RECRPROCAL QUESTIONING AND COOPERATIVE CONFLICT RESOLUTION METODS IN MASTERING INFERENTIAL READING COMPREHENSION.

RECIPROCAL QUESTIONING AND

COOPEFtATI\

1

f

CONFLICT

RESOLUTION METHODS

' / I

IN

MASTER!

t~ G

IHFERENTIAL

READING COMPREHENSION

A

T~

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tics

'~l P;:~t ~s~

FfllfiHment

f{br

the

Degree of

Ch~iir$~~:;;6

~4 ~j%l:Vid

Marudut Silalahi

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Stud 'l\;:(l~~~~ h11. d e;~ Numb~ r

: 0 2 50 l 00 73

- - - - -·-·--,

MIUK

PERPUST

AKA AN .

UNIME O

1

ENGt.I.Sri

.~ _ P PLX

Ef)

li NGUI STICS

. GRA!)UATE PROGRAM

STA/1$1 UNI.VERSITV

OF MEDAN

SHEET OF APPROVAL

Th is thesis has been arranged and proposed by; Na me: C harles David M. Silatah i ..

Reg. No. 02501 0073.

Approved by:

Consultant I Consu ltant II

Prof. Dr. Jawasi Naibaho Prof. M. Silitonga, M.A.Ph.I>

The Head of LTBI

~======--~~~ ~

THESIS

RECIPROCAL QUESTIONING AND COOPERATIVE CONFLICf RESOLUTION METHODS IN MASTERING INFERENTIAL READING

COMPREHENSION

Arranged by:

Cliarfu (])avUf !M.anufut Sifafalii

0 2 5 0 1 0 0

~

3

P.ngfisli )fpptiea

£inguistics

Has been defended before Thesis

Examination Committee, on August 28tb~ 2004.

And declared to have fulfilled the requirement.

Consultant 1

Approved by

Consultant .Commission:

Consultant D

Prof. Dr. Jawasi Naibaho Prof. M. Silitonga, M.A., Ph.D.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study is concerned with the effect of Redprocal Questioning and

Cooperative Conflict Resolution Methods in Inferential reading comprehension. The st udy is submitted to Graduate Program of UNJMED in partial fulflllment of the fi nal

academic requirements to obtain the degree of Magister of Humanity from English

Applied Linguistics.

First of all, the writer would like to thank to the Almighty God for it is impossible for him to complete

t'his

thesis without His guidance and blessing. The \\Titer

also would like to express his sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Jawasi Naibahol

ana

Prof M. Silitonga, Ph.D. as his first and second consultants, who gave invaluable advices,

bllli dance, comments, encouragement and criticisms to the writer to broaden his

perception and knowledge on the topic at hand.

He is a)so indebted to Prof. Tina Mariany Kariman, M.A., Ph.D., Amrin Saragih,

M.A., Ph.D. and Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd. for their constructive comments and

suggestions for the study. His great gratitude is also due to Prof. Dr. Jawasi Naibaho

and Dra. Meisuri, M.A both as Head and Secretary to the English Applied Linguistics

for their suggestions and administrative assistance duri ng his study and in conducting this

research, as well as to the lecturers who advised and guided him throughout his academic

years at the Graduate Program ofUNIMED.

The Head of State Senior High School of Medan 4, Mr. Nolong Samura,

M.Sc.; :Ora. Indahsari Karo-Karo and Dra. Sinur Tambunan as professional teachers

who helped him in conducting the treatment in his research. And those reachers and

students of State Senior High School of Medan 4 who gave supports to this study

should deserve his sincere gratitude for their cooperative attitude and work during the

research.

The writer's sinccr~ s t thanks should also go to his beloved ntoth~r . II. fh·.

Sioaga, who has patiently given moral and financial support, her never-ending love and

her prayers.

Next, he wants to express his thanks to his brothe rs and sisters~in law, Jacob Silalahi, S.'Pd.- Nurdiana Siburian, Rev. Jobansen Silalahi, S.Th- Rev. Merry

Pangaribuan, S.Th, Posman Silalahi, S.ll.- Pasaribu, Faber Silalahi, S.T, Salomo

Silalabi, S.Com, his sister and brother in law, Anna Silalahi, S.Pd· Manimbul Manik

and all his nephews and nieces, who never gave up supporting him in completing this

thesis. Also, his aunt and uncle, Drs. S. Panjaitao and R, Br. Silalabi, tbr their moral

and spiritual support dwing his studies at the English Department.

His best family in Executive Class: B'lndah, Mery, Mariah, Susanto, Ira,

Wilda, Ana, B'Diani, Mr. Kamson, should also share the writer's thankfulness for their

encouragements, suggestions, and togetherness. And to all of his friends at the Engll. ~h

Applied Linguistics especially students of The 3'd generation of Graduate Program for

their moral support.

In his effort to overcome all kinds of challenges, the writer

sympathetically supported by his lovely and charity girl, Riskawaty Dumaria Sianipar,

S.Pd, who has always provided him with comforting words in times of pressure for the.

completion of this work. His great thanks should go to her for her support and loving

attitude.

Finally~ the writer realizes that his thesis is still far from being perfect in spite of

the fact that he has done his best in completing this work. Therefore, con~fruc t ive

criticisms. comments and suggestions are welcomed for further improvement of this

thesis.

Ill

Medan, August 2002

The

writer.

Charles David M. Silalahi

ABSTRACT

Silatahi, Charles David Marudut. 2004. Recipr~al Questioning and Cooperative

Conflict Resolution Methods in Mastering lnferentiNI Rending

Comprehension. English Applied Linguistics, Graduate Program of

UNIMED.

The objectives of this study are to investigate whether Reciprocal Questioning and Cooperative Conflict Resolution Methods significantly affect on inferential reading comprehension and which of these methods is the most significantly effective. Quantitative approach was carried in experimental design. The second year students of State Senior High School of Medan 4 in the 2004/2005 academic years were taken as the sample of this study in clustering sampling with 120 students divided i nto four groups (three groups as experimental and a group as control). First, the researcher

administering a pre·test for both groups, then the first experimental group is treated

by using Reciprocal Questioning method, the second experimental group is treated by

using Cooperative Conflict Resolution Method and the third experimental group is treated by using the combination of the two groups; and at the last, the researcher registered a post-test for both. The data was analyzed by means of statistical analysis

by applying one-way ANOV A. In order to show a deep analysis, the researcber

applied two kinds of calculation, they are~ manually and automatically (the

application of a computer's program called SPSS). The result of testing the t1rst

hypothesis through manual. system showed that the F observed is greater than the Ftable

(27.941 > 3.94 (df: 0.01)). And the result of analysing the data through SPSS also

showed the same condition. (Fobserved is greater than Ft~b lc : 28.072 > 3.94 (df: 0.01)).

The difference between the manual system and SPSS is not significant. Later on the Newman-Keuls fonnu1a was applied, the researcher found that the third experimental group is the most effective method (because the means of the scores is the highest and give a good contribution toward the others methods). follows by the second experimental method and finally the first experimental method. And in a general conclusion, the writer would say that the reciprocal questioning and cooperative conflict resolution methods are significantly affected on inferential reading comprehension.

TABLE O.F

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ... ... . ... . .. . .. .. .... .. ... ... ... .. .. .. ... .... . ... .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... . ... ... . ... . ... .... .... 11

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... iii

CHAI'TER 1: INTRODU('TION 1. 1 The Background of the Study 1.2 The Problems of the Study 4 1.3 The Scope of the Study 5 1.4 The Objectives of the Study 5 1.5 The Significan ce of the Study 6 1.6 The Hypotheses .... .... . .. . .. .. ... ... ... ... .. . .. .. . . .. ... ... .... . . . ... ... . .. . .. . .

fi

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Teaching Method in Teaching Learning Activity ... . ... ... .. .... .. 8

2.2 Reading Comprehension ... .... ... ... ... J]) 2.3 The Taxonomic Level of Comprehension ... . .... ... ... ... I I 2.3.1 Literal Comprehension ... : . ... ... 12

2.3.:Z Inferential Comprehension ... . . ... ... . 13

2.3 .3 Evaluation ... . ... ... .. .. ... 15

2.3.4 Appreciation . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 1'5 2.4 The Factor Influencing Comprehension .. .. . .. . .. . .. . ... .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. 16

2.5 Questioning . .. . .. . .. ... ... ... ... ... .. . .. . ... ... . .. . . . .. . . ... ... . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . . 17

2.6 The Reciprocal Questioning Method ... ... ... ... ... .... 18

2. 7 The Cpopcrati w Conn ict Resolution Method... .. .. . ... . .. .. ~ - ... .. . ... ... 24

2. 7. 1 The Cooperative Conflict Resolution in Learning 26 2.7.2 The Effect of Using Cooperative Conflict Resolution Method... .. .. . .. . 29

2.8 Theoretical Framework 29

CIIAI•TEit Ill: METIIOI>OI .OG\' 3. 1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.6. 1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 3.7 3.8 3.9

The Rc.:search Des ign .. ... .. .... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... . The l.ocatio11 ol'the Study ... ... .. .

The Population and Sample ... ... ___ ... ... .. The Variables ... . ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... _ _ The lnstrumenl of Data Collection

The Procedure Data Collection Preparation

Pre-Test Treatment

Post-Test

The Developing Research Instrument ... .. ... .. .... .... .... .. .

The Validity and Reliability of the Test ... .. ... .. . ... ..

The Technique Data Analysis

CHAPT ER IV: DATA ANAL \'SIS

4.1 Data Analysis ... .. ... ... ..

4.1. 1 The Effect of Teaching Methods in Inferential Reading Comprehension ... .. . 4.1. 1.1 Teaching Inferential Reading Comprehension through Reciprocal

.\l ' ' ·'·) 34 36 :17 37

38

38 39 39 41

Questioning Methods ... ··· ··- ... ... . . 43

4.1.1. 2 Teaching Method through Cooperative Conflict Resol ution Method in

Inferential Reading Comprehension ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . 46

4.1.1.3 Teaching Method through Combination of Reciprocal Questioning and "Cooperative Contlict Resolution Methods in fnferential Reading

Comprehension _.. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. 48 4. I. 1.4 The Most Effective Methods .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . 50 4.2 The Testing of Hypothesis . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . . 51

4. 2. 1 Hypothesis one 51

4.2.2 Hypothesi.<; two 52

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS ANil SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions . . . .. . 56

5.2 Suggestions .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . . .. . . .. . . 56

LIST OF A l'l'ft:N DH 'I<S

:\I'I'F NDJ:\ : l'a~l'

AI,J»ENI)IX I :The Inferential Reading Comprehension T est . .. . .... .. . . . ... .. 59

APPC~DIX 2 : Kt ~ y Answt.·•· ... ... ... . .... . ... .. ... .. . . . .... . ... ... . 79

AI,P EN DIX J : The l>istributional List of Pre-Test Store for Control Group ... 80

APPEJ\ DIX 4 :The Dis rri butional u.~t of Pre-Test ~<-ur"'t" for 1-:~lcr-inu·nl I Crou1• 81 API)I•:I\DIX 5 : Thr Uistributional List of Pre-Test Score for txperiment II Group 82 APPE~ DIX 6 : The Distributional List of Pre· Test Score for Experiment Ill Grou11 83 APP~NDIX 7 :The l)istributional List of Post-Test Score for Control Grou11 ... 84

APPEI\DIX 8 : The Distributional List of Post-Test Score for Experiment I Group 85 APPENDIX 9 : The l)istributional List of Post-Test Score for Experiment II Group 86 APPEN DIX 10: The Distributional List of Post-Test Score for Experiment Ill Group 87 APPENDIX 11: TheData and Histogram of Pre-Test of Experimental Group I 88 APPENDIX 12: Thei>~tta and Histogram of Pre-Test of Experimental Group 2 89 APPENDIX 13: TheData and Histogram of Pre-Test of Experimental Grou1• 3 90 APPENOLX 14: TheData and Histogram of Pre-Test of Control Group... 91

APPENDIX 15: ThcOata and Histogram of Post-Test of Experimental Group l 92 APPENDIX 16: ThcData and Histogram of Post-Test of Experimental Group2 93 APPENDIX 17: TheData and Histogram of Post-Test of Experimental Group 3 94 APP ENDIX 18: TheData and Histogram of Post-Test of Control Group... 95

APPENDIX 19: Reliability Test through Manual System... 96

APPEN DIX 20: F- Tr ... t th1·ougb Manual System ... 99

APPENDIX 21 :The Frequency of Post-Test Score in Control GroUJ) ... 100

APPENDIX 22 : The Frequency of Post-Test Score in Control Group ... 101

APPENDIX 23: The Frequency of Post-Test Score in Control Group... 102

APPENDIX 24: The Frequency of l)ost-Test Score in Control Group... 103

APPENDIX 25: The Statistical Frequency of the Whole Post-Test Score score 104 API'I< ~ N iliX 26: l)ata Analy$is ()y Using the SPSS Com1>utcr Progra m ... 106

A PPEI\"DIX 27 : The l~eiab ilit y Test through SPSS Computer System . . . .. 108

AI)PENOIX 28: The total Frequency of the W hole Score through..SPSS ... 109

APPENDIX. 29 : rl.ahle F ... ..••.•..••••.•.••... . .. .. . . .. . . ... 110

RECIPROCAL QUESTIONING AND

COOPEFtATI\

1

f

CONFLICT

RESOLUTION METHODS

' / I

IN

MASTER!

t~G

IHFERENTIAL

READING COMPREHENSION

A

T~USSIS

Subrni tted

t~

·tht:'

'tSi. rf.~. ~~,~ ~t!i?

Program

of

English

Apptied

Ungulstks

'~l P~ rt ;~~~

f-ulfiHment

f~ r the

Degree

of

~~> i/. MJ;ISTER

HUMANIORA

Ch~ii

ri ~~~J~ :~~ ~) ~'l vid

Marudut

Silalahi

-- ·. :o:\:.: ._t.,~":.~.- .. :-.;_.· . ..._<,.._~.:,.)M'J;·co-lf.., .... ~ ., _. .""' ____.,.. .__ l:i1W\.,.."'oo ~_..._.-- ,.._..~

- - - - -·- ·--,

MILIK PERPUST AKA AN .

UNIMEO

1

ENGt..I.Sri

.A.PPlXEfJ LI NGU I STICS

. GRl!.l)UATf

PROGRAM

STA/1$1 UNI.VERSITY OF MEDAN

SHEET OF APt>ROV AL

Th is thesis has been a r ranged and l)roposed by; Na me: C harles David M. Silatah i ..

Reg. No. 02501 0073.

Approved by:

Consultant I Consultant II

Prof. Dr. Jawasi Naibaho Prof. M. Silitonga, M.A.Ph.O

THESIS

RECIPROCAL QUESTIONING AND COOPERATIVE CONFLICf RESOLUTION METHODS IN MASTERING INFERENTIAL READING

COMPREHENSION

Arranged by:

Cliarks (])avilf !Manulut Sifafalii

0 2 5 0 1 0 0 7 3

P.nafisli )fppfiea

£inguistics

Has been defended before Thesis

Examination Committee, on August 28th~ 2004. And declared to have fulfilled the requirement.

.Consultant 1

Approved by

Consultant .Commission:

Consultant D

Prof. Dr. Jawasi Naibaho P rof. M. Silitonga, M.A., Ph.D.

Head .of English Applied Linguistics Director of Graduate Program UNIMED

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study is concerned with the effect of Redprocal Questioning and

Cooperative Conflict Resolution Methods in Inferential reading comprehension. The study is subm itted to Graduate Program of UNJMED in partial fulflllment of the final

academic requirements to obtain the degree of Magister of Humanity from English

Applied Linguistics.

First of all, the writer would like to thank to the Almighty God for it is

impossible for him to complete this thesis without His guidance and blessing. The writer

also would like to express his sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Jawasi Naibaho, and Prof

M. Silitonga, Ph.D. as his first and second consultants, who gave invaluable advices,

gui dance, comments, encouragement and criticisms to the writer to broaden his

perception and knowledge on the topic at hand.

He is also indebted to Prof. Tina Mariany Kariman, M.A., Ph.D., Amrin Saragih,

M.A., Ph.D. and Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd. for their constructive comments and

suggestions for the study. His great gratitude is also due to Prof. Dr. Jawasi Naibaho

and Dra. Meisuri, M.A both as Head and Secretary to the English Applied Linguistics

tor their suggestions and administrative assi.stance during his study and in conducting this

research, as well as to the lecturers who advised and guided him throughout his academic

years at the Graduate Program ofUNlMED.

The Head of State Senior High School of Medan 4, Mr. Nolong Samura,

M.Sc.; Dra. Indahsari Karo-Karo and Dra. Sinur Tambunan as professional teachers

who helped him in conducting the treatment in his research. And those teachers and

students of State Senior High School of Medan 4 who gave supports to this study

should deserve his sincere gratitude for their cooperative attitude and work during the

research.

The writer's sinccr~ s t thanks should also go to his beloved ntoth~r . II. fh·.

Sioaga, who has patiently given moral and financial support, her never-ending love and

her prayers.

Next, he wants to express his thanks to his brothers and sisters~in law, Jacob

Silalahi, S.'Pd.- Nurdiana Siburian, Rev. Jobansen Silalahi, S.Th- Rev. Merry

Pangaribuan, S.Th, Posman Silalahi, S.ll.- Pasaribu, Faber Silalahi, S.T, Salomo

Silalabi, S.Com, his sister and brother in law, An na Silalahi, S.Pd· Manimbul Manik

and all his nephews and nieces, who never gave up supporting him in completi ng this

thesis. Also, his aunt and uncle, Drs. S. Panjaitan and R, Br. Silalabi, tor their moral

and spiritual support during his studies at the English Department.

His best family in Executive Class: B'lndah, Mery, Mariah, Susanto, Ira,

Wilda, Ana, B'Diani, Mr. Kamson, should also share the writer's thankfulness for their

encouragements, suggestions, and togetherness. And to all of his friends at the Engl ish

Applied Linguistics especially students of The 3rd generation of Graduate Program for

their moral support.

In his effort to overcome all kinds of chal1enges, the writer has heen

sympathetically supported by his lovely and charity girl, Riskawaty Dumaria Sianipar,

S.Pd, who has always provided him with comforting words in times of pressure for the

completion of this work. His great thanks should go to her for her support and loving

attitude.

Finally, the writer realizes that his thesis is still far from being perfect in spite of

the fact that he has done his best in completing this work. Therefore, constructive

criticisms, comments and suggestions are welcomed for further improvement of this

thesis.

Ill

Medan, August 2002

The writer.

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(l

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On Saturday, May 23rd, 2004 at 5 p.m.

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NevrOrleans: Prentice Hall.

Reading for Understanding in http://www.meritsoftware.com. On Sunday, May 23ru,

2004 at 5.30 ~.m ..

Rentas, J. 2004. Reciprocal Qu~stio nin g: 'h g:a:tlw;ww.muskingum.edul - cal!d atabasel

Questionl.html. on Saturday, May 22 , '2004 at 9.30 p.m.

Richard, J.C. 1985. The Context of Language Teaching. Cambridge: CUP.

.58

Richard, .I.C. and Rodgers, T. S 1988. Approaches and Method in /,unguage Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University.

Sianipar, R. D. 2002. 11te Use of Students' Schemata in Mastering I nfim~nt ial

Comprehension. a thesis. Medan: Universitas Negeri Medan

Taffy, R., McKinney,

J.

1983. An J~'xami na tivn of Fijih lhrough l~·ightiJ Cirude Children's Question-Answer behavior in Questioning. http://www.wcer.wisc.

edu/step/ep301/spr2000/y Ju-A/guestioning.htm. on Wednesday, May 19'11 ,

2004 at. 4 p.m.