THE ATTITUDE IN A L’Arc-en-Ciel SONG: AN ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL MEANING
A RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted to the Department of English Education, Faculty of Languages and Arts Education,
Indonesia University of Education
in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
by
Harry Ramadan Putra 0906148
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS EDUCATION
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
THE ATTITUDE IN A L’Arc
-en-Ciel SONG:
AN ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL MEANING
Oleh
Harry Ramadan Putra
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Harry Ramadan Putra 2014
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
April 2014
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,
PAGE OF APPROVAL
Harry Ramadan Putra
THE ATTITUDE IN A L’Arc-en-Ciel SONG: AN ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL MEANING
Approved by Main Supervisor
Prof. DR. Nenden Sri Lengkanawati, M.Pd. NIP. 195111241985032001
Co-Supervisor
Rd. Della Nuridah K.S.A., S,Pd, M.Ed. NIP. 197704142001122003
Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Languages and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu TABLE OF CONTENT
Statement of Authorization ... i
Preface …. ... ... ii
Acknowledgement ... iii
Abstract ... iv
Table of Content ... v
List of Figures ... viii
List of Tables ... ix
List of Appendices ... x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the study ... 1
1.2 Research questions ... 5
1.3 Aims of the study ... 5
1.4 Scope of the study ... 5
1.5 Significance of the study ... 6
1.6 Research methodology ... 7
1.6.1 Data Collection ... 7
1.6.2 Data Analysis ... 7
1.7 Clarification of key terms ... 8
1.8 Organization of Paper ... 10
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ... 13
2.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics ... 13
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
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2.1.2 Stratification and Instantiation ... 14
2.1.3 Metafunctions ... 16
2.2 Interpersonal Meaning ... 18
2.3 Appraisal Framework ... 19
2.3.1 Inscribed and Evoked Appraisal ... 21
2.3.2 Attitude ... 22
2.3.3 Graduation System ... 28
2.4 Appraisal and Music ... 29
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 33
3.1 Research Questions ... 33
3.2 Research Design ... 33
3.3 Data Collection ... 34
3.4 Data Analysis ... 35
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 39
4.1 Findings ... 39
4.1.1 Analysis of Affect on the lyric ... 39
4.1.2 Analysis of Judgment on the lyric ... 42
4.1.3 Analysis of Appreciation on the lyric ... 44
4.1.4 Analysis of Graduation on the lyric ... 45
4.2 Discussion ... 46
4.2.1 The Appraisal resources on the lyric ... 47
4.2.2 The themes and descriptions of the lyric ... 47
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 52
5.1 Conclusions ... 52
5.2 Suggestions ... 53
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 56
APPENDICES ... 65
Appendix I: Coding and Conventions ... 65
Appendix II: Song Lyric ... 66
Appendix III: Data Analysis: Song Lyric ... 68
Appendix IV: Distribution of Affect resources in the lyric ... 74
Appendix V: Distribution of Judgment resources in the lyric ... 75
Appendix VI: Distribution of Appreciation resources in the lyric ... 75
Appendix VII: Distribution of Graduation resources in the lyric ... 76
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
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ABSTRAK
Artikel ini melaporkan temuan penelitian yang menginvestigasi Attitude dan nilai interpersonal yang terdapat dalam sebuah lagu melalui analisa lirik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan berdasarkan pada teori Linguistik Sistemik Fungsional (Halliday, 1994; Halliday dan Matthiessen, 2004) untuk mengidentifikasi Attitude dan nilai interpersonal. Lebih spesifiknya, penelitian ini menggunakan kerangka Appraisal yang dikembangkan Martin beserta kolega (Martin, 1997, 2000; White, 1998, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2011; Martin and White, 2005). Dari analisa teks, terungkap bahwa lagu ini mengandung nilai positif dan negatif di sisi Affect. Nilai positif mayoritas ada dalam bentuk In/security yang mengindikasikan rasa percaya diri, sedangkan nilai negatif mayoritas ada dalam bentuk Dis/satisfaction dan Un/happiness yang mengindikasikan rasa frustasi, kesedihan, dan kemarahan. Penelitian ini juga mengungkap bahwa sumber Judgment dan Appreciation yang ada dalam lirik kebanyakan negatif, yang berarti kritik pada orang lain, penilaian akan bagaimana orang lain bersikap, dan juga tidak menghargai hal-hal dan sifat-sifat dari benda yang dideskripsikan dalam lirik.
Kata Kunci: Linguistik Sistemik Fungsional, Kerangka Appraisal, Sistem Attitude, Lirik
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT
This study investigates the attitude shared and the interpersonal meaning of a song by analyzing its lyric. Utilizing qualitative research, this study analyzes “CHASE– Eng ver.-”, a song written by L’Arc-en-Ciel which is taken from the album
“World’s Best Selection” (2012). The analysis is framed by Appraisal framework proposed by Martin and his colleagues (Martin, 2000; White, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2011; Martin and White, 2005) which is drawn from Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics theory (Halliday, 1994; Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004). From the result of text analysis, the finding shows that the song contains both positive and negative values in terms of the attitude. The positive values are mainly in the form of In/security which indicate the feelings of confidence and superiority, while the negative values are mainly in the form of Dis/satisfaction and Un/happiness which indicate the feelings of frustration, sadness, and anger. This study reveals that Judgment and Appreciation values shared in the lyric are generally negative, which means it criticizes other persons, and the way they behave. Furthermore, it does not value the things and properties which are described in the lyric. In addition, the lyric uses graduation system as sharpening resources to emphasize and indicate maximal investment of attitude resources. The study extends to the pedagogical implication of how to integrate song lyrics to English Language Teaching.
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses several points as an introductory section of this
study. It covers the background of the study, research questions, aims of the study,
the scope of the study, the significance of the study, research methodology,
clarification of key terms, and the organization of the paper.
1.1 Background of the Study
The role of language as a medium of communication, especially in
teaching and learning process, has great importance. One medium of its
importance is manifested in song lyrics. A very basic observation regarding the
importance of language in song lyrics is the fact that each language contains two
systems rather than one; a system of sounds and a system of meanings. Bloch &
Trager (1942:5 as cited in Ariyapitipun, 2007) state that language is a system of
arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates. Through
music and its song lyrics, musicians share what is in their mind, their opinions,
and their feelings.
Song lyric is an important form of communication, serving a variety of
purposes as documented in psychology of language literature (Pettijohn II &
Sacco Jr, 2009). It tells stories and communicates with audiences in a manner
similar to how people have conversations with each other. Song lyric reflects the
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
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materials for the research of socio-cultural, economics, and political interaction
(Hu, 2011). Song lyric contributes to the emotional interpretation of music.
Moreover, a study which has been conducted by Shen (2009) in China
proves that songs can be used as an enjoyable and effective approach to English
Language Teaching. Shen (2009) states that song lyric serves as a direct genuine
source of teaching material in foreign language classes for its richness in culture
and theme, its idiomatic and poetic expressions, recitability, and its therapeutic
functions. Furthermore, the means to utilize song lyric as a teaching material can
come in many ways for different language skills, such as in listening, speaking,
creative writing, and memorizing vocabulary, structure, and grammar.
The study of language, linguistics, has developed frameworks to
investigate and analyze the functions of language. Halliday (1973 as cited in
Haratyan, 2011) explores three basic functions of language, which are ideational
as an expression of contents or messages; interpersonal as a mean of sharing of
one’s feelings, ideas and emotions with others; and textual as a creation of a text,
through which a link is made between language and situation. Each function has
its own developmental framework as a tool for a deeper understanding of
language. A framework that has developed to investigate and analyze language
function, particularly interpersonal metafunction, is Appraisal framework.
Appraisal framework, which was put forward by James Martin at the
beginning of the 1990s, is an extension of Halliday’s Systemic Functional
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
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issues which associated with evaluative resources and the negotiation of
intersubjective positions, and opens a new area of interpersonal meaning (Liu,
2010). Evaluation plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of
interpersonal relationship, and Appraisal system, which deals with the language of
evaluation, is a crucial part of interpersonal semantics to express viewpoints and
attitudes.
The implementation of the Appraisal framework has been applied in
practical research of various discourses. For instance, the applications of
Appraisal analysis on the generic structures of English news editorial, on English
football commentaries, and on political speeches have been conducted (New York
Times, 2010). However, there are still few studies in analyzing song lyrics by
using Appraisal framework, specifically the ones which correlate with English
language teaching.
Thus, the main topic of this study is the implementation of Appraisal
analysis on a song lyric which has its pedagogical implication. The verbal
appraisal system deals with the investigation of attitude shared on the lyric. This
study endeavors to reveal the meanings behind a particular song lyric by using a
language evaluation tool called Appraisal framework which is derived from
Halliday’s SFL. To be more specific, this study focuses on the attitude shared on
the lyric. This study is expected to contribute to teaching and learning process
where teachers can make use of the framework to carefully select the songs as
teaching media; considering the fact that song lyrics are ones of many language
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
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The song investigated in this study comes from a Japanese rock band
called L’Arc-en-Ciel, which began their musical career in 1991. In March to June
2012, this band was performing a concert tour in 14 cities of 10 countries all over
the world to celebrate their 20th anniversary of musical career entitled “L’Arc
-en-Ciel 20thL’Anniversary World Tour”. In this concert tour, they have reached for
about 450.000 audiences all over the world. Indonesia was one of the destination
countries in their world tour where the concert took place in Jakarta and was
successfully held with 13.000 total audiences (Oishi, as cited in Nikken
Entertainment, 2013). The world tour and the enthusiasm of audiences all over the
world show that L’Arc-en-Ciel is one of the most influential bands in the world,
even Forbes labels the band as “the richest rock band you've never heard of”
(Greenburg, 2012).
Therefore, based on the preceding elaboration of arguments, this study has
taken a song of L’Arc-en-Ciel to be investigated by using Appraisal framework.
The song title is “CHASE –English ver-“ which was first released as a single song
in 2011 in Japanese language. It is the latest song of the band before they went to
perform L’Arc-en-Ciel 20thL’Anniversary World Tour and it has been used as the
ending song of a movie entitled “WILD 7”. This song has marked the band’s
twentieth year of musical career. Even though this song is originally in Japanese,
later on the song has the English version and is included in their best album
“World’s Best Selection” which was distributed globally since 2012.
Utilizing the Attitude system, one of three main systems of the Appraisal
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
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selected song. The Attitude system is used to analyze whether a person, thing,
situation, action, event or state of affairs is viewed either positively or negatively.
Attitude consists of three sub-systems that is Affect which is concerned with the
emotional stance; Judgment which is concerned with the evaluation of human
behaviour with respect to social norms; and Appreciation which is concerned with
the evaluation of objects and products by reference to aesthetic principles and
other systems of social value. This study also uses Graduation system to help
determining the grade of its attitude.
1.2 Research questions
This study is intended to analyze the interpersonal meaning in the lyric of a
song entitled “CHASE –English ver-“, written by L’Arc-en-Ciel, which is
described by answering these two research questions:
1. What is the attitude of the persona as expressed in the lyric?
2. What interpersonal meaning can be gained from the lyric?
1.3 Aims of the study
Based on the statements and the formulation of problems, this study is
aimed to reveal these two main concerns, and they are
To investigate the attitude shared in the lyric
To investigate the interpersonal meaning in the lyric
1.4 Scope of the study
This study attempts to reveal the interpersonal meaning and the attitude
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
comes from a song of a Japanese rock band named L’Arc-en-Ciel titled “CHASE–
English ver-“ that is taken from their best album “World’s Best Selection” which
was released in 2012. The investigation concentrates on the Appraisal framework
of interpersonal meaning which is evaluated in three aspects of Attitude system;
emotive, aesthetic, and ethic, with Graduation system to determine the grade of its
attitude.
1.5 Significance of the study
This study is an attempt to investigate the interpersonal meaning which
shares the persona’s feelings and emotions in the lyric by investigating its attitude.
This study is expected to contribute to increase the listeners and readers’
awareness on the meanings behind a song by informing the meaning-making
process of its lyric, therefore teachers, for instance, can carefully select songs to
be used in teaching and learning process. Moreover, regarding the theoretical
benefits, this study is expected to contribute in English Language Teaching by
suggesting the integration of songs and using song lyrics as a language resource to
improve students’ language skills development. Furthermore, it is also expected
that this study will provide a reference in the area of discourse analysis,
specifically in the area of interpersonal metafunction of language.
In relation to practical benefits, this study and its finding are expected to be
useful for writer and readers for building critical awareness toward hidden
ideology manifested in a song lyric. The critical awareness of language is one of
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
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1995). For the writer, this study is hoped to develop knowledge and make the
writer to be used to the research study, specifically in linguistics study.
1.6 Research methodology
This study is conducted in form of qualitative study. Qualitative study is
designed to understand a social phenomenon and individual perspective being
analyzed (McMillan & Schumacher, 2001, as cited in Syamsudin & Damayanti,
2007). According to Best & Kahn (1989), qualitative study can describe events,
persons, and so forth scientifically without the use of numerical data. It is a
method applied to explain, analyze and classify something through various
techniques, such as survey and observation. This study analyzes the data collected
using Appraisal framework in several steps which is elaborated in data analysis.
1.6.1 Data Collection
The data used in this study is a song from a band named L’Arc-en-Ciel.
The selected song is “CHASE -English ver.-” which was first released in
Japanese language on December 21st, 2011 and later on included in L’Arc
-en-Ciel’s 12th studio album “Butterfly” which was released on February 8th, 2012.
In the next following months after that, the band went to do a concert tour to
celebrate their 20th years of musical career around the world by visiting 10
countries on three continents. On the world tour, the band re-released the song
in English version in L’Arc-en-Ciel’s best album “World's Best Selection”
which was released on March 3rd, 2012. The song lyric is taken from this
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.6.2 Data Analysis
The data is investigated by using Appraisal framework proposed by
Martin and his colleagues (Martin, 1997, 2000; White, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2011;
Martin and White, 2005; Martin and Rose, 2007). The framework is more
focused on the analysis of Attitude which consists of Affect (the emotions
shared on the song), Judgment (the ethics), and Appreciation (the aesthetic
side).
The main step of this study is analyzing a song by using Appraisal
framework. The first step in the analyzing the song is a detailed reading of data
collected and exploring its general sense. Then, analyzing and classifying the
data by using a coding system based on the Appraisal framework. The final
step is interpreting and reporting findings of the study.
1.7 Clarification of key terms
To avoid misunderstanding, the following explanationsare clarification of
key terms used in this study:
1)Linguistics is the scientific study of language (Ariyapitipun, 2007). It
tries to observe language and to describe them accurately; then to find
generalizations within what has been described; and finally to draw
conclusions about the general nature of human language (Hana, 2006).
2)Interpersonal function / Interpersonal metafunctionis one of the language
functions which concerns the use of language to set up and sustain
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Unsworth, 2000; Bloor & Bloor, 1995 as cited in Emilia, 2005:54-55).
It is through the interpersonal metafunction that users of language
establish, negotiate and assume their position in social relationships
(Halliday, 1994:68 as cited in Ye, 2010).
3)Appraisal framework is a system of interpersonal meaning; concerned
with evaluation – the kinds of attitudes that are negotiated in a text, the
strength of the feelings involved and the ways in which values are
sourced and readers aligned (Martin & Rose, 2007). Appraisal is
understood as a particular approach to explore, describe and explain the
way language is used to evaluate, to adopt stances, to construct textual
personas and to manage interpersonal positioning and relationships
(White 2001:1 as cited in Page, 2003).
4)Attitude has to do with evaluating things, people’s characters and their
feelings. It may be the writer’s own or it may be attributed to some
other sources (Martin & Rose, 2007). Attitude itself is divided into
three regions: Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation (Martin & White,
2005).
5)Affect is the means by which writers/speakers positively or negatively
evaluate the entities, happenings and states-of-affairs. It is concerned
with registering positive and negative feelings (Martin & White, 2005).
6)Judgment is the region of meaning construing our attitudes to people and
the way they behave – their characters, and how they measure up. It is
concerned with resources for assessing behavior according to various
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
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7)Appreciation looks at resources for construing the value of things,
especially things we make and performances we give, but also
including natural phenomena and semiosis– what such things are worth;
how we value them (Martin & White, 2005).
8)Graduation attends to grading phenomena whereby feelings are
amplified and categories blurred (Martin & White, 2005). It establishes
resources for intensification (force) and for adjusting boundaries
(focus), makes it possible to compare things – to say how strong the
feelings are (Martin & Rose, 2007).
1.8 Organization of Paper
The study covers five chapters in which the general description of each
chapter is elaborated as follows:
1) T
he first chapter: Introduction
This chapter provides background of the study, research questions, aims
of the study, the scope of the study, significance of the study, research
methodology, clarification of key terms, and organization of the paper.
2) T
he second chapter: Theoretical Foundation
This chapter deals with the theoretical framework of the study to reveal
the Attitude shared and the interpersonal meaning on the lyric. In doing
so, this chapter discusses the theories and concepts which are employed
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
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3) T
he third chapter: Research Methodology
This chapter deals with the procedures taken in undertaking the study.
It also presents the analytical tools and the reason of choosing it.
4) T
he fourth chapter: Findings and Discussion
This chapter consists of result of the study and the answers of research
questions as well as the discussion and interpretation of findings.
5) T
he fifth chapter: Conclusion
This chapter contains conclusions of the study. It also includes several
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Table of Contents
CHAPTER I ... 1
INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of Study ... 1
1.2 Research questions ... 5
1.3 Aims of the study ... 5
1.4 Scope of the study ... 5
1.5 Significance of the study ... 6
1.6 Research methodology ... 7
1.6.1 Data Collection... 7
1.6.2 Data Analysis ... 8
1.7 Clarification of key terms ... 8
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter explains the research methodology used in this study. It
covers research questions, research design, data collection and data analysis.
3.1 Research Questions
This study was intended to analyze the interpersonal meaning in a song
lyric. The chosen song was “CHASE –English ver-“, a song written by L‟Arc
-en-Ciel, which was described by answering these two research questions:
1. What is the attitude of the persona as expressed in the lyric?
2. What interpersonal meaning can be gained from the lyric?
3.2 Research Design
This study was conducted in the form of qualitative study. Qualitative
study was designed to understand a social phenomenon and individual perspective
being analyzed (McMillan & Schumacher, 2001, as cited in Syamsudin &
Damayanti, 2007). It was a method applied to explain, analyze and classify
something through various techniques, such as: survey, interview, questionnaire,
observation and test. According to Best & Kahn (1989), qualitative can describe
events, persons, and so forth scientifically without the use of numerical data. It
was about analysing and attempting to uncover the deeper meaning and
significance of the object being researched.
The aim of qualitative research itself was to understand a particular social
situation, event, role, group, or interaction (Kocke, Spirduso, & Silverman, 1987),
and to describe certain aspects of a phenomenon, with a view to explaining the
subject of study (Cormack, 1991). It was largely an exploratory process where the
researcher gradually made sense of a social phenomenon by contrasting,
comparing, replicating, cataloguing and classifying the object of study (Miles &
Huberman, 1984, as cited in Creswell, 2002). The methodology itself was also
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approach (Leach, 1990). This study considered the object being researched as a
discourse; therefore the approach used was discourse-analytic approach.
Discourse-analytic approach revealed the „meaningfulness‟ of texts.
Discourse here implied „language above the sentence‟ and referred to a sequence
of sentences or utterances that constituted a „text‟ (Cameron, 2001). By far the
most common sources of data for discourse analysis tend to be the accounts drawn
from recordings of informal, spoken interviews between researchers and
respondents, making it a popular, qualitative method of data analysis for linguists
and social scientists alike (e.g. Widdicombe, 1993). However, it had also been
used to analyze a variety of data such as formal academic journal writing (Gilbert
& Mulkay, 1984); newspaper reports and media interviews (Potter & Reicher,
1987), and accounts of journalists and politicians during a political controversy
(Potter & Edwards, 1990). This study was aimed to find the Attitude shared and
the interpersonal meaning in the song lyric, which has its pedagogical implication.
The data collected was analyzed by Appraisal framework system in several steps
which were elaborated in the subsequent part.
3.3 Data Collection
This study took a song from L‟Arc-en-Ciel as data document. The song
title was “CHASE -English ver.-” which was first released in Japanese language
on December 21st, 2011, and later on included in L‟Arc-en-Ciel 12th studio album
“Butterfly” which was released on February 8th, 2012. The song then re-released in English version on L‟Arc-en-Ciel‟sbest album “World's Best Selection” which
was released on March 3rd, 2012. The song was selected on the basis that this was
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 3.4 Data Analysis
The data was investigated by using Appraisal framework proposed by
Martin and his colleagues (Martin, 1997, 2000; White, 1998, 2005, 2006, 2011;
Martin & White, 2005; Martin & Rose, 2007). The framework was directed to be
more focused on the analysis of Attitude which consisted of Affect (the emotion
shared on the songs), Judgment (the ethics), and Appreciation (the aesthetic side).
The main step of this research was analyzing the song with Appraisal framework.
It involved preparing the data for analysis, moving deeper into understanding the
data, representing, and making an interpretation of the larger meaning of the data.
The general steps of data analysis in this study were based on Creswell
(2002). However, Creswell pointed out that qualitative procedure has unique
steps, therefore these following steps came with some slight modifications;
Step 1 Organizing and preparing the data for analysis. In this step, researcher took
the whole lyric of the song from the original album of L‟Arc-en-Ciel.
Step 2 Reading through all the data. Creswell (2002) pointed out that the first
general step was to obtain a general sense of the information and to reflect on its
overall meaning. In this step, researcher tried to understand the general ideas of
the lyric and presumed what kind of messages the lyric writer wanted to convey.
Step 3 Beginning a detailed analysis with a coding process. Coding is the process of organizing the material into “chunks” before bringing meaning to those “chunks” (Rossman & Rallis, 1998). The coding in this study was based on the Appraisal framework system, specifically the Attitudes system, with some
modifications. To highlight the realization of each category in the text, this study
used keys as follows:
Underlined = the indirect realization of attitude
Bold = the direct realization of attitude
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
36
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Table 3.1 the Appraisal analysis of a song lyric – Attitude and Graduation
No Clauses Attitude Graduation
Affect Judgment Appreciation Force Focus
37
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Step 4 The next step was using the coding process to generate a description of the
setting or people as well as categories or themes for analysis. Description involved
a detailed rendering of information about people, places, or events in a setting.
Step 5 Advancing how the description will be represented in the findings and
discussion. The findings were organized from the specific to the general and were
sometimes called a bottom-up approach.
Step 6 The final step in data analysis involved making an interpretation or meaning of the data. “What were the lessons learned” captured the essence of this idea (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). These lessons could be the researcher‟s personal
interpretation, implied in the individual understanding that the inquirer brought to
the study from researcher‟s culture, history, and experiences. The findings
themselves could also suggested new questions that needed to be asked-questions
rose by the data and analysis that had not foreseen earlier in the study.
The comprehensive findings and discussion will be discussed in the
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER III ... 33
METHODOLOGY ... 33
3.1 Research Questions ... 33
3.2 Research Design ... 33
3.3 Data Collection ... 34
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The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the findings and discussions of the
study. The conclusion is formulated from the research questions, followed by the
suggestions for further study relating to Appraisal analysis and education.
5.1 Conclusions
This study was aimed to investigate the attitude shared and the interpersonal
meaning in a song lyric alongside with its pedagogical implication, particularly in
teaching and learning process. The finding shows that the Attitude resources,
specifically Affect, in the lyric mostly consisted of positive values. The positive
values were mainly in the form of In/security which indicates the feelings of
confidence and superiority. However, there were also negative values in form of
Dis/satisfaction which indicates the feelings of frustration and Un/happiness
which indicates the feelings of sadness and anger in the lyric.
Besides Affect, there are also Judgment resources in the lyric. Judgment
resources which deal with the attitude to people and the way they behave took
form of Social Esteem that tends to be policed in oral culture. The Judgment
resources in this lyric were mainly negative which mean it criticizes the person
and the way s/he behaves rather than admires him/her. Though some of the
Judgment resources did not criticize explicitly, readers/listeners could feel it
through tokens that evoke certain feelings in the lyric.
Another resource of Attitude system is Appreciation which relates to the
evaluation of things, the evaluation toward things someone makes and
performance someone gives. In the analyzed lyric, negative values of
Appreciation dominantly took place which means the things and properties in the
lyric were not valued by the persona. Furthermore, this study also considered
Graduation resources that concern with up-scaling or sharpening and
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
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used sharpening resources on several parts to emphasize and indicate maximal
investment of Attitude resources.
Related to the pedagogical implication, songs can be used as teaching
media since those are the combination of music and lyrics, have many benefits in
it such as the cultural values and its rich collections of vocabulary. Shen (2009)
states that one practical pedagogical implication to make English Language
Teaching (ELT) becomes enjoyable and effective is through the integration of
songs in ELT. Furthermore, in relation to the theory of Multiple Intelligences
proposed by Gardner (1993), listening to songs could be a great value to develop
students’ linguistic ability through enchanting its melody or evoking the
image-evoked in lyrics. The implementation of songs in ELT, especially in receptive
skills, could be in many forms. In listening, teachers could make use of song
lyrics in developing the skill through several techniques, for instance a gap-fill
task. A gap-fill task could be used to help students learned a new vocabulary in
the lyric and noticed its pronunciation, structure, and grammar. Another receptive
skill that could be developed through the implementation of songs is reading skill.
Based on the study by Liu (2010), which discussed the application of Appraisal
framework to teaching critical reading, teachers can develop it in three basic steps.
First, teachers make students to understand the context of the text, both linguistics
and non-linguistics contexts. Second, students, with the help from teachers may distinguish author’s attitude and discuss the messages in the lyric. Finally, teachers encourage the students to speak out their view about the discussed text.
5.2 Suggestions
This section provides some suggestions on the basis of the limitation of the
present study. After drawing the inferences, there are several suggestions that
hopefully can give some constructive ideas for readers, especially future
researchers. The suggestions are related to the Attitude system, song lyric, and its
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
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First, this study focuses only on Attitude system. Further studies may
conduct the complete analysis of Appraisal resources on a song lyric, with the
Graduation and Engagement systems. Second, this study focuses only on a song
lyric. Further studies may analyze its tone of sound and its graphic or moving
pictures to have a whole complete look of the interpretation. Moreover, further
studies may analyze the effect of a song as learning media to teachers and students
with Appraisal framework, such study had conducted by Liu (2010) which
investigated the application of Appraisal framework to teaching English reading
and Shen (2009) which used songs as an enjoyable and effective approach to
English Language Teaching. It is also suggested that Appraisal framework can
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Table of contents
CHAPTER V ... 52
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 52
5.1 Conclusions ... 52
Harry Ramadan Putra, 2014
The Attitude In A l’arc-En-Ciel Song: An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning
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