PENDAHULUAN
PENDAHULUAN
PENDAHULUAN
PENDAHULUAN
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(The National Academy of Science, 1999) dalam Koballa & Chiappetta (2010: 102)
SKILLS SCIENTISTS USE
•
Science- a way of learning about the natural
world
•
Scientists use skills such as:
–
Observing- using your senses to gather information
• Quantitative observation- deals with numbers/amounts
• Qualitative obervation- deals with descriptions that cannot
• Qualitative obervation- deals with descriptions that cannot be expressed in numbers
• Figure 1, page 5
–
Inferring- explaining/interpreting things you observe
• Not guesses- based on reasoning
•
Predicting- making a statement about what will
happen in the future based on past experience
–
Figure 3, page 7
–
Predictions and inferences are closely related
• Inference- about what has happened
• Prediction- about what will happen
SKILLS SCIENTISTS USE
• Prediction- about what will happen
•
Classifying- grouping items together based on
some common characteristic
ll
What Attitudes Help You Think Scientifically?
Beliefs
Curiosity
Objectivity and open Mindedness
Imagination
Reasoning
Cause and effect relationship Self
BELIEFS
•Saintis harus mempunyai kepercayaan (keyakinan ) kuat mengenai mekanisme kejadian dan struktur objek di alam semesta.
•Scientific belief bila berpikir berdasarkan bukti (evidence)
•Ilmuan menolak kebenaran yang sifatnya mutlak (absolute truth)
•Religious belief berbeda dengan scientific beliefs.
•Ilmuan dilarang untuk mengekspresikan keyakinan pada kebenaran absolut dari pernyataan ilmiah hasil observasi
Curiosity
• mempunyai rasa ingin tahu terhadap alam.
Biasanya ditunjukkan pertanyaan “Why”
•Ilmuan mempunyai sikap “creatif scientist”,
termotivasi untuk memperoleh kebenaran ilmiah melalui penyelidikan.
melalui penyelidikan.
•Contoh: Nicholas Copernicus menyebkan revolusi ilmiah yang menempatkan matahari sebagai pusat tata surya.
Imagination
• Imagination= khayalan, angan-angan, daya cipta
•Albert Einsten mengatakan “imagination is more important than knowledge”
•Einsten membuktikan pikirannya melalui banayk cara dalam menyelidiki
dalam menyelidiki
•Einsten melewatkan sinar lampu pada cermin,
kemudian bertanya”berapa panjang sinar lampu yang dipancarkan”?
Reasoning
•Reasoning =argumentasi, sanggahan, pengambilan keputusan melalui pemikiran logis (penalaran)
•Bernalar dapat dilakukan melalui inductive thinking dan
deductive thinking.
•Inductive thinking merupakan generalisasi dengan •Inductive thinking merupakan generalisasi dengan menggunakan dasar yang lebih spesifik (khusus) beruupa fakta hasil observasi
•Deductive thinking:pola berpikir dari sesuatu pernyataan yang sifatnya general (umum) ke sesuatu yang lebih
Scientific Reasoning
•
Scientific reasoning requires a logical way of
thinking based on gathering and evaluating
evidence.
•
Objective reasoning- based only on evidence
•
Subjective reasoning- personal bias/feelings
•
Subjective reasoning- personal bias/feelings
influence conclusions
Scientific Reasoning
•
Deductive- starts with a general idea that is
applied to a specific observation
–
Figure 3, page 15
•
Inductive- uses specific observations to make
generalizations
–
Figure 4, page 16
•
Faulty- can lead to faulty conclusions
–
can be caused by too little data
Deductive vs Inductive
General
Specific
Top Down Bottom Up
Specific
General
Based on facts make predictions about future observations
Theory
Hypothesis
confirm observations
Top Down – Deductive
deductive theories
Bottom Up - Inductive
observation
Look for patterns
hypothesis
theory
Cause and effect relationship
•Scientist membangun huungan sebab akibat untuk lebih memahami alam semesta.
•Pencarian hubungan sebab akibat adalah esensi dari eksperimen
•Contoh: mengapa kucing melahirkan hanya anak kuing •Contoh: mengapa kucing melahirkan hanya anak kuing Mengapa orang yang merokok menimbilkan kanker paru-paru
Thinking skills can be categorised into
critical thinking skills and
creative thinking skills.
•
A person who thinks critically
always
evaluates an idea
in a
systematic
evaluates an idea
in a
systematic
manner
before accepting it
•
A person who thinks creatively has a
high
level of imagination
, is
able to generate
original and innovative ideas
, and
TUGAS:
DARI MASALAH YANG ANDA TEMUKAN KEMARIN, MERUPAKAN POLA BERPIKIR DEDUKTIF ATAU INDUKTIF, BERIKAN
