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THE ATTITUDE IN A L’Arc-en-Ciel SONG: AN ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL MEANING

A RESEARCH PAPER

Submitted to the Department of English Education, Faculty of Languages and Arts Education,

Indonesia University of Education

in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

by

Harry Ramadan Putra 0906148

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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THE ATTITUDE IN A L’Arc

-en-Ciel SONG:

AN ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL MEANING

Oleh

Harry Ramadan Putra

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

© Harry Ramadan Putra 2014

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

April 2014

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

Harry Ramadan Putra

THE ATTITUDE IN A L’Arc-en-Ciel SONG: AN ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL MEANING

Approved by Main Supervisor

Prof. DR. Nenden Sri Lengkanawati, M.Pd. NIP. 195111241985032001

Co-Supervisor

Rd. Della Nuridah K.S.A., S,Pd, M.Ed. NIP. 197704142001122003

Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Languages and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu TABLE OF CONTENT

Statement of Authorization ... i

Preface …. ... ... ii

Acknowledgement ... iii

Abstract ... iv

Table of Content ... v

List of Figures ... viii

List of Tables ... ix

List of Appendices ... x

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the study ... 1

1.2 Research questions ... 5

1.3 Aims of the study ... 5

1.4 Scope of the study ... 5

1.5 Significance of the study ... 6

1.6 Research methodology ... 7

1.6.1 Data Collection ... 7

1.6.2 Data Analysis ... 7

1.7 Clarification of key terms ... 8

1.8 Organization of Paper ... 10

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ... 13

2.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics ... 13

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

2.1.2 Stratification and Instantiation ... 14

2.1.3 Metafunctions ... 16

2.2 Interpersonal Meaning ... 18

2.3 Appraisal Framework ... 19

2.3.1 Inscribed and Evoked Appraisal ... 21

2.3.2 Attitude ... 22

2.3.3 Graduation System ... 28

2.4 Appraisal and Music ... 29

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 33

3.1 Research Questions ... 33

3.2 Research Design ... 33

3.3 Data Collection ... 34

3.4 Data Analysis ... 35

CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 39

4.1 Findings ... 39

4.1.1 Analysis of Affect on the lyric ... 39

4.1.2 Analysis of Judgment on the lyric ... 42

4.1.3 Analysis of Appreciation on the lyric ... 44

4.1.4 Analysis of Graduation on the lyric ... 45

4.2 Discussion ... 46

4.2.1 The Appraisal resources on the lyric ... 47

4.2.2 The themes and descriptions of the lyric ... 47

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 52

5.1 Conclusions ... 52

5.2 Suggestions ... 53

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 56

APPENDICES ... 65

Appendix I: Coding and Conventions ... 65

Appendix II: Song Lyric ... 66

Appendix III: Data Analysis: Song Lyric ... 68

Appendix IV: Distribution of Affect resources in the lyric ... 74

Appendix V: Distribution of Judgment resources in the lyric ... 75

Appendix VI: Distribution of Appreciation resources in the lyric ... 75

Appendix VII: Distribution of Graduation resources in the lyric ... 76

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

ABSTRAK

Artikel ini melaporkan temuan penelitian yang menginvestigasi Attitude dan nilai interpersonal yang terdapat dalam sebuah lagu melalui analisa lirik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan berdasarkan pada teori Linguistik Sistemik Fungsional (Halliday, 1994; Halliday dan Matthiessen, 2004) untuk mengidentifikasi Attitude dan nilai interpersonal. Lebih spesifiknya, penelitian ini menggunakan kerangka Appraisal yang dikembangkan Martin beserta kolega (Martin, 1997, 2000; White, 1998, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2011; Martin and White, 2005). Dari analisa teks, terungkap bahwa lagu ini mengandung nilai positif dan negatif di sisi Affect. Nilai positif mayoritas ada dalam bentuk In/security yang mengindikasikan rasa percaya diri, sedangkan nilai negatif mayoritas ada dalam bentuk Dis/satisfaction dan Un/happiness yang mengindikasikan rasa frustasi, kesedihan, dan kemarahan. Penelitian ini juga mengungkap bahwa sumber Judgment dan Appreciation yang ada dalam lirik kebanyakan negatif, yang berarti kritik pada orang lain, penilaian akan bagaimana orang lain bersikap, dan juga tidak menghargai hal-hal dan sifat-sifat dari benda yang dideskripsikan dalam lirik.

Kata Kunci: Linguistik Sistemik Fungsional, Kerangka Appraisal, Sistem Attitude, Lirik

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT

This study investigates the attitude shared and the interpersonal meaning of a song by analyzing its lyric. Utilizing qualitative research, this study analyzes “CHASE– Eng ver.-”, a song written by L’Arc-en-Ciel which is taken from the album

World’s Best Selection” (2012). The analysis is framed by Appraisal framework proposed by Martin and his colleagues (Martin, 2000; White, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2011; Martin and White, 2005) which is drawn from Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics theory (Halliday, 1994; Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004). From the result of text analysis, the finding shows that the song contains both positive and negative values in terms of the attitude. The positive values are mainly in the form of In/security which indicate the feelings of confidence and superiority, while the negative values are mainly in the form of Dis/satisfaction and Un/happiness which indicate the feelings of frustration, sadness, and anger. This study reveals that Judgment and Appreciation values shared in the lyric are generally negative, which means it criticizes other persons, and the way they behave. Furthermore, it does not value the things and properties which are described in the lyric. In addition, the lyric uses graduation system as sharpening resources to emphasize and indicate maximal investment of attitude resources. The study extends to the pedagogical implication of how to integrate song lyrics to English Language Teaching.

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses several points as an introductory section of this

study. It covers the background of the study, research questions, aims of the study,

the scope of the study, the significance of the study, research methodology,

clarification of key terms, and the organization of the paper.

1.1 Background of the Study

The role of language as a medium of communication, especially in

teaching and learning process, has great importance. One medium of its

importance is manifested in song lyrics. A very basic observation regarding the

importance of language in song lyrics is the fact that each language contains two

systems rather than one; a system of sounds and a system of meanings. Bloch &

Trager (1942:5 as cited in Ariyapitipun, 2007) state that language is a system of

arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates. Through

music and its song lyrics, musicians share what is in their mind, their opinions,

and their feelings.

Song lyric is an important form of communication, serving a variety of

purposes as documented in psychology of language literature (Pettijohn II &

Sacco Jr, 2009). It tells stories and communicates with audiences in a manner

similar to how people have conversations with each other. Song lyric reflects the

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

materials for the research of socio-cultural, economics, and political interaction

(Hu, 2011). Song lyric contributes to the emotional interpretation of music.

Moreover, a study which has been conducted by Shen (2009) in China

proves that songs can be used as an enjoyable and effective approach to English

Language Teaching. Shen (2009) states that song lyric serves as a direct genuine

source of teaching material in foreign language classes for its richness in culture

and theme, its idiomatic and poetic expressions, recitability, and its therapeutic

functions. Furthermore, the means to utilize song lyric as a teaching material can

come in many ways for different language skills, such as in listening, speaking,

creative writing, and memorizing vocabulary, structure, and grammar.

The study of language, linguistics, has developed frameworks to

investigate and analyze the functions of language. Halliday (1973 as cited in

Haratyan, 2011) explores three basic functions of language, which are ideational

as an expression of contents or messages; interpersonal as a mean of sharing of

one’s feelings, ideas and emotions with others; and textual as a creation of a text,

through which a link is made between language and situation. Each function has

its own developmental framework as a tool for a deeper understanding of

language. A framework that has developed to investigate and analyze language

function, particularly interpersonal metafunction, is Appraisal framework.

Appraisal framework, which was put forward by James Martin at the

beginning of the 1990s, is an extension of Halliday’s Systemic Functional

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

issues which associated with evaluative resources and the negotiation of

intersubjective positions, and opens a new area of interpersonal meaning (Liu,

2010). Evaluation plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of

interpersonal relationship, and Appraisal system, which deals with the language of

evaluation, is a crucial part of interpersonal semantics to express viewpoints and

attitudes.

The implementation of the Appraisal framework has been applied in

practical research of various discourses. For instance, the applications of

Appraisal analysis on the generic structures of English news editorial, on English

football commentaries, and on political speeches have been conducted (New York

Times, 2010). However, there are still few studies in analyzing song lyrics by

using Appraisal framework, specifically the ones which correlate with English

language teaching.

Thus, the main topic of this study is the implementation of Appraisal

analysis on a song lyric which has its pedagogical implication. The verbal

appraisal system deals with the investigation of attitude shared on the lyric. This

study endeavors to reveal the meanings behind a particular song lyric by using a

language evaluation tool called Appraisal framework which is derived from

Halliday’s SFL. To be more specific, this study focuses on the attitude shared on

the lyric. This study is expected to contribute to teaching and learning process

where teachers can make use of the framework to carefully select the songs as

teaching media; considering the fact that song lyrics are ones of many language

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

The song investigated in this study comes from a Japanese rock band

called L’Arc-en-Ciel, which began their musical career in 1991. In March to June

2012, this band was performing a concert tour in 14 cities of 10 countries all over

the world to celebrate their 20th anniversary of musical career entitled “L’Arc

-en-Ciel 20thL’Anniversary World Tour”. In this concert tour, they have reached for

about 450.000 audiences all over the world. Indonesia was one of the destination

countries in their world tour where the concert took place in Jakarta and was

successfully held with 13.000 total audiences (Oishi, as cited in Nikken

Entertainment, 2013). The world tour and the enthusiasm of audiences all over the

world show that L’Arc-en-Ciel is one of the most influential bands in the world,

even Forbes labels the band as “the richest rock band you've never heard of

(Greenburg, 2012).

Therefore, based on the preceding elaboration of arguments, this study has

taken a song of L’Arc-en-Ciel to be investigated by using Appraisal framework.

The song title is “CHASE –English ver-“ which was first released as a single song

in 2011 in Japanese language. It is the latest song of the band before they went to

perform L’Arc-en-Ciel 20thL’Anniversary World Tour and it has been used as the

ending song of a movie entitled “WILD 7. This song has marked the band’s

twentieth year of musical career. Even though this song is originally in Japanese,

later on the song has the English version and is included in their best album

“World’s Best Selection” which was distributed globally since 2012.

Utilizing the Attitude system, one of three main systems of the Appraisal

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

selected song. The Attitude system is used to analyze whether a person, thing,

situation, action, event or state of affairs is viewed either positively or negatively.

Attitude consists of three sub-systems that is Affect which is concerned with the

emotional stance; Judgment which is concerned with the evaluation of human

behaviour with respect to social norms; and Appreciation which is concerned with

the evaluation of objects and products by reference to aesthetic principles and

other systems of social value. This study also uses Graduation system to help

determining the grade of its attitude.

1.2 Research questions

This study is intended to analyze the interpersonal meaning in the lyric of a

song entitled “CHASE –English ver-“, written by L’Arc-en-Ciel, which is

described by answering these two research questions:

1. What is the attitude of the persona as expressed in the lyric?

2. What interpersonal meaning can be gained from the lyric?

1.3 Aims of the study

Based on the statements and the formulation of problems, this study is

aimed to reveal these two main concerns, and they are

 To investigate the attitude shared in the lyric

 To investigate the interpersonal meaning in the lyric

1.4 Scope of the study

This study attempts to reveal the interpersonal meaning and the attitude

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

comes from a song of a Japanese rock band named L’Arc-en-Ciel titled “CHASE–

English ver-“ that is taken from their best album “World’s Best Selection” which

was released in 2012. The investigation concentrates on the Appraisal framework

of interpersonal meaning which is evaluated in three aspects of Attitude system;

emotive, aesthetic, and ethic, with Graduation system to determine the grade of its

attitude.

1.5 Significance of the study

This study is an attempt to investigate the interpersonal meaning which

shares the persona’s feelings and emotions in the lyric by investigating its attitude.

This study is expected to contribute to increase the listeners and readers’

awareness on the meanings behind a song by informing the meaning-making

process of its lyric, therefore teachers, for instance, can carefully select songs to

be used in teaching and learning process. Moreover, regarding the theoretical

benefits, this study is expected to contribute in English Language Teaching by

suggesting the integration of songs and using song lyrics as a language resource to

improve students’ language skills development. Furthermore, it is also expected

that this study will provide a reference in the area of discourse analysis,

specifically in the area of interpersonal metafunction of language.

In relation to practical benefits, this study and its finding are expected to be

useful for writer and readers for building critical awareness toward hidden

ideology manifested in a song lyric. The critical awareness of language is one of

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

1995). For the writer, this study is hoped to develop knowledge and make the

writer to be used to the research study, specifically in linguistics study.

1.6 Research methodology

This study is conducted in form of qualitative study. Qualitative study is

designed to understand a social phenomenon and individual perspective being

analyzed (McMillan & Schumacher, 2001, as cited in Syamsudin & Damayanti,

2007). According to Best & Kahn (1989), qualitative study can describe events,

persons, and so forth scientifically without the use of numerical data. It is a

method applied to explain, analyze and classify something through various

techniques, such as survey and observation. This study analyzes the data collected

using Appraisal framework in several steps which is elaborated in data analysis.

1.6.1 Data Collection

The data used in this study is a song from a band named L’Arc-en-Ciel.

The selected song is “CHASE -English ver.-” which was first released in

Japanese language on December 21st, 2011 and later on included in L’Arc

-en-Ciel’s 12th studio album “Butterfly” which was released on February 8th, 2012.

In the next following months after that, the band went to do a concert tour to

celebrate their 20th years of musical career around the world by visiting 10

countries on three continents. On the world tour, the band re-released the song

in English version in L’Arc-en-Ciel’s best album “World's Best Selection

which was released on March 3rd, 2012. The song lyric is taken from this

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.6.2 Data Analysis

The data is investigated by using Appraisal framework proposed by

Martin and his colleagues (Martin, 1997, 2000; White, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2011;

Martin and White, 2005; Martin and Rose, 2007). The framework is more

focused on the analysis of Attitude which consists of Affect (the emotions

shared on the song), Judgment (the ethics), and Appreciation (the aesthetic

side).

The main step of this study is analyzing a song by using Appraisal

framework. The first step in the analyzing the song is a detailed reading of data

collected and exploring its general sense. Then, analyzing and classifying the

data by using a coding system based on the Appraisal framework. The final

step is interpreting and reporting findings of the study.

1.7 Clarification of key terms

To avoid misunderstanding, the following explanationsare clarification of

key terms used in this study:

1)Linguistics is the scientific study of language (Ariyapitipun, 2007). It

tries to observe language and to describe them accurately; then to find

generalizations within what has been described; and finally to draw

conclusions about the general nature of human language (Hana, 2006).

2)Interpersonal function / Interpersonal metafunctionis one of the language

functions which concerns the use of language to set up and sustain

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Unsworth, 2000; Bloor & Bloor, 1995 as cited in Emilia, 2005:54-55).

It is through the interpersonal metafunction that users of language

establish, negotiate and assume their position in social relationships

(Halliday, 1994:68 as cited in Ye, 2010).

3)Appraisal framework is a system of interpersonal meaning; concerned

with evaluation – the kinds of attitudes that are negotiated in a text, the

strength of the feelings involved and the ways in which values are

sourced and readers aligned (Martin & Rose, 2007). Appraisal is

understood as a particular approach to explore, describe and explain the

way language is used to evaluate, to adopt stances, to construct textual

personas and to manage interpersonal positioning and relationships

(White 2001:1 as cited in Page, 2003).

4)Attitude has to do with evaluating things, people’s characters and their

feelings. It may be the writer’s own or it may be attributed to some

other sources (Martin & Rose, 2007). Attitude itself is divided into

three regions: Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation (Martin & White,

2005).

5)Affect is the means by which writers/speakers positively or negatively

evaluate the entities, happenings and states-of-affairs. It is concerned

with registering positive and negative feelings (Martin & White, 2005).

6)Judgment is the region of meaning construing our attitudes to people and

the way they behave – their characters, and how they measure up. It is

concerned with resources for assessing behavior according to various

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

7)Appreciation looks at resources for construing the value of things,

especially things we make and performances we give, but also

including natural phenomena and semiosis– what such things are worth;

how we value them (Martin & White, 2005).

8)Graduation attends to grading phenomena whereby feelings are

amplified and categories blurred (Martin & White, 2005). It establishes

resources for intensification (force) and for adjusting boundaries

(focus), makes it possible to compare things – to say how strong the

feelings are (Martin & Rose, 2007).

1.8 Organization of Paper

The study covers five chapters in which the general description of each

chapter is elaborated as follows:

1) T

he first chapter: Introduction

This chapter provides background of the study, research questions, aims

of the study, the scope of the study, significance of the study, research

methodology, clarification of key terms, and organization of the paper.

2) T

he second chapter: Theoretical Foundation

This chapter deals with the theoretical framework of the study to reveal

the Attitude shared and the interpersonal meaning on the lyric. In doing

so, this chapter discusses the theories and concepts which are employed

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

3) T

he third chapter: Research Methodology

This chapter deals with the procedures taken in undertaking the study.

It also presents the analytical tools and the reason of choosing it.

4) T

he fourth chapter: Findings and Discussion

This chapter consists of result of the study and the answers of research

questions as well as the discussion and interpretation of findings.

5) T

he fifth chapter: Conclusion

This chapter contains conclusions of the study. It also includes several

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Table of Contents

CHAPTER I ... 1

INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of Study ... 1

1.2 Research questions ... 5

1.3 Aims of the study ... 5

1.4 Scope of the study ... 5

1.5 Significance of the study ... 6

1.6 Research methodology ... 7

1.6.1 Data Collection... 7

1.6.2 Data Analysis ... 8

1.7 Clarification of key terms ... 8

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains the research methodology used in this study. It

covers research questions, research design, data collection and data analysis.

3.1 Research Questions

This study was intended to analyze the interpersonal meaning in a song

lyric. The chosen song was “CHASE –English ver-“, a song written by L‟Arc

-en-Ciel, which was described by answering these two research questions:

1. What is the attitude of the persona as expressed in the lyric?

2. What interpersonal meaning can be gained from the lyric?

3.2 Research Design

This study was conducted in the form of qualitative study. Qualitative

study was designed to understand a social phenomenon and individual perspective

being analyzed (McMillan & Schumacher, 2001, as cited in Syamsudin &

Damayanti, 2007). It was a method applied to explain, analyze and classify

something through various techniques, such as: survey, interview, questionnaire,

observation and test. According to Best & Kahn (1989), qualitative can describe

events, persons, and so forth scientifically without the use of numerical data. It

was about analysing and attempting to uncover the deeper meaning and

significance of the object being researched.

The aim of qualitative research itself was to understand a particular social

situation, event, role, group, or interaction (Kocke, Spirduso, & Silverman, 1987),

and to describe certain aspects of a phenomenon, with a view to explaining the

subject of study (Cormack, 1991). It was largely an exploratory process where the

researcher gradually made sense of a social phenomenon by contrasting,

comparing, replicating, cataloguing and classifying the object of study (Miles &

Huberman, 1984, as cited in Creswell, 2002). The methodology itself was also

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

approach (Leach, 1990). This study considered the object being researched as a

discourse; therefore the approach used was discourse-analytic approach.

Discourse-analytic approach revealed the „meaningfulness‟ of texts.

Discourse here implied „language above the sentence‟ and referred to a sequence

of sentences or utterances that constituted a „text‟ (Cameron, 2001). By far the

most common sources of data for discourse analysis tend to be the accounts drawn

from recordings of informal, spoken interviews between researchers and

respondents, making it a popular, qualitative method of data analysis for linguists

and social scientists alike (e.g. Widdicombe, 1993). However, it had also been

used to analyze a variety of data such as formal academic journal writing (Gilbert

& Mulkay, 1984); newspaper reports and media interviews (Potter & Reicher,

1987), and accounts of journalists and politicians during a political controversy

(Potter & Edwards, 1990). This study was aimed to find the Attitude shared and

the interpersonal meaning in the song lyric, which has its pedagogical implication.

The data collected was analyzed by Appraisal framework system in several steps

which were elaborated in the subsequent part.

3.3 Data Collection

This study took a song from L‟Arc-en-Ciel as data document. The song

title was “CHASE -English ver.-” which was first released in Japanese language

on December 21st, 2011, and later on included in L‟Arc-en-Ciel 12th studio album

Butterfly” which was released on February 8th, 2012. The song then re-released in English version on L‟Arc-en-Ciel‟sbest album “World's Best Selection” which

was released on March 3rd, 2012. The song was selected on the basis that this was

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 3.4 Data Analysis

The data was investigated by using Appraisal framework proposed by

Martin and his colleagues (Martin, 1997, 2000; White, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2011;

Martin & White, 2005; Martin & Rose, 2007). The framework was directed to be

more focused on the analysis of Attitude which consisted of Affect (the emotion

shared on the songs), Judgment (the ethics), and Appreciation (the aesthetic side).

The main step of this research was analyzing the song with Appraisal framework.

It involved preparing the data for analysis, moving deeper into understanding the

data, representing, and making an interpretation of the larger meaning of the data.

The general steps of data analysis in this study were based on Creswell

(2002). However, Creswell pointed out that qualitative procedure has unique

steps, therefore these following steps came with some slight modifications;

Step 1 Organizing and preparing the data for analysis. In this step, researcher took

the whole lyric of the song from the original album of L‟Arc-en-Ciel.

Step 2 Reading through all the data. Creswell (2002) pointed out that the first

general step was to obtain a general sense of the information and to reflect on its

overall meaning. In this step, researcher tried to understand the general ideas of

the lyric and presumed what kind of messages the lyric writer wanted to convey.

Step 3 Beginning a detailed analysis with a coding process. Coding is the process of organizing the material into “chunks” before bringing meaning to those “chunks” (Rossman & Rallis, 1998). The coding in this study was based on the Appraisal framework system, specifically the Attitudes system, with some

modifications. To highlight the realization of each category in the text, this study

used keys as follows:

Underlined = the indirect realization of attitude

Bold = the direct realization of attitude

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Table 3.1 the Appraisal analysis of a song lyric – Attitude and Graduation

No Clauses Attitude Graduation

Affect Judgment Appreciation Force Focus

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Step 4 The next step was using the coding process to generate a description of the

setting or people as well as categories or themes for analysis. Description involved

a detailed rendering of information about people, places, or events in a setting.

Step 5 Advancing how the description will be represented in the findings and

discussion. The findings were organized from the specific to the general and were

sometimes called a bottom-up approach.

Step 6 The final step in data analysis involved making an interpretation or meaning of the data. “What were the lessons learned” captured the essence of this idea (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). These lessons could be the researcher‟s personal

interpretation, implied in the individual understanding that the inquirer brought to

the study from researcher‟s culture, history, and experiences. The findings

themselves could also suggested new questions that needed to be asked-questions

rose by the data and analysis that had not foreseen earlier in the study.

The comprehensive findings and discussion will be discussed in the

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 38

Table of Contents

CHAPTER III ... 33

METHODOLOGY ... 33

3.1 Research Questions ... 33

3.2 Research Design ... 33

3.3 Data Collection ... 34

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the findings and discussions of the

study. The conclusion is formulated from the research questions, followed by the

suggestions for further study relating to Appraisal analysis and education.

5.1 Conclusions

This study was aimed to investigate the attitude shared and the interpersonal

meaning in a song lyric alongside with its pedagogical implication, particularly in

teaching and learning process. The finding shows that the Attitude resources,

specifically Affect, in the lyric mostly consisted of positive values. The positive

values were mainly in the form of In/security which indicates the feelings of

confidence and superiority. However, there were also negative values in form of

Dis/satisfaction which indicates the feelings of frustration and Un/happiness

which indicates the feelings of sadness and anger in the lyric.

Besides Affect, there are also Judgment resources in the lyric. Judgment

resources which deal with the attitude to people and the way they behave took

form of Social Esteem that tends to be policed in oral culture. The Judgment

resources in this lyric were mainly negative which mean it criticizes the person

and the way s/he behaves rather than admires him/her. Though some of the

Judgment resources did not criticize explicitly, readers/listeners could feel it

through tokens that evoke certain feelings in the lyric.

Another resource of Attitude system is Appreciation which relates to the

evaluation of things, the evaluation toward things someone makes and

performance someone gives. In the analyzed lyric, negative values of

Appreciation dominantly took place which means the things and properties in the

lyric were not valued by the persona. Furthermore, this study also considered

Graduation resources that concern with up-scaling or sharpening and

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

used sharpening resources on several parts to emphasize and indicate maximal

investment of Attitude resources.

Related to the pedagogical implication, songs can be used as teaching

media since those are the combination of music and lyrics, have many benefits in

it such as the cultural values and its rich collections of vocabulary. Shen (2009)

states that one practical pedagogical implication to make English Language

Teaching (ELT) becomes enjoyable and effective is through the integration of

songs in ELT. Furthermore, in relation to the theory of Multiple Intelligences

proposed by Gardner (1993), listening to songs could be a great value to develop

students’ linguistic ability through enchanting its melody or evoking the

image-evoked in lyrics. The implementation of songs in ELT, especially in receptive

skills, could be in many forms. In listening, teachers could make use of song

lyrics in developing the skill through several techniques, for instance a gap-fill

task. A gap-fill task could be used to help students learned a new vocabulary in

the lyric and noticed its pronunciation, structure, and grammar. Another receptive

skill that could be developed through the implementation of songs is reading skill.

Based on the study by Liu (2010), which discussed the application of Appraisal

framework to teaching critical reading, teachers can develop it in three basic steps.

First, teachers make students to understand the context of the text, both linguistics

and non-linguistics contexts. Second, students, with the help from teachers may distinguish author’s attitude and discuss the messages in the lyric. Finally, teachers encourage the students to speak out their view about the discussed text.

5.2 Suggestions

This section provides some suggestions on the basis of the limitation of the

present study. After drawing the inferences, there are several suggestions that

hopefully can give some constructive ideas for readers, especially future

researchers. The suggestions are related to the Attitude system, song lyric, and its

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

First, this study focuses only on Attitude system. Further studies may

conduct the complete analysis of Appraisal resources on a song lyric, with the

Graduation and Engagement systems. Second, this study focuses only on a song

lyric. Further studies may analyze its tone of sound and its graphic or moving

pictures to have a whole complete look of the interpretation. Moreover, further

studies may analyze the effect of a song as learning media to teachers and students

with Appraisal framework, such study had conducted by Liu (2010) which

investigated the application of Appraisal framework to teaching English reading

and Shen (2009) which used songs as an enjoyable and effective approach to

English Language Teaching. It is also suggested that Appraisal framework can

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Table of contents

CHAPTER V ... 52

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 52

5.1 Conclusions ... 52

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Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014

The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning

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Table 3.1 the Appraisal analysis of a song lyric – Attitude and Graduation

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