, dorsal, creamy-brown uniformly with large irregular black spot on median tranversally and small irregular black spot scattered overall the surface of dorsal body wall (Fig. 20A). Ventral, lighter than dorsal (Fig. 20B). Specimen AMQ4, dorsal and ventral with black color. Description below based on Specimen SPM001. Body wall smooth to the touch, 15 mm thick. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 20 small tentacles. Anus terminal, surounded by 10 anal papilae. Dorsal papillae, conically brownish, spreading on the surface of dorsal body wall. Ventral tube feet, succer-like, creamy-transparant, spreading overall the ventral surface.

Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout with radial pieces one and half time as wide as interradial pieces (the radial piece up to 10 mm wide and 8 mm high, the interradial piece up to 7 mm wide and 7 mm high). Radial pieces with two slightly convex anterior notch. Interradial pieces with anterior tooth. Cuvierian tubulus not observed in this specimen. Twenty tentacles ampulae present with 52 mm long. Single polian vesicles, sac-like, 48 mm long. Longitudinal muscle, flat, medially attached and lateral margins free.

Ossicles - Tentacles with rods, the extremities smooth to moderate spiny, 75-200 µ m long (Fig. 22I), small perforated rods-like button (Fig. 22J). Dorsal body wall with tables, ellipsoids and plates. Table numerous; disc usually square-shape with smooth to slightly undulate rim (diameter disc 90-130 µm across); perforated by four central hole and 4-10 peripheral hole; four pillar forming a short spire united by single cross beam or circle ending in a dense crown of blunt spines (Fig. 21A). Ellipsoids, numerous, knobbed, four to ten pair of holes, 60-80 µm long (Fig. 21B). Plate, elongated, smooth to slightly knobbed, 75-100 µm long (Fig. 21C). Ventral body wall with tables, buttons, ellipsoids, rods and plate. Tables similar in size and shape as those found in the dorsal body wall, but ellipsoids here more simple than dorsal ellipsoids (Fig. 22A-B); button, smooth to knobbed, very numerous, three to six pair of hole, 120-150 µ m long (Fig. 22F); rods-like plates, numerous, 110-180 µm long (Fig. 22C-D); elongated plates, many (Fig. 22E), rarely found narrow plates. Dorsal papillae with tables, ellipsoids, elongated plates and rods-like plates. Tables as similar as those found in dorsal body wall (Fig. 21D); some ellipsoids more complex in shape than those in dorsal body wall, 65-85 µm long (Fig. 21E); elongated multiperforated plates longer than those in 200 µ m long (Fig. 22K), and elongated perforated plates, 100-180 µm long (Fig. 22L). Overall, anal papillae has smaller tables and ellipsoids compares to body wall, dorsal papillae or ventral tube feet (Fig. 22M-N), the elongated plates as long as those found in dorsal body wall (Fig. 22O).

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18

was possible that others were completely damage during trepang process. In addition, Samyn (2003) mentioned that the tentacles of H. nobilis were large, but in the examined specimen the tentacles were relatively small compared to its body length. One crab was found inside the mouth, between tentacle ampulae.

Holothuria (Microthele) fuscopunctata Jaeger, 1833 Fig. 24A-B, 25A-H, 26A-B, 27 (see Appendix 1) Holothuria fuscopunctata Jaeger, 1833: 23.

Holothuria (Microthele) fuscopunctata; Cherbonnier, 1980: 623 (complete synonym); Cherbonnier, 1988: 144; Samyn, 2000: 15 (tab. 1); Samyn, 2003: 56, Fig. 22A-E, Fig. 53G, pl. 3C; Purcell et al., 2012: 56.

Material examined - AMQ05 (1 dried specimen, 130x80 mm).

Morphology - Specimen loaf like shape. Body color brown to white uniformly, ventral lighter than dorsal. Body wall rough to the touch (probably because of the preservation in dried processed). Mouth ventral surrounded about 16 black tentacles. Anus terminal. Dorsal papilae small, sparsely overall the dorsal surface. Ventral tube feet black, very abundant spreading overall the ventral surface. Can not observed the bivium and trivium because the specimen compressed of dried processed.

Internal organ - Calcareous ring and internal organ not observed because already broke.

Ossicles - Tentacles with massive rods, the surface very rugose and the rim spiny, 120-200 µm long (Fig. 26A); a few large ellipsoid buttons up to 110 µm long (Fig. 26B). Dorsal body wall with numerous tables; table disc up to 70-90 µm across, most square-shape with spiny rim, perforated by four central holes and 6-12 peripheral holes; short to moderate high of four pillar united by one cross beam or circle ending in a dense crowded blunt spines of crown (Fig. 25A-B). Ellipsoids button of dorsal body wall, regular and irregular shape, smooth to spiny rim of buttons, 60-120 µm long (Fig. 25C). Many rods-like plates with the spiny extrimities, 60-70 µm long (Fig. 25D). Ventral body wall with tables and ellipsoids button smaller than those found in dorsal body wall (Fig. 25E-F); elongated multiperforated plates, many, up to 80 µ m across (Fig. 25G); rods-like plate up to 120 µm long (Fig. 25H).

Subgenus Halodeima Pearson, 1914 Holothuria (Halodeima) edulis Lesson, 1830

Figs. 28A-C, 29A-H, 30 (see Appendix 1)

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19 Holothuria (Holothuria) edulis; Panning, 1935a, Fig. 36a-d (complete synonym). Holothuria (Halodeima) edulis; Cherbonnier, 1980: 632, Fig. 9A-L; Rowe, 1983:

156; Cannon & Silver, 1986: 22, Fig. 6f; Cherbonnier, 1988: 75, Fig. 29A-I (records); Jangoux et al., 1989: 163; Conand, 1989: 23, Fig. 2; Marsh, 1994a: 10; Rowe & Gates, 1995: 291; Massin, 1996b: 19, Fig. 11A-G; Liao, 1997: 101, Fig. 56a-d; Massin, 1999: 21, figs. 14, 110d; Samyn, 2000: 15 (tab. 1); Samyn, 2003: 36, Fig. 15A-E, Fig. 52F, pl. 2F; Purcell et al., 2012: 48; Setyastuti, 2011: 223, Fig. 6.

Material examined - KJ006 (1 fresh specimen, 160x45 mm in ethanol), SPM008 (1 salted specimen, 255x60 mm in ethanol).

Morphology - Medium to large species. Dorsal, dark red to dark brown in preserved condition and pinkish or to browinsh to white ventrally. Body wall a bit rugose to the touch, 2-6 mm thick. Mouth ventral surrounded by 12-20 creamy tentacles. Anus terminal with black circle and surrounded by small anal papilae. Dorsal papillae white to light brown, appear from the dark brown circle base, scattered over the surface. Ventral tube feet, abundant spreading over the surface, succer-like with dark brown stalk and pink succer, 1-2 mm long.

Internal organ - Calcareous ring small with radial pieces twice as wide as interradial pieces (in specimen KJ006 the radial piece up to 4 mm wide and 4 mm high, the interradial piece up to 3 mm wide and 2 mm high; in SPM008 the radial piece up to 8 mm wide and 4 mm high, the interradial piece up to 4 mm wide and 7 mm high); radial pieces with deep anterior notch and two lateral attachment sites for the longitudinal muscles; numerous black dots appear on the posterior of radial and interradial in specimen SPM008. Cuvierian tubulus not observed. Tentacle ampulae, 12-20 mm long, 15-20 pieces. Double polian vesicle only found in specimen KJ006, sac-like, 14-17 mm long. longitudinal muscle flat, medially attached and lateral margins free.

Ossicles - Tentacles with rods, some with smooth rim and many with moderate spiny rim and branching in their extremities (Fig. 29G). Dorsal and ventral body wall have similar shape and size of tables, the disc reduces, four pillars united by a single cross beam and each pillar ending in four points each forming like a maltese cross (Fig. 29A); and the similar buttons, 30-55 µm long (Fig. 29D). Dorsal papillae have similar table as those found on body wall (Fig. 29B); button-like rosettes numerous with smooth or spiny edge, 35-55 µm long (Fig. 29C). Ventral tube feet also have table as those found on body wall; irregular perforated plates and regular plates widening centrally, numerous 120-250 µm across (Fig. 29 F). Respiratory tree with many long slender and smooth edge of rods 90-110 µ m long (Fig. 29H).

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20

Holothuria atra Jaeger, 1833: 22; Cherbonnier, 1963: 5; Cherbonnier, 1967: 56. Halodeima atra; Heding, 1940a: 113; Cherbonnier, 1979a: 861.

Holothuria (Halodeima) atra; Rowe & Doty, 1977: 230, figs 3d, 7a; Cherbonnier, 1980: 631, Fig. 8A-N; Tan Tiu, 1981: 73, pl. 15 figs 1-3, pl. 29 figs1-2e; Cannon & Silver, 1986: 22, figs 3f, 6d; Cherbonnier, 1988: 73, Fig. 28A-J; Jangoux et al.,1989: 163; Conand, 1989: 23, Fig. 2; Kerr, 1994: 168; Rowe & Gates, 1995: 291; Massin, 1996: 18, Fig. 10A-E; Massin, 1999: 20, Fig. 13; Samyn, 2003: 35, Fig. 14A-D, Fig. 52E, pl. 2E; Setyastuti, 2009: 377, Fig. 8a-b, 9a-e; Purwati & Wirawati, 2009: 7, Fig. 6a-b; Setyastuti, 2011: 222, Fig. 5; Purcell et al., 2012: 42.

Morphology - This species is a very common in shallow water and easily recognize from their morphology. Their body color uniformly black, and their external morphology and ossicles are similar to those observed for Holothuria atra from Seram Island (Setyastuti 2011).

Subgenus Platyperona Rowe, 1969

Holothuria (Platyperona) exellens Ludwig, 1875 Fig. 33A-C, 34A-P, 35 (see Appendix 1)

Mulleria excellens Ludwig, 1875: 98, pl. 7 Fig. 32; Lampert, 1885: 97; Theel, 1886: 199; Ludwig, 1889-92: 329.

Argiodia excellens; Pearson, 1914: 170.

Holothuria (Microthele) excellens; Panning, 1929: 132, Fig. 16.

Holothuria (Platyperona) excellens; Cherbonnier, 1988: 94, Fig. 37A-N; Kerr et al., 1992: 209, figs 3g-h, 4a-c, 5a-e, pl. 1e-f; Massin, 1999: 40, figs 30a-j, 31.

Material examined - STB05 (1 fresh specimen, 130x40 mm in ethanol), STB11 (1 fresh specimen, 85x35 mm in ethanol).

Morphology - Medium species. Dorsal and ventral body wall, black to purple uniformly (Fig. 33A-B). Body smooth to the touch, 2-4 mm thick. Mouth ventral surrounded by 17-22 tentacles with black to dark purple crown and lighter stalks; a series of black papillae encircling the mouth. Anus terminal, in specimen STB11 observed aboutt 6 anal papillae. Dorsal papillae small, black to purple in color appear from the circular base, scattered aver the dorsal surface. Ventral tube feet more abundant than dorsal papillae, black to purple in color, most spreading in ambulacral area, only a few spreading in interrambulacral area (specimen STB 11), 3 mm long.

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21 and 2 mm high; in specimen STB11 the radial piece up to 6 mm wide and 4 mm high, the interradial piece up to 3 mm wide and 2 mm high) (Fig. 33C). Radial pieces squadrish with large anterior notch, interradial pieces with trianggular-shape anterior tooth. Cuvierian tubulus observed only in specimen STB05, non-expellable, non-adhesive, long-thin, white color, branched, distal part of tube smooth, has more than 10 attachment sites. Tentacle ampulae present 14-18 pieces, purple, up to 8 mm long. Single polian vesicle, purple, sac-like, 13 mm long. One short stone canals (3 mm), convulated. Respiratory tree arise from single stalk. Longitudinal muscle, flat, purple, medially attached, lateral margins free.

Ossicles - Tentacles with spiny rods which are curved and straight, 50-250 µ m long (Fig. 34O-P), numerous tables with the disc rim more pointed than those found on body wall or papilae and tube feet, 60-75 µ m diameter disc (Fig. 34L). Dorsal and ventral body wall, dorsal papillae and ventral tube feet have the same shape of tables but the size are bigger in dorsal body wall and dorsal papillae(70-90 µm across) than in ventral body wall and ventral tube feet (50-70 µm across); table disc with smooth to undulate rim, many peripheral hole and one central hole; four pillars forming the short spire with one cross beam, ending in a dense of blunt spines with variable diameter (Fig. 34A,D,E,G,N). Dorsal body wall and dorsal papillae have the same shape and size buttons, 70-90 µm long, smooth surface with a few small knobbs scattered over the surface (Fig. 34B-C). Ventral body wall and ventral tube feet have the same shape and size buttons, 90-100 µ m long, most of them with a row of knobbs along the edge (Fig. 34F&H). ventral tube feet with many smooth elongated perforated plates and endplates, with a median longitudinal lines, 100-300 µm long (Fig. 34I-K), and massive perforated rods, 200-250 µm long (Fig. 34M).

Remarks - Almost all internal organs were purple in color. The intestine was found full of brown clay. At glance, this species appeared like H. (Halodeima) atra, and easy to be misidentified.

Geographic distribution-see Appendix 1, Fig. 35.

Subgenus Metriatyla Rowe, 1969

Holothuria (Metriatyla) cf. lessoni Massin, Uthicke, Purcell, Rowe & Samyn, 2009

Figs. 36A-C, 37A-L, 38A-B, 39 (see Appendix 1)

Holothuria (Metriatyla) lessoni; Massin et al., 2009: 41, figs. 1A-D, 3A-G, 4A-H, 5A-C (complete synonym); Purcell et al., 2012: 64.

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22

tentacles (4 mm). Anus terminal. Dorsal papillae, black in color appear from the cream-yellowish base (circular tubecle), spreading over the bivium. Ventral tube feet, succer-like, black in color, the size is longger than dorsal papillae, spreading over the trivium.

Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout, with radial twice pieces as wide as interradial pieces (the radial piece up to 6 mm wide and 3 mm high, the interradial piece up to 5 mm wide and 4 mm high). The radial with deep anterior notch and two lateral attachment sites for the longitudinal muscles and interradial pieces with anterior tooth (Fig. 36C). Internal body wall white color with numerous small black spots. Cuvierian tubulus not observed in the specimen. Tentacles ampulae present 20 pieces, 3 mm long. Single polian vesicles, sac-like, up to 35 mm long, creamy-brown with helical shape at the distal part. Gonad, one tuft, unbranch. Rate mirabile present. Respiratory tree arise from single stalks. Longitudinal muscles, flat, the wider part attached to the body wall, only a small part of margin free. Cloaca brown in color.

Ossicles - Tentacles with numerous rods, very rugose on the surface, moderate to high spiny at the rim, some branching at the extremities (Fig. 37J). Dorsal body wall with tables, buttons and rods; tables with smooth to moderate spiny and quadrangular disc, 60-100 µm across, with one to four central hole and one circle of peripheral hole, the pillars up to 50-60 µm high united by cross beam ending in large acute blunt spines (Fig. 37A); Buttons 40-100 µm long, knobbed/nodulous (Fig. 37B); massive rods-like plate, 110-180 µm long (Fig. 37C). Ventral body wall have the same shape and size of tables as those found on dorsal body wall, but the buttons are smaller (Fig. 37H-I). Dorsal papillae with the same shape and size of tables and buttons as those found on dorsal body wall (Fig. 37D-E); reduce end plates up to 150 µm across (Fig. 37F); perforated rods up to 80-150 µ m long (Fig. 37G). Longitudinal muscle and gonad have long-thin-smooth unperforated rods-like ossicle, 40-120 µm long (Fig. 37K-L). Cloacal wall with perforated plates 50-100 µm across, 3-6 holes, very spiny of the edge or not and also spiny of the holes, some perforated plates very smooth (Fig. 38A); perforated rods with spiny or smooth at their edge (Fig. 38 A). perforated plates of cloaca retractor muscle is more simple and smaller than those on cloacal wall (Fig. 38B). Remarks - Massin et al. (2009) descibes this species to have anal papillae and the body wall is smooth. In the examined specimen, anal papillae was not obvious seen and the body wall was rough, paper-like. In addition, the specimen have short pillar on the table ossicles of body wall, and contrast with that described by Massin et al. (2009). However, the present of reduced end plates of dorsal papillae ossicles was considered to be the main clue. Some ossicles similar with H. timana, but this species name was not valid anymore (Massin et al. 2009: 43).

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23 Holothuria scabra Jaeger, 1833: 23; Cherbonnier, 1952: 504.

Holothuria (Holothuria) scabra; Panning, 1935b: 80, Fig. 66a-f (complete synonym).

Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra; Cherbonnier, 1980: 647, Fig. 16A-L (complete synonym); Massin, 1999: 30, figs 22a-l, 23, 110f (complete synonym); Massin et al., 2000: 77, figs. 1-14; Samyn, 2000: 15 (tab. 1), Samyn, 2003: 50, Fig. 19A-E, Fig. 53D, pl. 3A; Purwati & Wirawati, 2009: 11, Fig. 10a-b; Purcell et al., 2012: 80.

Material examined - STB07 (1 fresh specimen, 140x75 mm in ethanol).

Morphology - Medium species. Dorsal grey to greenish color, the transverse band not clearly observed because the specimen shrinking (Fig. 40A). Ventral white color with median longitudinal orange to brown line (Fig. 40B). Body wall rough to the touch, 3 mm thick. Mouth ventral surrounded by 17 small tentacles. Anus terminal, black color. Dorsal papillae black to greenish appear from circular tubercle with the same color, spreading over the surface. Ventral tube feet, succer-like, white color appear from two circle base (inner circle black and outer cirlce white).

Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout, composed of quadrangular radial and interradial pieces. Radial pieces 5x5 mm wide and high, interradial pieces 4x4 mm wide and high. Radial pieces with a deep V-shaped anterior notch (Fig. 40C); interradial pieces with sharp anterior tooth. Cuvierian tubulus not observed in the specimen. Tentacle ampulae presentt 17 pieces with 10-15 mm long. Single polian vesicle, sac-like, 45 mm long. One long stone canal (50 mm), helical shape. Longitudinal muscle flat with medially attached and lateral margins free. Cloacal wall black color. Internal body wall creamy brown with numerous black irregular dots spreading over the surface.

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2-7 holes, very spiny at the edge and very rugose, 70-90 µm across (Fig. 42B); rods with irregular to X-shape, very rugose and some smooth, 70-100 µm long (Fig. 42C&D). Cloacal retractor muscle with rare tables (Fig. 42E); few buttons (Fig. 42F); and numerous perforated plates with 2-4 holes less spiny than those found on cloacal wall, 40-50 µm across (Fig. 42G); many rods with X-shape and smooth at the edge (Fig. 42G).

Remarks - According to Massin (1999) tentacle ampulae on this species was as long as stone canal, but in examined specimen stone canal was observed longer. Rods on the ventral tube feet have similar shape with those found on H. scabra var versicolor described by Samyn (2003: 52, Fig. 20D). No ossicle in longitudinal muscle and respiratory tree. In contrast with Massin et al. (2009), there was numerous ossicles in the suspensor muscle of cloaca.

Holothuria (Metriatyla) cf. albiventer Semper, 1868 Fig. 44A-B, 45A-G, 46 (see Appendix 1)

Holothuria albiventer Semper, 1868: 67, 248, 277, pl. 30, Fig. 14; Cherbonnier, 1963: 5; Cherbonnier, 1967: 56.

Holothuria (Metriatyla) albiventer;Rowe, 1969: 160; Clark & Rowe, 1971: 200, pl. 28 Fig. 2; Canon & Silver, 1986: 23; Cherbonnier, 1988: 129 (complete synonym); Rowe & Gates, 1995: 293; Samyn, 2003: 48, Fig. 18A-E, Fig. 53C, pl. 2H; Setyastuti, 2009: 375, figs. 4a-b, 5a-f; Purwati & Wirawati, 2009: 14, Fig. 11a-b.

Material examined - AMQ06 (1 dried specimen, 10x4 mm).

Morphology - Dorsal body brown with whitish irregular transversal spot in lateral side (Fig. 44A). Ventral body almost all surface whitish with brown irregular spots in some area (Fig. 44B). Internal organ can not observed because already broken.

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25 Remarks - The specimen lesft yellow-orange coloured when being rubbed. Perhaps that was the reason the local fishermen named it as “teripang kunyit” meaning turmeric trepang.

Subgenus Theelothuria Deichmann, 1958

Holothuria (Theelothuria) turriscelsa Cherbonnier, 1980 Fig. 47A-C, 48A-D, 49A-F, 50A-C, 51 (see Appendix 1)

Holothuria (Theelothuria) turriscelsa; Cherbonnier, 1980: 644, Fig. 15A-L, pl. 1E; Kerr et al., 1992: 209, Fig. 3f, pl. 1d; Massin, 1999: 53, figs 42a-l, 43 (complete synonym); Samyn, 2000: 15 (tab. 1); Samyn, 2003: 78, Fig. 31A-G, Fig. 54F.

Material examined - STB06 (1 fresh specimen, 190x50 mm in ethanol).

Morphology - Large species. Dorsal color brown to greenish uniformly, bivium not clearly seen (Fig. 47A). Ventral color white to yellowish (Fig. 47B). Body wall rough to the touch with thickness of body wall up to 13mm. Mouth ventral surrounded by 21 small tentacles with light yellow crown and white-yellowish stalk with numerous purple-black dots, the collars present with yellow color and numerous purple-black dots and yellow papillae. Anus terminal, black in color with a cluster of perianal papillae. Dorsal papillae long (5 mm), yellow color appear from yellow-transparant with purple-black dots pyramidal base (tubercle) scattered over the dorsal surface. Ventral tube feet-succer like with yellow color at the tips and transparant yellow with purple-black dots at the tube, sparsed in ambulacral area.

Internal organ - Calcareous ring stout, with radial pieces twice as wide as interradial pieces (the radial piece up to 8 mm wide and 9 mm high, the interradial piece up to 4 mm wide and 9 mm high). Radial pieces with slightly anterior notch and two lateral tooth and one rounded posterior protrude; interradial pieces with two pointed tooth (Fig. 47C). Cuvierian tubulus not observed in the specimen. Tentacles ampulae present 12 pieces (20 mm long). Single polian vesicle, sac-like, up to 45 mm long. Rate mirabile present. Respiratory tree arise from single stalk. Longitudinal muscle, white, cylindrical and completely attached, only three pieces. Cloacal wall white.

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26

to undulate at the edge, generally six pairs of holes with open or closed because of knobs, 55-80 µ m long (Fig. 48D), ellipsoids buttons many. Dorsal papillae with tables, buttons, rods and plates; tables with more spinous disc rim than those found on body wall, with more than four central holes and 14-16 peripheral holes, disc shape more quadrangular and the size bigger than those found on body wall, 55-100 µm across (Fig. 48B); buttons-like rods in large shape, spiny at the edge with more than 10 holes (Fig. 48E); rods-like plates and perforated plates almost with no separation, 150-300 µm long (Fig. 48E). Ventral tube feet with the same shape and size of tables as those found on dorsal papillae (Fig. 49A), a few large tables with more than four central holes and more than 35 peripheral holes; buttons or buttons-like rods present smaller than those found on dorsal papillae, 100-120 µm long (Fig. 49E); elongated plates-like buttons or irregular perforated plates with spiny at the edge, 80-100 µm across (Fig. 49B&C); perforated rods 80-120 µm long (Fig. 49D). Collar with tables, buttons, rods and plates; tables with the same shape and size as those found in dorsal papillae (Fig. 50A); many buttons with more than seven holes, spiny at the edge and knobbed; massive rods with a very rugose at the surface, spiny at the edge, unperforated, 180-130 µm long (Fig. 50B); and rods-like plates (Fig. 50C) and plates with the same shape as those found on ventral tube feet. Longitudinal musce, respiratory tree, cloacal wall and cloaca retractor musce have no ossicles.

Remarks - Calcareous ring in examined specimen showed different shape with that described by Massin (1999), that radial pieces have deep rounded anterior notch and two large posterior points, whilst the interradial was with small anterior median tooth. He also mentions that the polian vesicle are many, contrast to the examined specimen which only one. Longitudinal muscle was cylindrical and only three observed. The intestine was found full of soft mud.

Subgenus Stauropora Rowe, 1969

Holothuria (Stauropora) fuscocinerea Jaeger, 1833 Figs. 52A-C; 53A-U, 54 (see Appendix 1)

Holothuria fuscocinerea Jaeger, 1833: 22; Panning, 1935d: 4, Fig. 107a-n (complete synonym).

Mertensiothuria fuscocinerea; Deichman, 1958: 300, pl.3 figs 12-23.

Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) fuscocinerea; Rowe, 1969: 148; Clark & Rowe, 1971: 176; Cherbonnier & Feral, 1984a: 680-682, Fig. 10a-n; Cannon & Silver, 1986: 22; Cherbonnier, 1988: 108, Fig. 44a-o; Kerr et al., 1992: 208, Fig. 3b.

Holothuria (Stauropora) fuscocinerea; Rowe & Gates, 1995: 299; Massin, 1999: 48, figs. 38a-n, 39, 111c (complete synonym); Samyn, 2003: 73, Fig. 29A-J, Fig. 54D; Setyastuti, 2009: 376, figs. 6a-b, 7a-f; Purwati & Wirawati, 2009: 17, Fig. 14a-b; Purcell et al., 2012: 52.

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27 Morphology - Medium species. Dorsal, brown-greenish color with many dark-brown irregular spots arraged medially from anterior to posterior (Fig. 52A). Ventral, lighter than dorsal, beige to yellow-greenish uniformly (Fig. 52B). Body wall smooth to the touch with average body thickness up to 2 mm. Mouth ventral surrounded by 18 small tentacles with white stalk and pale-yellow crown, very small collar with small papillae surrounding the mouth. Anus terminal with black color encircling it. Dorsal papillae yellow color, long size, abundant spreading over the surface, clearly appear from enlarge pyramidal tubercles with orange color, tubercle base surrounded by two circle, first is dark-brown cirle and outer circle is whitish. Ventral tube feet, long size, abundant spreading over the surface, succer-like yellow-whitish with dark-brown base.

Internal organ - Calcareous ring small (Fig. 52C), radial pieces one and half as wide as interradial pieces (the radial piece up to 6 mm wide and 4 mm high, the interradial piece up to 4 mm wide and 2 mm high). Cuvierian tubulus present, non-adhesive, short (40 mm) and thick, white color, unbranched, distal part of tube smooth, less than 10 attachment sites. Tentacle ampulae present 20 pieces, 10 mm long. Single polian vesicle, sac-like, 40 mm long. One stone canal, short (4 mm), straight shape. Gonad one tuft with branched tubulus, beige-yellow color. Lesft respiratory tree more branching and excessive than the right one. Longitudinal muscle flat and completely attached to the body wall.

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28

53I); more numerous rods with perforated overall and spiny edge than unperforated rods, 150-250 µm long (Fig. 53L); perforated paltes with central widening or elongated, 110-180 µm across (Fig. 53J&K). Collar with tables, buttons and rods; tables similar with those found on dorsal body wall or dorsal papillae; irregular buttons with two holes or more than two pairs of holes, 20-60 µ m long (Fig. 53O); rods with perforation overall (Fig. 53P); rods with no perforation and spiny disc and rugose at the surface, 210-300 µm long (Fig. 53Q). Cloacal wall with small rods and buttons (Fig. 53R&S); cloacal retractor muscle and respiratory tree only with buttons (Fig. 53T&U).

Remarks - Cloacal wall was black in color. The intestine was observed full of mud. Massin (1999) describes that the right side of respiratory trees extends up to calcareous ring. In the examined specimen, the left side was very dense and longer than the right side.

Subgenus Acanthotrapeza Rowe, 1969

Holothuria (Acanthotrapeza) coluber Semper, 1868

Figs. 55A-C, 56A-G, 57A-E, 58 (see Appendix 1)

Holothuria coluber Semper, 1868: 90, pl. 28, pl. 30 Fig. 28, pl. 34 Fig. 5; Endean, 1957: 252.

Holothuria (Holothuria) coluber; Panning, 1935a: 35, Fig. 30a,b (complete synonym).

Holothuria (Acanthotrapeza) coluber; Rowe, 1969: 138; Cherbonnier, 1980: 636, Fig. 11A-H (complete synonym); Tan Tiu, 1981: 74, pl. 16 figs. 1-3; Cannon & Silver, 1986: 21, figs 3d, 6c; Conand, 1989: 16, 23; Kerr, 1994: 168, Fig. 4b; Rowe & Gates, 1995: 290; Massin, 1999: 17, figs 11a-k, 12 (complete synonym); Purwati & Wirawati, 2009: 4, Fig. 4a,b; Purcell et al., 2012: 46.

Morphology - Large species. Dorsal and ventral black-brownish uniformly (Fig. 55A-B). Body wall rough to the touch with thickness up to 10 mm. Mouth ventral surrounded by eleven small tentacles with yellow crown and whitish stalk, around the mouth also found small yellow-white papillae. Anus terminal surrounded by yellow anal papillae. Dorsal papillae, yellow color, appear from yellow circullar base, scattered over the surface. Ventral tube feet, succer like, transparant yellowish color, appear from two circular base (white and yellow), longer than dorsal papillae (3 mm),very abundant spreading over the surface.