Translation shift of adjective clause in The children’s literature Five on A Treasure Island by Enid Blyton and its translation by Agus Setiadi.

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THESIS

Submitted as partial fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Degree of English Department of Art and Humanities Faculty UIN Sunan Ampel

Surabaya

By:

By:

Sahlatur Rizqiyah Ulinnuha Reg. Number A73213129

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

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ABSTRACT

Ulinnuha, Sahlatur Rizqiyah. 2017. Translation Shift of Adjective Clause in The

Children’s Literature “Five on A Treasure Island” by Enid Blyton and

Its Translation by Agus Setiadi. English Department, Faculty of Arts And Humanities. The State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The advisor: Endratno Pilih Swasono, M.Pd

Key words: translation shift, adjective clause, translation equivalence

Translation shift is the way to maintain messages from source language (SL) to target language (ST) to stay preserved. The translation shift occurs because of the difference in the structure of both languages so that it requires some shifting for the message to be delivered properly in ST. This study analyzes the translation shift that occurs in the adjective clause in the children’s literature "Five on A Treasure Island" by Enid Blyton and its translation of "Lima Sekawan di pulau Harta" by Agus Setiadi. This study aims to find a translation shift occurs in the adjective clause as well as how the translation’s equivalence. The theory of translation shift is examined using Catford's theory (1965) while the translation equivalent uses Nida’s theory (1964) consisting of formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence.

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INTISARI

Ulinnuha. Sahlatur Rizqiyah. 2017. Translation Shift of Adjective Clause in The

Children’s Literature “Five on A Treasure Island” by Enid Blyton and

Its Translation by Agus Setiadi. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The advisor: Endratno Pilih Swasono, M.Pd

Key words: pergeseran terjemahan, klausa adjectiva, kesetaraan terjemahan

Pergeseran terjemahan merupakan salah satu cara dalam mempertahankan pesan dari bahasa sumber (Bsu) ke bahasa sasaran (Bsa) agar tetap terjaga. Pergeseran terjemahan terjadi karena adanya perbedaan struktur dan tatanan bahasa dari kedua bahasa sehingga memerlukan beberapa pergeseran agar pesan tersampaikan dengan baik di Bsu. Penelitian ini menganalisis pergeseran terjemahan yang terjadi pada klausa adjectiva dalam sastra anak “Five on A Treasure Island” oleh Enid Blyton dan terjemahannya yaitu “Lima Sekawan di Pulau Harta” oleh Agus Setiadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari pergeseran terjemahan yang terjadi pada adjective clause dalam novel juga bagaimana kesetaraan terjemahannya. Teori pergeseran makna diteliti menggunakan teori Catford (1965) sedangkan kesetaraan terjemahan menggunakan tori Nida (1964) yang terdiri dari kesetaraan formal dan kesetaraan dinamis.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the researcher explains about background of the study in her thesis which is including the reason why she chooses this study as her interest and some previous study to support her thesis. Then, there are also research problems, research objectives, significance of the research, scope and limitation, and the last is definitions of key terms. Those are explained clearly as follows:

1.1 Background of Study

In linguistics, translation is a process of delivering a message from one language (source language) into another language (target language). It has an important role in solving the problems between people who have different languages to convey the message of the source language to the target language well. In delivering a message from the source language, translators must know how the structure and rules of the language of the target language because each language certainly have their own rules. The rules of a language cannot be equated with other languages. Each language has its own rules either in terms of morphology, grammar, or semantics so that the translator should understand very well the rules of the target language in order to avoid mistakes in the delivery of the message. The adjustment of language structure from the source language to the target language is called translation shift. In present study, the researcher

examine translation shift of adjective clause in children's literature “Five

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Since translation become a solving problem language differences in communication, many people using translation to get new information from foreign books that have different language with their language. They began to use many translations to facilitate the understanding of information. Actually, in essence, translation itself according to Catford (1965: 20) is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). It means that translation is the replacement of information or message in the source language to the target language with a different language. Although in different languages, it must have the same message between the message source language to the target language.

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with various genres: the expression of translation strategies in the movie (e.g. Ningrum 2009 & Sari, 2013) and translation of idioms (e.g.

Strakšiene 2009; Warhamni, 2010; and Suliman, 2013). All they have

done analysis rests on grammatical translation of the source language and also how the proper translation of the source text to be translated into natural.

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remains unavoidable, such as the level shift into the highest shift in the verb phrase translation and intra-system shifts in translating verbs.

Based on the research that has been mentioned above, the translation adjective clause is still untouched too much. There are only a few studies have examined the adjective clause, such as research by Zico Ma'u (2013) which examined the relative clause in “The Alchemist” by Paulo Coelho. In his research, he is only focused on relativizer that, whereas in the relative clause (adjective clause) is not only relative pronoun that but also there are who, whom, and which. Then there was another study conducted by Winarsih (2015), which examined the English

translation adjective clause in “Metamorphosis” by Franz Kafka. In that

study, she examined the translation who, which, and that in the Indonesian

translation of “Metamorphosis”. She did not investigate more about the

translation shift contained in the translation, and also how the shifts occur. These studies focused on analysis of adjective clause translation generally. Besides the objects they use is an adult novel that has a complex level of language. Therefore, it is quite appropriate that the use of language is rather complicated. Furthermore, there is Juliarta (2016) who analyzed

English relative clause in the “Good Earth” novel and its translation. In her

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Earth” translation and what is more the object is general novel which is

commonly reads by adults so that that the language is more complicated.

Unlike with Juliarta’s study and the other researcher, in this study the

researcher using children’s literature which is light reading for children. In this study, the researcher examined the shift in the adjective

clause translation in children's literature “Five on a Treasure Island” by

Enid Blyton and its translation by Agus Setiadi. In this study, the researcher uses the object of children's literature because the study on children's literature is still rare. Hence, it could be a gap for the researcher to analyze the translation shift with that object. Besides the research on children's literature still rare, the other reason the selection of object is because researcher wants to explore the phenomenon translation of the novel are in fact intended for children. Analyze how translator adjusts the structure of language with the language capabilities of children and how translator transfers the message well in target text. According to Ritta

Oittinen’s book entitled “Translating for children” (2000), situation and

purpose are an intrinsic part of all translation. Translators never translate words in isolation, but whole situations. The whole situations can be

including translator’s cultural heritage, reading experience, and their

image of childhood and their own child image. Thus in translating

children’s literature, the role of translator also considered.

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find out the wording used by the translator in translating children's literature, is quite acceptable or not. This is very important because the target reader of the translation is children so translator must translate it

well. Translator has to consider the children’s ability to accept the

message. In seeking equivalence translation, she figure out which methods are used translator in translating the novel first. It will make the results of the research be clearer and acceptable.

1.2 Research Problems

In this research, the researcher formulates some problems written as follows:

1. What shift of adjective clause can be found in the "Five on a Treasure Island" translation novel?

2. How does the shift of adjective clause occur in the "Five on a Treasure Island" translation novel?

3. How does the equivalent of translation in the novel?

1.3 Research Objectives

Based on the research questions above, the main purposes of this research are:

1. To identify translation shift of adjective clause in the children's literature “Five on a Treasure Island”. She also wants to know what kinds of translation shift occur in the novel.

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3. To investigate the level of a translation equivalence done by translator. She wants to know whether the translation qualified to be the acceptable translation or not.

1.4 Significance of the Research

In line with the objectives of the research, it is expected that the research may give some contributions as follows:

1. Theoretically, the research finding will enrich the study of translation and increase of our knowledge of translation. In addition, by using children's literature as the object is expected to give new nuances of study.

2. Practically, the research finding will be useful to motivate other researchers to examine the potential of translation shift in different perspective. Thus, this research will develop and continue to grow up and be perfect.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

In this study, the scope of the analysis is translation shift of

adjective clause in children’s literature. She analyses every adjective

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In the analysis, she just analyzes the translation shift of adjective clause occur in the translation. She limits her analysis by does not widen the analysis to the broader stage of any kind clause like adverb clause, noun clause, or other. It is because she wants to focus on the one kind of clause, namely adjective clause.

1.6 Definition of the key terms

Translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language well (Larson, 1984: 3).

Translation Shift defines as formal correspondence from the different approach in the process of going from the source language to target language (Catford, 1965).

Adjective Clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, Identifies, or gives further information about a noun. (Azhar, 2002: 67). Five on a Treasure Island is children's literature that tells about the

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In the previous chapter, the researcher has mentioned some researchers who studied about translation shift. Next discussion is about the theory related to the analysis. Those theories become the standard to analyze data in this analysis. The researcher arranges the explanation as follows:

2.1 Definition of Translation

The term translation is known as the way to convey message from one language (source language) to another language (target language). The definition of translation has stated by some experts, such as Catford (1965: 20) who defined translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). In his theory, he emphasized in structural terms in SL and TL. The opinions expressed by Catford fairly still can not be a reference in translating well. It is because in the translation, we can not just focus on the structural side. In translation, we must also consider the element of information or messages that are in the source language. This is very important because in translation, the most important thing is to keep the message in SL that can be delivered into the TL.

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of style. Based on his statement, it can include the pragmatic translation which emphasizes the “message” in terms of translation. It means that the

translation of the SL must be delivered to the TL well. He considers that translation must contain the messages of the original text. Translators should not translate the target text rigidly, but they must harmonize message in source text (ST) in order to easier to understand in the target text (TT). Thus target text will not be confusing and acceptable.

Pragmatic translation is important in the translation because it can help the addressee to understand the message in the original text which contains a foreign language. However, it should be remembered that besides structure of language, socio-culture in translation is also must be translated properly. Translators have to know about differentiation of culture and custom in target language. It is things that are also must be considered by the translator. Based on Larson’s opinion (1984) in her book entitled “Meaning Based Translation”, translation is transferring the

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SL: I have to finish my homework quickly.

TL: Saya harus menyelesaikan PR ku dengan cepat.

In the sentence above, the word homework in SL is translated into PR in TL. This is because in Indonesian the task of the school is commonly known as PR, but this is definitely different from other countries. Therefore, the translator must quite understand about the socio-culture of the receptor.

Based on the three opinions above, the researcher concludes that a good translation is a translation that is able to convey the intent of the SL properly in accordance with the conditions language style that exists in the TL.

2.2 Translation process

Translation process is a stage of transferring the meaning start from source language into target language. In transferring meaning, translators must pass through some steps to make meaning in SL translated well in TL. Transferring meaning is more complex than it seems, a good translation is when the message, which is expressed in SL, is linguistically well transformed and the readers easily to understand the TL (Pradipta, 2013: 12). The translation should be analyzed first in order to the message transferred well.

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restructuring. Analysis is the process to understand message in source text related grammatical and semantic aspect. The translators should analyze first the grammatical and semantic aspect of source language in order to they will understand the message clearly. After analysis, next step are transferring. It is the process to transfer the result of analysis from source text to target text. Then, restructuring is the process to re-establishing text in different style. After transfer the message from SL into TL, the translators must be deciding what style that used to write translation in target text. Style of translation may include the word selection, language style, or the methods that want to use. All of processes above are conducted for make translation easier to understand in target text.

2.3 Translation shift

Translation shift is a process shifting of items in source language to the target language with a same equivalence. Catford (1965:73) defines

‘shifts’ as different approach from formal correspondence in the process of

going from the source language to the target language. He states two major types of translation shifts as follows:

2.3.1 Level shift

It meant a source language item in one linguistic level has a target language translation equivalent at a different level. Shifts from grammar to lexis and vice-versa are the only possible level shifts in translation and such shifts are, of course, quite common.

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Category shift is departure from correspondence in translation. It is the shift that happens in the theoretical categories such as structures, class, unit and intra-system.

a) Structure shift. It involves a grammatical change between the structure of the SL and the TL. It also occurs when the structure of TL is different from the structure of SL equivalent at a different level. For example Old man (M  H) in SL translated into Laki-laki tua (H  M) in TL.

b) Class shift is a shift occurs in the part of speech in a translation. It occurs when one word in one class shifting into another class. Catford (1965) states that class shift occur when the translation equivalent of a source language item is a member of a different class from the original item. It changes in word class. He also writes that structure shifts usually need class shifts because of the logical dependence of class on structure in both of them, though this may be demonstrable only at a secondary degree of delicacy. For example medical student translated into mahasiswa kedokteran, to change modifier  head become head modifier, structure shift need class shift to translated medical (adjective) to kedokteran (Noun) so it becomes an equivalence translation in TL. The other example is verb in original translated into adverb in the target language.

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TL : Ibu di depan di samping Ayah (Adv)

c) Unit Shift. According to Catford (1965:79), unit shift involves changes of rank. It is departure from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL. Based on his statement, it can conclude that unit shift may happen in word to phrase, phrase to clause, or clause to sentence.

SL : They started soon after breakfast. (N) TL : Mereka berangkat sehabis makan pagi. (NP) d) Intra system shift refers to the shift that occurs internally within

the system. It cases where the source language and the target language possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but the translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the target language system. (E.g. singular form can be translated in plural).

2.4 Method of Translation

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that divided into two emphasize; the first is source language emphasize and the second is target language emphasize. Translation method that emphasizes source includes word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, and semantic translation. Then, the second are translation method that emphasizes target language include adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation. The explanation discusses clearly as follows:

1. Word-for-word translation

This translation method, translate the source language (SL) word-per-word and directly placed in the target language (TL). Translator is just looking for a closest meaning in the SL into the TL. Every word was translated one by one based on common sense without any adjustment to the context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a text difficult, as a pre-translation process. This method is usually used if the translator was having trouble finding an appropriate match in the SL.

2. Literal Translation

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language in SL. Although the translator tries to adjust grammatical arrangement with SL but in this method, the translation was still out of context.

3. Faithful translation

A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the appropriate contextual meaning of the SL within the constraints of the grammatical structures in TL. It 'transfers' cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical 'abnormality' in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL. This method is usually used to translate important documents so that the translator must maintain the structure in SL that does not alter the original meaning. The rules in the TL are less attention because it is restricted to the rules in SL.

4. Semantic translation

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5. Adaptation

This method is the „Freest’ form of translation. In this

method, the translator translates the original freely but it did not come out of a theme in SL. This method is commonly used in the translation of poetry and drama. In the process, translator translating a work by adjusts it with the existing culture in the TL. It is like in Oedipus story translated into Indonesian be Sangkuriang story. Although the names of the characters in the SL

and TL are not the same, but the plot and characterizations in the story should be still same as the original. Translators may not change the theme of the original and they have to defend it in the target language.

6. Free translation

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7. Idiomatic translation

This method is a method of translation that uses the natural form in TL, which is in accordance with the form of grammatical and lexical choice. The results are very natural translation as text in the original. This method reproduces the text message in the TL more natural and be well received.

8. Communicative translation

Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. This method is very concerned on addressee's ability to understand the message that the translation made as possible so as not to confuse addressee.

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2.5 Nida's Theory of Equivalence in Translation

Nida in his book “Toward a science of translating”, argues that

there are two types of equivalent in translation, namely formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence is the equivalence in translation that tries to translate with retaining the original text, without adding the thought of translator in translation. It focuses attention on the message itself, in the both form and content. The message in the target language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language (Nida, 1964:159).

The dynamic equivalence is an approach to the translation where the original language is translated with consideration of thoughts or ideas translator. Dynamic equivalence involves taking each sentence of the original text and rendering the sentence into the target language text with the same meaning, but it does not always use the right phrase or idiom of the original. It aims to make the reader well informed without feeling confused. Dynamic equivalence sacrifices some fidelity the original text in order to achieve a more natural translation. It is designed to make translation easier to understand (Nida, 1964:159-160).

2.6 English Clause

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independent clause. It must be connected to an independent clause. The combination independent and dependent clause is called complex sentence (Azhar, 2002:239). There are some types of dependent clause in English. Commonly, those are noun clause, adjective clause (relative clause), and adverbial clause.

2.6.1 Noun Clause

Noun clause is dependent clause that functions as a noun. Because of it functions as a noun, noun clause can be used as subject or object in a sentence. In its application, noun clause always begins with clause marker. It can be that, how, if, where, who, whom, when, whose, whether, which, and various forms of –ever (Azhar, 2002). According to Wren and Martin (2000:196), noun clause have some function in complex sentence, those are

a. The Subject of a verb. (What he said is true)

b. The Object of a transitive verb. (I heard what he said)

c. The Object of a preposition. (She dispense wisdom to whoever will listen)

d. In Apposition to a Noun or Pronoun. (It is feared that he will not come)

e. The Complement of a verb of incomplete predication. (Live is what we make it)

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Adjective clause is dependent clause that modifies noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about noun (Azhar, 2002:267). He states “an adjective clause is also called a relative clause”. Relative clause has function as post modifiers in a noun phrase or prepositional phrase. It typically begins with the relative pronoun and relative adverb. It called so because it has function to relate the clause to the word, normally a noun or pronoun which is the head of the noun phrase. Relative pronoun consists of who, whose, whom, which, and that, whereas relative adverb consist of where, when, and that. In fact, adjective clause has a same characteristic with noun clause which uses WH-marker, but they certainly have a difference (Leech, 1982:99). The differences of the use WH-marker in the noun clause and the relative clause are in adjective clause WH-marker used to describe a noun or pronoun that existed before relative pronoun. Then WH-marker in noun clause functions as noun in sentence.

The uses of relative pronoun and relative adverb have their own role in adjective clause. They have their own function in relating word in a sentence. The brief explanations about those functions are described below:

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3. Whose is the possessive form of who that used in speaking of persons, animals, and things without life. It serves to replace the second sentence. It usually has features whom + noun.

4. Whom is used to replace the verb object. The hallmark of this relative pronoun is whom + subject.

5. When is used for show time in sentence.

6. Where is used for indicating a place in a sentence, but sometimes which can also be used to indicate place by combining in + which.

7. That is used to replace the subject or object of the first sentence that has the same function as the previous sentence.

Besides the use of relative pronouns that have differences in the adjective clause, there is also something else of concern. It is a restrictive clause and non-restrictive clause. Both have an important function also in forming a perfect relative clause. Different use between the two, able to make the message delivered to be different.

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meaning of the sentence. A non-restrictive clause is usually marked by a comma (,) between the subject and the clause.

 My brother who is a doctor has gone to America  My brother, who is a doctor, has gone to America.

From the above examples, there is a difference in the first sentence, the subject brother indicates that the author has more than one brother so to clarify which brother is meant, then there is addition of clause who is a doctor used as explanation. The information contained in the clause can

not be removed because if the information is lost it will be my brother has gone to America. It is not clear which brother that the author is discussing

so there must be a clause that explains it.

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2.6.3 Adverbial Clause

Adverbial clause can be classified semantically according to what questions they answer. It may modify verb, adjective, or adverb in the main clause. All adverbial clauses are introduced by a conjunction (Leech, 1982:97). There are some kinds of adverb clause that classified as:

a. Adverb clause of time is introduced by subordinating conjunction whenever, while, after, before, since, as, and etc.

b. Adverb clause of place is introduce by the subordinating conjunction where and whereas.

c. Adverb clause of purpose is introduced by the subordinating conjunction so that, in order at, and lest.

d. Adverb clause of cause is introduced by subordinating conjunction because, as since, that.

e. Adverb clause of condition is introduced by subordinating conjunction if, whether, and unless.

f. Adverb clause of consequence is introduced by subordinating conjunction that, so or such.

g. Adverb clause comparison degree and manner is introduced by subordinating conjunction as, as if, and as though.

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2.7 Indonesian Clause

A clause is a construction which contains a predicate with some minor exceptions, a subject. It is either independent or dependent. An independent clause is a clause which can stand by itself as a simple sentence. A dependent clause is a clause which can not stand by itself without independent clause or other clauses to form sentence (Sneddon, 1996:231). There are some types of clause in Indonesian, but the researcher just explains more about Indonesian relative clause. It is because the focus of this analysis is about relative clause that translated into yang in Indonesian. The further explanation about Indonesian relative clause described below:

2.7.1 Indonesian Relative Clause

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A. Defining Relative Clause

A defining relative clause is one whose subject correspond the head noun of the embedding phrase. It is referred to relative clause, being by far the most common type of relative clause. The clause is incorporated within the noun phrase by deleting its subject which is identical to the head noun of the embedding phrase. It also placing yang before it (Sneddon, 1996:285).

1. Orang itu duduk dekat jendela

(That person is sitting near the window)

2. Orang itu bekerja dengan saya

(That person works with me)

3. Orang yang duduk dekat jendela itu bekerja dengan saya.

(The person who is sitting near the window works with me)

The first sentence can be embedded within the subject noun phrase of the second sentence. The combination both of the sentences can be clearer by giving relative pronoun who after the subject or noun.

Relative clauses can also derive from other basic clause types. Those are verbal clause and non-verbal clauses. Non-verbal clauses are divided into noun relative clause and adjective relative clause.

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verb must be active, whereas if the noun stands as object the verb must be passive.

For examples:

 Orang yang membangun rumah saya (as actor)

(The person who built my house)

 Rumah yang sudah dibangun (as noun)

(House which has been built)

b. Noun relative clause can be used when the speaker want to distinguish a person from other people with similar characteristics, especially the same name (Sneddon, 1996:288).

For example:

Ibu Alieve, yang seorang ibu, akan kami jemput

(Mrs. Alieva, who is woman, will be met by us)

c. Adjective relative clause is a relative clause that used to expressing a single idea without any emphasis on the adjective. Use of yang separates the adjective from the noun and gives emphasis to it. For example

Anak yang seperti Tini

(Chidren who are like Tini)

B. Topic-comment Relative Clause

Topic-comment relative clause is divided into possessor topic-comment relative clause meaning “whose” and object topic-comment

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subject of the relative clause is the thing possessed by the head noun. Then object topic-comment relative clause, the head of the embedding phrase is identical to the object of the relative clause. It is marked by –nya occurring in object position within the clause (Sneddon, 1996:288). The examples of both are mentioned as follows:

1. Seorang pejabat yang tidak akan disebutkan namanya

(An official whose name will not be mentioned) 2. Senjata yang tidak setiap musuh bias menghadapinya

(Weapons which not every enemy can face)

C. Prepositional Relative Clause

In this type of relative clause, the head of the embedding phrase is not identical to the subject (or topic) of the relative clause. It is identical to the noun in a prepositional phrase, usually indicating location. It occurs at the beginning of the relative clause, immediately after yang. Usually prepositional relative clause is the combination of prepositional + relative clause. By the addition, both of them will make the new meaning as an example below.

Meja yang diatasnya tersedia makanan

(The table on which food is set).

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D. Locative Relative Clause

It is differ from other kinds of relative clause that not proceeded by yang. The more traditional construction begins with tempat using

“where”, though some people still translated it by dimana. In spite of all

of it, the important thing is locative relative clause always explained the place of something.

Pabrik tempat mereka bekerja tidak jauh dari sini.

(The factory where they work is not far from here.

2.8 Indonesian Sentence

According to Sneddon (1996), a sentence is a construction which is grammatically complete. It can stand by itself as a complete utterance. In writing a sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark. Sentences are either simple or complex. A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause. A complex sentence is one which consists of more than a single clause. When two clauses occur in the one sentence, they are sometimes linked by a conjunction. It can link the clauses so the sentence will be well structure. For example:

 Nenek membaca komik di kamar (Simple sentence)

(Grandmother reading comic in the bedroom)

 Nenek membaca komik dikamar, sedangkan kakek

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(Grandmother reading comic in the bedroom, while grandfather reading newspaper in the garden)

2.9 Children’s Literature

According to Ritta Oittinen (2000:4) children literature has its own special features. It is often illustrated and often meant to be read aloud. The illustration in children’s literature is more important than the words. It is because the picture in the illustration can extract children to read it. Besides illustration in the story, the character of children’s literature is

usually the writer insert moral values in the stories so that children obtain the positive effect by reading the book.

“Five on a Treasure Island” novel is a story about the adventures of

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the researcher shows the method she used in her analysis. Firstly, she explains about the design of her study and then she continues to explain about the data collection and the last is the data analysis. All of those steps explained clearly in this chapter.

3.1 Research Design

The researcher uses a qualitative content analysis with descriptive research. Qualitative method is method that used to analyze data in-depth to get rich data (Litosseliti 2010:33). Then, the use of content analysis is used because it is research technique for making replicable and valid inference from texts to the context of their use (Krippendorf, 2004:18). Using qualitative content analysis as the method can help the researcher in analyze the data deeply. She describing and interpreting the data collected from the text of novel. Analyzing translation shifts in the novel and find out further about it.

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3.2 Data Collection

3.2.1 Data and Data Source

The data used in the forms of the clause of adjective in the text, the source of data in this study come from the “Five on A Treasure Island”

novel by Enid Blyton and the Indonesian translation “Lima Sekawan Di

Pulau Harta” by Agus Setiadi. The original consist of 65 pages and the

translation consists of 79 pages.

3.2.2 Research Instrument

The research instrument is the researcher herself. Collecting and analyzing the data of the research is done by the researcher. The researcher collects the data by finding the words of adjective clause in novel “Five on

A Treasure Island”. Then the data classified on the type of translation

shifts and try to find out the reason why shifts occur. After she gets the data, then she tries to assess the translation equivalence of the translation.

3.2.3 Technique of Data Collection

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3.2.3 Techniques of Data Analysis

In this study, it has mentioned before that the researcher use a “Five on A Treasure Island” novel to analyze translation shift of adjective

clause. In analysis, the researcher firstly identifies adjective clauses in source text and the shifting in target text.

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Then, the last is explained about the data in a sentence. It uses coding to make easier to explain the reason shift occur in the novel and also the translation equivalence. This is the way how to put coding:

01/AdjC/3 ST/8 TT

The number of data AdjC in ST Page 3 of ST Page 8 of TT 01 Shows the number of data

AdjC Adjective clause in source text (ST)

3 ST It means that the data contains in a third page of source text

8 TT It means that the data contains in an eighth page of target text (TT)

1. Translation Shift

01/AdjC/43 ST/52 TT

ST The stones that had once formed the floor of the big courtyard were now cracked and were no longer lying flat. TT Batu-batu pipih yang dulu merupakan alas pekarangan luas

itu sekarang sudah pecah-pecah, dan tidak lagi terletak mendatar.

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The verb formed translated into copula merupakan in target text. The researcher is uncertain why the translator did shifting into merupakan, though it will be better if the translator uses the word menjadi. The shift which is change grammatical unit (had) in the source text to lexical unit yang dulu in the target text is called level shift.

2. The Equivalence of Translation

02/AdjC/20 ST/24 TT

ST "Let's explore the island, let's explore the island!" yelled Anne, who was now at the top of the little natural harbour, climbing up the rocks there.

TT “Ayohlah! Kita periksa pulau ini,” seru Anne. Anak itu mendaki tebing batu, dan sudah berdiri di atas pelabuhan alam itu.

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CHAPTER IV

THE FINDING AND DISCUSSION

This part is concerned with the translation analysis of English adjective clause into Indonesian. The shift occurs when adjective clauses in source language translated in the target language that has different language. The types of translation shift found are level shift, structure shift, unit shift, and class shift. In this analysis, the researcher used Catford's theory (1965) to analyze translation shift, and Nida's theory (1964) to analyze translation equivalence. In addition, she also uses several other references to strengthen the analysis. Here are the explanations of the translation adjectives in English adjective clause into Indonesian.

4.1 The Translation Shift

4.1.1 Level Shift

According to Catford (1965), shifts from grammar to lexis and vice-versa are the only possible level shifts in translation that quite common. Here are some data that has gotten by the researcher.

01/AdjC/20 ST/24 TT

ST "Let's explore the island, let's explore the island!" yelled Anne, who was now at the top of the little natural harbour, climbing up the rocks there.

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Based on the data above, the adjective clause who was now at the top of the little natural harbour is modifier of the subject (Anne). The use relative clause who functions as subject. Who include in non-restrictive or non-defining relative clause which has non-essential information in explains the precede noun or subject. There is comma (,) between the subject and clause shows that the subject (Anna) is personal or it just one and the clause after subject is used only as extra information so that it will not influence the meaning if the information deleted.

In the data above, English adjective clause consists of the relative pronoun (who), auxiliary (was), adverb (now) and prepositional phrase (at the top of the little natural harbour). It means that the sentence using past tense. Then in the translation version, the auxiliary was translated into sudah berdiri. There is level shift occur in the sentence, it is a change in

grammatical unit was in the source text to lexical units sudah berdiri in the target text.

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02/AdjC/22 ST/27 TT

ST "Let's have our dinner!" yelled Dick, who was feeling terribly hungry as usual.

TT “Ayoh, kita makan saja sekarang!” seru Dick. Dia sudah merasa lapar, seperti biasanya.

Based on the data above, the function of relative pronoun who is to modify the subject (Dick). The relative pronoun functions to describe how the Dick’s character as subject. One more time, there is comma (,) between subject and adjective clause to explain that the subject is just one. There is no other Dick that describe in the sentence. Relative clause like this is commonly called non-restrictive relative clause or non-defining relative clause. The information after comma which is use to explain the subject is not essential so it can removed.

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clause that called complex sentence. When complex sentence divided into every sentence, it will have more than one sentence.

03/AdjC/28 ST/34 TT

ST It isn't many people that have the chance of exploring an old, old wreck like that, which has always been at the bottom of the sea!" TT Tak banyak orang yang memperoleh kesempatan untuk memeriksa

bangkai kapal yang tua sekali seperti itu, yang sebelumnya terbenam di dasar laut!”

The function of relative clause which in clause which has always been at the bottom of the sea is as adverbial to modify preceding noun phrase (old wreck). Relative pronoun which is used as a description of the place description of noun (old wreck). It has been explained that the relativizer which is use to modify noun or things is not live and has been proven in the data above, that which is used for modifying old wreck which is noun at the same object in the sentence.

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has in the source text to lexical unit sebelumnya in the target text. The shift

is like that called level shift because it change from grammatical unit into lexical unit.

Commonly, auxiliary (has) translated into sudah or pernah because the present perfect is used to discuss what has just happened. However, in the "Five on a treasure island" translation, auxiliary (has) is translated sebelumnya, it means that the word sebelumnya indicates a recent incident.

The translator shifting into sebelumnya because he wants to explain that the old wreck indeed have sink in the sea long time ago but now the old wreck has been remove to the rock of the island because of big storm. Therefore, translator using sebelumnya to translated the auxaliry (has) to make reader understand well about the situation.

04/AdjC/43 ST/52 TT

ST They stood in the ruined courtyard that had once been the centre of the castle.

TT Mereka berdiri di pekarangan yang dulu pernah merupakan pusat Puri Kirrin.

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the ruined courtyard. It has different meaning with previous sentences that still use clause as explanation. In this sentence is not clear which courtyard is meant so it will cause confusion when the clause is abolished.

Then, talks about shifting occur in the data above, there is a level shift occur in the translation. The English adjective clause in data above consists of the relative pronoun (that), the auxiliary (had), adverb (once), and verb (been). It means that the sentence using past perfect tense. Then in the translation version, it translated into yang dulu pernah. The shift which is change grammatical unit (had) in the source text to lexical unit yang dulu pernah in the target text is called level shift.

05/AdjC/43 ST/52 TT

ST The stones that had once formed the floor of the big courtyard were now cracked and were no longer lying flat.

TT Batu-batu pipih yang dulu merupakan alas pekarangan luas itu sekarang sudah pecah-pecah, dan tidak lagi terletak mendatar.

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relative clause translated into merupakan in target text. The researcher is uncertain why the translator shifting into merupakan, though it will be better if the translator uses the word menjadi. By translating it into merupakan, the translation becomes a little stiff and unnatural. Translator

should make translations more flexible so readers will not realize that the story they are reading is the result of a translation.

06/AdjC/45 ST/ 54 TT

ST Underneath was a very rotten wooden cover, which had plainly been used in the old days to protect the well.

TT Di bawahnya nampak tutup dari kayu yang sudah sangat lapuk.

There is a shift from English adjective clause in the source text into target text. The English adjective clause consists of the relative pronoun (which), and the auxiliary (had), adverb (plainly), and verb (been used). It means that the sentence using past perfect tense. Then in the translation version, it translated into yang sudah. In source text, the clause had plainly been used in the old days to protect the well is idiomatic. Then in the

translation, the translator use a different way by translated it into sangat lapuk. There are many words are omitted, in order to the target text shorter

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The shift which is change grammatical unit (had) in the source text to lexical unit yang sudah in the target text is called level shift.

Some of data above has shown the level shifts occur in the translation of adjective clause. Shifting occurs when grammatical unit in the source text translated into lexical unit in Indonesian. The reason why grammatical unit in English translated into lexical unit in Indonesian is because in Indonesian there is no “to be” as in English, so that it translated into lexical unit.

4.1.2 Structure Shift

It involves a grammatical change between the structure of the source language and the target language. It also occurs when the structure of target language is different from the structure of source language equivalent at a different level.

07/AdjC/9 ST/11 TT

ST Come and sit down here in this corner where nobody can hear us." TT Kita duduk saja di sudut sana, supaya tak terdengar orang lain.”

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Then in the target text, the structure is prepositional phrase (di sudut sana), conjunction (supaya) verb (tak terdengar) and noun (orang lain). There is a change of function from data above. Relative pronoun where in the source text is not translated in the target language. Instead, in translation it translated into supaya tak terdengar orang lain. The verb (hear) in the active form is defined as passive negative that is tak terdengar. Then the noun (nobody) that should be negative is defined to be

positive (orang lain). Because of this change, then the role of nobody as object has changed into object in translation. Thus there is shifting from active into passive in translation. The shift from active into passive is called the shift structure.

08/AdjC/31 ST/37 TT

ST This must have been his very-private box in which he kept his old papers or diaries.

TT Mestinya ini peti milik pribadinya, di mana tersimpan surat-surat atau buku hariannya.

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object in sentence. Commonly in Indonesian, in + which is translated into dimana. It uses to indicate location of object that mentioned in sentence.

Then in the target text, the structure is noun (peti), relative pronoun (dimana) verb (tersimpan) and post modifiers (surat-surat atau buku pribadinya). There is shift from the verb of data above. In source text, the verb (kept) in active form translated into passive form tersimpan. There is shift from active into passive occur in the translation. The verb tersimpan have a stem simpan with prefix ter- be morpheme tersimpan. In Indonesian, addition prefix ter- or di- in a word is the way to form passive verb. Thus, in this data is proven that there is structure shift occur from active into passive. Then the pronoun he translated into –nya in the target text.

In structure shift, the researcher just finds out a little data which indicates shifting in structure of language. Mostly, the translator still follows the structure rules in source text. There is no many change in structure do by translator in target text. Therefore, the data of structure shift in translation is still less.

4.1.3 Unit Shift

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09/AdjC/6 ST/6 TT

ST Anne was to sleep with Georgina in a smaller room, whose windows looked over the moors at the back of the house.

TT Sedang Anne disuruh tidur bersama Georgina dalam sebuah kamar yang ukurannya agak kecilan. Dari jendela kamar itu nampak tanah berpaya-paya yang terbentang luas di belakang rumah.

The sentence in source text include in a complex sentence. It has more than one simple sentence with adjective clause inside. To make it easier to analyze, the researcher separate it into two simple sentences.

1. Anne was to sleep with Georgina in a smaller room.

2. Smaller room have windows looked over the moors at the house.

In the sentence above, the complex sentence has two simple sentences. The first is the main sentence and the second is clause that functions as modifier. In the target text, the translator translates adjective clause into sentence. The translator translates whose windows looked over the moors at the house, into Dari jendela kamar itu nampak tanah berpaya-paya yang terbentang luas dibelakang rumah. Relative pronoun

whose in the sentence is modify noun phrase (smaller room). It is used to describe the ownership of the noun phrase that is being described. In the data above, relativizer whose have a function as an object in the sentence.

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relative pronoun (whose), noun (windows) and post modifier (looked over the moors at the house as prepositional phrase). Then in the translation that translated into sentence consists of prepositional phrase (Dari jendela kamar itu), verb phrase (nampak tanah berpaya-paya), and post modifier (yang terbentang luas dibelakang rumah). There is shift occur in the translation, it is from clause into sentence. The shift like this is called upward rank in unit shift because the clause translates from clause that has lower rank into sentence that higher than clause.

10/AdjC/11 ST/13 TT

ST "I wish I had a dog like this," said Julian, who really loved dogs, and had always wanted one of his own.

TT “Aku kepingin punya anjing seperti ini,” kata Julian. Dia memang suka pada anjing, dan sudah selalu ingin memelihara seekor.

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Then in target text, adjective clause translated into sentence Dia memang suka pada anjing. It has head (Dia), adverb (memang), verb

(suka), preposition (pada), and noun as object (anjing). There is unit shift occur in the translation, it is come from clause into sentence. The translator shifting it into sentence is to make readers understand about the message of sentence in source text well. The shift occur in the translation is called as upward rank in unit shift because sentence is higher rank than clause.

11/ AdjC/ 17 ST/ 20 TT

ST "Bad luck!" said Julian, who guessed what she was brooding about. TT “Sial!” kata Julian pada George. Ia bisa menebak, kenapa saudara

sepupunya itu bermuka muram.

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post modifier (kenapa saudara sepupunya itu bermuka muram as noun clause). There is change of rank occur in the translation, it is from clause into sentence. It called as upward rank in unit shift because sentence is higher rank than clause.

12/AdjC/57 ST/69 TT

ST There was their boat, lying where they had pulled it, out of reach of the waves.

TT Perahu mereka masih ada di tempat semula.

There is a shift from English adjective clause in the source text into target text. The English adjective clause consists of the relative pronoun (where), head (they), the auxiliary (had) + past participle (pulled), and object (it). Then in the translation version, it translated into di tempat semula. There are many words are omitted, in order to the target text shorter than source text. Even though the translation shorter than source text, but the message is still same so that it acceptable.

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includes in downward rank. It is because the shift occurs in sentence that has higher rank into phrase that has lower rank.

The data that has been explained above shown that there are unit shifts occur in the adjective clause translation. Shifting occurs when the unit in the source language translated into another unit in target text. In the finding above, the shifts occur in clause into sentence and sentence into phrase. There are many reasons why the shifts occur, but certainly the shifts occur to make translation translates well and the message transferred clearly.

4.1.4 Class Shift

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English adjective clause (or relative clause) does not have a part like Indonesian. Indeed in English also recognize the existence of defining and non-defining clause, but it is not differentiated to be more specific like Indonesian. As long as the clause describes the noun in front of it, it is still called the adjective clause. Further explanation will be directly explained into the data as follows.

13/AdjC/4 ST/4 TT

ST Anne didn't very much like a big brown cow who came up close and stared at her, but it went away when Daddy told it to.

TT Anne jengkel ketika ada seekor sapi besar berwarna coklat yang datang mendekat dan memandangnya dengan matanya yang besar. Untung Ayah mengusirnya.

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14/AdjC/24 ST/29 TT

ST Julian led the way to the wall on which he had climbed to watch the sea.

TT Julian lari mendahului ke tembok, di mana ia sebelumnya berdiri memandang ke laut.

In the data above, adjective clause on which he had climbed to watch the sea translated into dimana ia sebelumnya berdiri memandang laut in Indonesian. In the source text, there is preposition (on) before

relative pronoun (which). It uses to indicate location of something that mention in the sentence. In Indonesian, it called locative relative clause. Its function as a place description becomes the reason why it is so called. In this case, preposition (on) + relative pronouns (which) usually translated into dimana or another word which still indicate location or place of the object.

15/AdjC/29 ST/35 TT

ST She pulled steadily at the oars and soon came near to the rocks in which the great wreck rested.

TT Dengan gerakan tetap didayungnya perahu, dan tak lama kemudian sudah sampai ke dekat batu-batu tempat kapal tua itu terdampar.

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uses to indicate the place of something that mention in the sentence. In Indonesian, it called locative relative clause. Different with previous data that translated into dimana, in this data, combination preposition (in) and relative pronoun (which) translated into tempat. It is used to indicate the place of noun (wreck) in the sentence.

Some of class shift data has been discussed above. As mentioned before that class shift in this data is different with commonly. In this data, class shift occur in the kinds of Indonesian relative pronoun that has differentiation with English. The data shows that class shift occur from adjective clause into verbal relative clause, adjective clause into locative relative clause, adjective clause into noun clause, and the etcetera. All of data has mentioned prove that there is class shift occur in the translation though in different ways.

4.2 The Translation Equivalent

This part is the discussion and explanation about translation equivalent in “Five on A Treasure Island” novel. After the researcher

found out translation shift occur in the translation. Now it is time to find out translation equivalent of the translation. Here, the translation is analyzed deeper how the quality of translation based on Nida’s theory. The

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involves taking each sentence of the original text and rendering the sentence into the target language text with the same meaning (Nida, 1964: 159-160). The researcher tries to analyze the translation of “Five on a treasure island” novel is acceptable or not, especially for children. It is because the novel is children’s literature, therefore the translator must be

translated the novel well.

In the translation, there are some inaccurate selections of words. Most occur because of the addition and subtraction of words in the target text that makes the message that want transferred to be less precise. There is also a translation that is too fixed on the structure of the source text so that the translation becomes slightly and less flexible. Although there are some inappropriate word selections, there are also many good translations. Here are some examples of the quality of translation in the novel that the researcher has researched.

16/AdjC/2 ST/ 2 TT

ST He was a very tall, frowning man, a clever scientist who spent all his time studying.

TT Orangnya jangkung, tak pernah tersenyum. Apalagi tertawa! Dia seorang sarjana yang sangat pintar. Ia boleh dibilang terus-menerus sibuk dengan ilmunya saja.

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mention in source text, but it mentioned in target text. As in the adjective clause who spent all his time studying. The translator translates it into a very long one that is Ia boleh dibilang terus-menerus sibuk dengan ilmunya saja. There are so many explanations in translating clause. It

makes the clause become not clear enough. Actually it would be better if translates becomes simpler like seorang sarjana pintar yang sudah menghabiskan seluruh waktunya dengan belajar. It will be more flexible

and clear when read by children. By adding a lot of information with words that are difficult to understand, it will make it difficult for children to understand the message of the source text. Whereas in translating, the translator should be able to make the message in the source text to be easily understood when translated in target text. That way, the reader will feel comfortable in reading and will have no difficulty in receiving the contents of the message.

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17/AdjC/6 ST/6 TT

ST Anne was to sleep with Georgina in a smaller room, whose windows looked over the moors at the back of the house.

TT Sedang Anne disuruh tidur bersama Georgina dalam sebuah kamar yang ukurannya agak kecilan. Dari jendela kamar itu nampak tanah berpaya-paya yang terbentang luas di belakang rumah.

The adjective clause whose windows looked over the moors at the back of the house translated into sentence. It is Dari jendela kamar itu nampak tanah berpaya-paya yang terbentang luas di belakang rumah.

Based on the translation above, the translator separating the first sentence and the second become two sentences. The first sentence should be Anne was to sleep with Georgina in a samller room. Then the second are A smaller room whose windows looked over the moors at the back of the house. Both of the sentence are combine in one sentence by using relativizer whose to connect the sentences. The translation is quite clear but there is mistake in using berpaya-paya word. As the researcher talked before that the novel that use in analysis is include in children’s literature

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18/AdjC/9 ST/11 TT

ST Come and sit down here in this corner where nobody can hear us." TT Kita duduk saja di sudut sana, supaya tak terdengar orang lain.”

In the data above, the adjective clause where nobody can hear us translated into supaya tak terdengar orang lain. There are many words that omitted from the source text, relative clause where nobody is not translated in target text. If consider the clause in source text, the adjective clause can be translated into dimana tak ada seorang pun yang bisa mendengar kita but the translator translate it in different way by changing the structure of the clause. It can be seen that translator change active into passive form. Actually, it still can be accepted because the message is transferred well. Though he changes the structure of the source text and makes a different way to translate it, but the message is still same.

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19/AdjC/22 ST/26 TT

ST She and Julian ran to the other side of the island where they had left the boat.

TT Bersama Julian, George lari ke tempat perahu mereka.

According to the above data, the clause where they had left the boat is translated into ke tempat perahu mereka. In source text, the adjective clause should modify the other side of the island. This is because the function of relative pronoun where is use to indicate location. But in the target text, the clause is translated into the prepositional phrase (ke tempat perahu mereka). Many words are not translated in target text, such

as ran to the other side of the island. In the translation only mentioned George and Julian ran to find their boat, but not explained where they went to get their boat. It makes the message in source text does not transferred well in target text.

In addition the clause where they had left the boat also not translated entirely. The translator simply translates it into ke tempat perahu mereka. It is not explained that the children ever leave their boat on the

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20/AdjC/28 ST/34 TT

ST It isn't many people that have the chance of exploring an old, old wreck like that, which has always been at the bottom of the sea!" TT Tak banyak orang yang memperoleh kesempatan untuk memeriksa

bangkai kapal yang tua sekali seperti itu, yang sebelumnya terbenam di dasar laut!”

In the data above, the adjective clause which has always been at the bottom of the sea translated into yang sebelumnya terbenam di dasar laut. This translation is quite clear because the translator translates prepositional phrase at the bottom of the sea into didasar laut in target text. It is equivalent between source text and target text. The translator tries to insert his knowledge to make the translation acceptable in target text. There is no addition or reduction in translates adjective clause. He just adjusts every word in the source text so that the translation can acceptable in target text. He translates with considering the context of the clause in source text.

Based on the result of the translation, the translator certainly uses communicative translation method. It can be proven by the way translator adjust word in source text with target text. If he does not consider the reader to understand the message, perhaps he can translate which has always been at the bottom of the sea into yang sudah selalu berada dibawah laut but he does not. He tries to find another way in translate it to

Translation shift of adjective clause in The children’s literature Five on A Treasure Island by Enid Blyton and its translation by Agus Setiadi.

By:

ABSTRACT

INTISARI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER IV

THE FINDING AND DISCUSSION