vii ABSTRACT
Wahyuningtyas, Elisabeth Wulan. (2016). Analysis on Hillary Clinton’s Speeches and Interviews based on Lakoff’s Theory on Women’s Language Features. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program.Department of Language and Arts Education.Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This research analyzes women’s language used by Hillary Rodham Clinton within formal and informal situation, speeches and interviews.The way Hillary delivered her speeches is a little bit different with women in general because she was one of women who became a leader. She ever officiated as Minister of Foreign Affairs for USA. Therefore, it encouraged the researcher to conduct a researchabout women’s language used by Hillary Clinton.
One research problem was formulated: What are the women’s language features in Hillary Clinton’s speeches in formal and informal situations, speeches and interviews?In order to answer this problem, the researcher applied Lakoff’s theories (1973) as the main theory that was used to analyze the data, and it was supported by Eckert’s and Ginet’stheories (2003), and Edwards’ theories, (2009) about language and gender, especially women’s language; and also, the researcher applied Slagel’s theories (2009), Olii’s theories (2010) and Dewi’s theories (2014) about public speaking, including speeches and interview. This research was a qualitative research which the researcher used document analysis and discourse analysis to conduct this research. The researcher was human instrument who involved significantly collecting the data needed.
Based on the research results, the researcher discovered eight women’s language features used by Hillary. Those features were lexical hedges(55.381%), intensifiers (34.524%), super polite forms (3.571%), hypercorrect grammar (2.381%), rising intonation in declarative statement (1.587%), empty adjectives (0.529%), emphatic stress (0.529%), and avoidance of strong swear words (0.792%)On the other hand, the researcher did not find two features. Those two features were tag question and precise color terms. The researcher concluded that Hillary Clinton did not use tag questions in her speech because she was confident enough in delivering her ideas.Besides, the feature of precise color terms was not also used by her.It might be because there was no relation about the topics or messages with the current color. So, Hillary is not like women in general because she can speak confidently in public area discussing some big things in the public area.
viii ABSTRAK
Wahyuningtyas, Elisabeth Wulan. (2016). Analysis on Hillary Clinton’s Speeches and Interviews based on Lakoff’s Theory on Women’s Language Features. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma
Penelitian ini menganalisis bahasa perempuan yang digunakan oleh Hillary Rodham Clinton dalam situasi formal dan tidak formal, pidato atau wawancara. Cara berbicara Hillary Clinton sedikit berbeda dengan perempuan pada umumnya karena Beliau merupakan salah satu perempuan yang menjadi pemimpin. Beliau pernah menjabat sebagai Menteri Luar Negeri di Amerika Serikat. Oleh karena itu, hal ini mendorong peneliti untuk membuat sebuah penelitian mengenai bahasa perempuan yang digunakan oleh Hillary Clinton.
Ada satu pokok permasalahan dalam penelitian ini: Apa saja karakteristik bahasa perempuan dalam ucapan Hillary Clinton di situasi formal dan tidak formal, pidato dan wawancara? Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut, peneliti menerapkan teori Lakoff (1973) sebagai teori utama untuk menganalisis data dan didukung dengan teori Eckert dan Ginet (2003), dan Edwards (2009) tentang bahasa dan gender, terutama bahasa perempuan; dan teori Slagel, (2009), teori Olii (2010) dan teori Dewi (2014) tentang berbicara di depan umum, termasuk pidato dan wawancara. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif di mana peneliti menggunakan analisa dokumen dan analisa ujaran dalam melakukan penelitian ini. Peneliti berperan sebagai “human instrument” yang terlibat secara sigifikan untuk mengumpulkan data yang diperlukan dalam penelitian ini.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, peneliti menemukan delapan karakteristik perempuan yang digunakan oleh Hillary Clinton. Karakteristik perempuan tersebut adalah lexical hedges (55.381%), intensifiers (34.524%), super polite forms (3.571%), hypercorrect grammar (2.381%), rising intonation in declarative statement (1.587%), empty adjectives (0.529%), emphatic stress (0.529%), dan avoidance of strong swear words (0.792%). Di sisi lain, peneliti tidak menemukan dua dari karakteristik perempuan. Kedua karakteristik tersebut adalah tag question dan precise color terms. Peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa Hillary Clinton tidak menggunakan tag question karena Beliau sangat percaya diri dengan apa yang disampaikan. Selain itu, karakteristik tentang istilah warna juga tidak digunakan oleh Hillary karena pesan atau topik yang dibahas tidak berkaitan dengan warna tertentu. Jadi, Hillary tidak seperti peremuan pada umumnya karena Beliau dapat berbicara dengan percaya diri di depan umum membahas beberapa hal besar.
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A ... iiv i T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A S ... xi S T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... x S E L B A T F O T S I
L ... iix i
N O I T C U D O R T N I .I R E T P A H C .
A Research Background……… 1 .. .
B ResearchProblem……….5 .
C ResearchObjecitve s……… 6 …. .
D ResearchBenefti s……….6 .
E ResearchLimtiaiton ……….7 .
F De ifniitono fTerm s……….8
R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R . I I R E T P A H
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A Theoreitca lDescirpiton………1 0 .
1 LanguageFunciton s………...11 .
2 PubilcSpeakingCommunicaiton………...12 .
a Speech………13 )
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( InformaitveSpeech………..13 )
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( ArgumentaitveSpeech……….14 )
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( PersuasiveSpeech………14 .
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3 LanguageandGende r………16 .
a Women’ sLanguage……….………..16 .
b Women’ sLanguageFeature s………16 )
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( Lexica lHedge so rFiller s……….17 )
2
( TagQuesiton………17 )
3
( RisingI ntonaiton………..17 )
4
( EmptyAdjecitve………...17 )
5
( PreciseColo rTerm s……….18 )
6
( Intensi ifer s………18 )
7
( Hypercorrec tGramma r………18 )
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( Supe rPoltieForm s………...18 )
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( Avoidanceo fSrtongSwea rWord s………..19 )
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( EmphaitcS rtes s……….19 .
B Theoreitca lFramework………...19
Y G O L O D O H T E M . I I I R E T P A H C .
A ResearchMethod……….21 .
B ResearchSubject s………...22 .
C ResearchI nsrtument sandDataGathe irngTechnique s………..23 .
1 HumanI nsrtumen t………...24 .
2 Video sandTransc irpt so fHillaryCilnton’ sSpeeche sandI nterview s .. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 24 .
D DataAnalysi sTechnique s………...27 .
E ResearchProcedure s………. 28 .. .
1 Formulatingt heResearchQuesiton……….28 .
2 ReviewingLtierature………...29 .
3 FindingandDownloadingt heVideo sandt heTranscirpt s………..29 .
4 Watchingt heVideo s………29 .
5 Selecitngt heUtterance s………...29 .
6 Catego irzingHillary’ sUtterance s………3 0 .
ii x .
8 Drawingt heConclusion………..3 0 .
9 W iritngupt heRepor t………..3 0
. V I R E T P A H
C RESEARCHRESULTSANDDISCUSSIONS .
A Hillary’ sLanguageFeature s………...31 .
1 Lexica lhedge so r ifller s……….33 .
2 Intensi ifer s………..35 .
3 Supe rPoltieForm s……….38 .
4 Hypercorrec tGramma r………..4 0 .
5 RisingI ntonaitoni nDeclaraitveStatemen t………...4 2 .
6 EmptyAdjecitve s………...44 .
7 EmphaitcSrtes s………..45 .
8 Avoidanceo fSrtongSwea rWord s………46 .
B Hillary’ sAbsen tFeature s………47
N O I S U L C N O C . V R E T P A H
C ,I MPLICATIONS ,AND
S N O I T A D N E M M O C E R .
A Conclusion……….….49 .
B Impilcaiton s……….51 .
C Recommendaiton s………...52
E
R FERENCES ... 35 E C I D N E P P
A S ... 55 .
A Appendice sA………...5 5 .
ii i x E L B A T F O T S I L s s o r C f o e l p m a x E e h T 1 . 3 e l b a
T TabulaitonTable ... 28
s ’ n o t n il C y r a ll i H n i s e r u t a e F e g a u g n a L s ’ n e m o W f o e c n e r r u c c O e h T 1 . 4 e l b a T s e c n a r e tt
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The first chapter contains of six parts of the research background
information. First part is research background that elaborates the importance of
conducting the research. It contains the issues related to the topic which is
discussed in this research. Then, research problem presents the question raised
based on issues in research background. The researcher makes one research
problem which becomes the indicator of the gaps in the scope.
Next, there are research objectives which present the purposes of this
research. After that, there are benefits that discuss about the benefits and the
advantages of this thesis. Moreover, problem limitations limit the focus and the
scope of the research. The last part is definition of terms that explains the specific
terms in this research.
A. Research Background
Language is a part of communication system which implies regularity
and rules of order. According to Edwards (2009, p. 53):
The mentioned quotation states that language is controlled by some rules, like
grammar, to make that language easy to be understood. The system of the
language also has meaning agreed-upon by the community because one
community has different meaning of language with other communities.
Based on some people’s theories that is cited by Edwards (2009):
As Joseph (2004) has noted, the early 1980s saw the appearance of important studies focusing on linguistic aspects of identity. He mentions Gumperz’s (1982) important collection on language and social identity, as well as Le Page and Tabouret-Keller’s (1985) monograph on the subject.
The mentioned theory states that another way to learn about language in
communities is by studying linguistics. One of linguistic aspects is
sociolinguistics. The terms sociolinguistics are derivational words. Two words
that form it are sociology, refers to a science of society, and linguistics, refers to a
science of language. So, sociolinguistics is study about the uses of language and
the social structures in which the users of language (Spolsky, 2004, p. 3). It means
that sociolinguistics studies the relation between language and society and people
can learn how to make a good communication in society by learning
sociolinguistics.
One of sociolinguistic topics is language and gender. Basically, gender is
matter of genes, the secretion of hormones, and the physical development. The
matter of gender differences is also about language used by men and women.
Based on Lakoff as cited in Talbot (2010, p. 36) women, as she argued,
‘experience linguistics discrimination in two ways: in the way they are taught to
come in front of sociolinguistics is the connection between the structures, the
vocabulary, and the ways of using particular languages, and also the social roles
of the people who speak languages, especially for the women. Women usually use
weak language and excessive politeness language. According to Lakoff as cited in
Talbot (2010, p. 36), typical of women’s speech is lack of confidence, weakness,
and excessive politeness. It is because women undergo discrimination in language
which women place in corner side in language. They are demanded to speak as a
‘lady’ and they should speak softly and politely. If they do not speak as a lady,
they will be criticized that they are not feminine (Eckret and Ginet, 2013, p. 49).
People assume that women just talk simple things, such as house works, children,
recipe of foods, or something like that. Actually, it is based on their roles in
society. If they just have a work as wife-house without having other jobs, people
around them will underestimate that they cannot speak the other things. On the
other hand, if the women have other jobs besides as a wife-house, like teacher,
secretary, then people around them will assume that they have well-educated.
As the time goes by, there are many women who can talk about other
things, not only talk about house works, children, and so on. It is because they
have big role for society. The example of a woman who could talk about
important things in society is Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton. She is recognized as
Hillary Clinton. In United States of America, Hillary was a Minister of Foreign
Affairs for four years, from January 21, 2009 up to February 1, 2013. She
resigned when there was succession of returning the President in United State of
was extreme because she became a Minister of Foreign Affairs for a great
country.
Hillary is a well-educated person and her utterances or acts are counted
by people in many countries. As Minister of Foreign Affairs at that time, she often
gave speeches for some moments about some issues, for example about women in
the world summit. She is often interviewed by some media to know what she is
doing. Unconsciously, while talking about something, women use some language
features that have been discussed by Robin Lakoff in his book entitled Language
and Woman’s place (1973). In his book, he writes about ten features of women’s
language which are usually used by women when they are speaking. These
features are called the women’s language features. The examples of the features
can be seen in Hillary Clinton’s speeches about women in the world summit.
As we know, Hillary is not like women in general. It is because she had
ever been a Minister of Foreign Affairs for a great country. It means that she was
a leader at that time and should lead the subordinate employees in her
administration to work so well in that ministry. In this year, she is one of
presidential candidates in The United State of America. According to
Tannenbaum, Weschler, and Massarik (1961, p. 23) “the qualities, characteristics
and skills required in a leader are determined to a large extent by the demands of
the situation in which he is to function as a leader.” “The leader’s personality also
has impact on his behavioral repertory (action flexibility) and on his skill in
In some moments, she had given her speeches in public area and what
she said that time could grab the public’s attention. It shows that Hillary is a good
leader who has good personalities because she is able to select appropriate
communication behaviors as a leader of some of ministry in great country. On the
other hand, some researchers argue that women’s speeches are thought much
more likely to use circumlocution in their speech. Based on Kramarae (1981, p.
152) “Women’s speech has frills, and quirks; when it is not silly it is often
devious.”
Most women in this world use all of the women’s language features
based on Lakoff’s theory. It is valued that those women use circumlocution in
their utterances, especially speech in public area. This research aims to discuss
further about women’s language features in Hillary Clinton’s utterances, as leader,
in formal and informal situations, speeches and interviews
B. Research Problem
In this research, the researcher would like to discuss further about
women’s language features used by Hillary Clinton, one of female leader in The
United State of America. The following research problem is formulated:
What are the women’s language features in Hillary Clinton’s utterances
C. Research Objectives
The study is conducted to find out what women’s language features are
used by Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton in her utterances in both, speeches and
interviews. The other objectives are to find the answer for the research question.
In this case, the researcher analyzes women’s language features that seen in
Hillary utterances by using the theory from Lakoff (1973).
D. Research Benefits
The researcher believes that this research will be useful and beneficial for
several parties as follows:
1. English Learners
This research is related to English linguistics, especially sociolinguistics.
Through this research, the learners can learn about that. The learners are expected
to know and understand about women’s language features in formal and informal
situation, especially in speech, interview and its possible reasons for each.
2. English Teachers
The results of this research can help English teachers to provide good
materials about features of women’s language, especially those who teach
sociolinguistics subject. This research is to contribute in the language study
3. Future Researchers in the Sociolinguistics Field
This research will be a good reference for the future researchers in the
same field to conduct similar research. This research will also give useful
information about women’s language features
.
E. Research Limitation
The research is limited to the use of women’s language features. The
researcher will focus on Hillary Clinton’s utterances in speeches and interviews.
The first video of Hillary speech is entitledHillary Clinton Keynote Speech - 18th Annual Dinkins Forum that was delivered on April 29, 2015 at Columbia University in the City of New York, Low Memorial Library Rotunda. The second
video is entitled Hillary Clinton - Remarks on American Leadership that was delivered on January 31, 2013. Secretary Clinton Delivers Remarks on Human Rights is the third video. It was delivered on December 6, 2012. The fourth is entitled Massachusetts Conference for Women 2014 Keynote - Hillary Rodham Clinton. It was delivered on December 4, 2014. The last video is entitled Hillary Clinton Discusses Energy Diplomacy at Georgetown that was delivered on October 18, 2012.
Then, the following statements are the five videos about Hillary’s
video. It was delivered on Jun 13, 2014. The fourth is entitled Hillary Clinton Interviewed by Kara Swisher at 2015 Lead On Conference for Women. It was delivered on February 24, 2015. The last video is entitled CNN Town Hall: Hillary Clinton's Hard Choicesthat was delivered on June 17, 2014.
The data of the research problems will be analyzed based on Lakoff
theory (1973) about features of women’s language. The methodology used in this
research is limited to discourse analysis. This research is done by analyzing the
Hillary’s utterances in videos about her speeches and interviews.
F. Definition of Terms
In this research, there are terms that will be frequently used by the
researcher. Those are about women’s language features based on Lakoff’s theory
(1973) especially in speech and about who Hillary Clinton is.
1. Women’s Language Features in Speech
As people know, the language that is used by men and women are
different, especially when they are speaking. Women are considered as weak
creatures so that many people assume that women’s language is also weak.
According to Scherer and Giles (1979) as cited in Edwards (2009, p. 134)
“findings within a speech community reveal that women’s speech tends to use
standard language.” “Women are disempowered by being constrained to use
“powerless” language, ways of speaking that simply are not very effective in
getting others to think or do what the speaker wants them to (Lakoff, 1975 as cited
Based on Lakoff’s theory as cited by Fillmore, G. Lakoff, and Robin
Lakoff (1974), there are ten features that are usually used by women in their
speaking. Those are lexical hedges or fillers, tag questions, rising intonations,
empty adjectives, precise color terms, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, super
polite forms, avoidance of strong swear words, emphatic stress.
2. Hillary Clinton
The brief biography of Hillary was cited from website of U.S. Department
of State. The full name of Hillary is Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton and people
usually call or recognize her as Hillary Clinton. She was born in Chicago, Illinois
on October 26, 1947 to Dorothy Rodham and the late Hugh Rodham. She
attended local public schools before graduating from Wellesley College and Yale
Law School, where she met Bill Clinton. She became a Minister of Foreign
Affairs for four years from January 21, 2009 up to February 1, 2013.
In 2000, Hillary Clinton made history as the First Lady elected to the
United States Senate, and the first woman elected state wide in New York. In
2006, Senator Clinton won reelection to the Senate, and in 2007 she began her
historic campaign for President. In 2008, she campaigned for the election of
Barack Obama and Joe Biden, and in November, she was nominated by
President-elect Obama to be Secretary of State. Secretary Clinton is the author of
10 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, there are two main parts. Those two parts are the
theoretical description and the theoretical framework. In the theoretical
description, the researcher provides the theoretical review related to the topic of
this research and in the theoretical framework, the researcher explains the relation
between the theories and the research questions of this research.
A. Theoretical Description
In this section, the researcher discusses the theories which are related to
the women’s language in speech and also the features of women’s language. The
terms of the women’s language are described in detail. The features of women’s
language are analyzed to help the researcher to answer the research questions.
There are some terms which come up in discussion of women’s language
in speech, such as language function, public speaking communication, and the last
is language and gender. The researcher uses those terms because they can help the
researcher to understand women’s language in speech, especially the features of it.
As theoretical foundation, the researcher writes some descriptions, definitions,
1. Language Functions
Language functions refer to the purposes in using language to
communicate. According to Linell (1983, pp. 149-151) there are three dimensions
which are related to the language functions.
a. The first, one should single out the dialogic functions in social interaction
from the monologic functions in thinking and other kinds of intra individual
communication. It may be recalled that the conditions on written
communication are such that both communicating parties may be said to use
language in a monologic fashion.
b. Secondly, it is possible to focus on the different interacting factors of the
communication process and discern the following four aspects:
1) The expressive function is focusing-on the sender. What is communicated is,
under this aspect, seen as expressions of the sender's beliefs, views, feelings,
attitudes, volitions, needs etc.
2) The evocative function is focusing on the receiver. Communication is here
seen as directed towards evoking certain reactions on the receiver's part.
3) Focusing on the subject matter, i.e. on the imaginary or objective reality that
the message refers to: the referential functions, how communication is used to
refer and describe, to analyze, argue about, and explain things in the world.
4) The social function is focusing on the relation between sender and receiver.
From this point of view communication serves to establish and maintain
c. The third dimension is relation between communication to different
psychological dimensions of the communicating parties. There seem to be at
least three different aspects:
1) The cognitive functions which have to do with knowledge, beliefs, and
intellectual understanding. From the expressive point of view communication
may be seen as expressing the views and beliefs of the sender, and in an
evocative perspective communication is viewed as directed towards arousing
beliefs, conveying information and bringing about understanding.
2) The emotive functions; in communication the sender expresses his feelings,
attitudes, emotions and desires, and this may also evoke the corresponding
states and activities in the receiver.
3) The practical functions; much communication is used for guiding the
behavior of the receiver, i.e. the messages are conveyed in the hope of
arousing readiness in the receiver to act in certain ways.
2. Public Speaking Communication
According to Olii (2010, p. 6), public speaking communication is like
someone who speaks an important and or interesting topic in front of audience in
public. Public speaking is also as a communication feature to convey information
to the audience by using words, body language, voice and visual. Generally,
communication is an interaction process to communicate to each other between a
human to the other human. Based on Slagel (2009, p. 194) as cited by Dewi
outcome; public speakers seek not simply to express themselves but to have an
effort on their listeners.” Public speaking is useful and can be used as an effective
way to give motivation to the audience, persuade them to do some new
innovations, and so on. Public speaking communication has two types, formal and
informal. The formal public speaking communication is speech and the informal
is interview.
a. Speech
Speech has been described as a form of human behavior. Speech itself is
defined as a means in delivering opinions and or ideas to the public (Dewi, 2014,
p. 149). She also states that there are two main purposes in speech, general
purposes and specific purpose. General purposes are (1) to persuade the audience
(persuasive speech), (2) to give understanding or information (informative
speech), and (3) to entertain the audience. For specific purpose is to make the
audience know, get, and understand about the topic in the speech.
According to Bormann and Bormann (1986, pp. 203-239), there are three
types of speech. It is similar with Dewi theory (2014). They are informative
speech, argumentative speech, and persuasive speech.
1) Informative Speech
A common public speaking situation is one in which a speaker has
important information or knowledge to give to an audience. The audience come to
get information and to learn from the expert. The speech form expected under the
above circumstances is the speech to inform. Speaker who gives informative
informative speech because they have knowledge gained from study and research
and they can give their audience an understanding of the topic that serves to
satisfy the curiosity about the basic of the topic (Bormann and Bormann 1986, pp.
203-205)
2) Argumentative Speech
The communication event may be billed as a debate, or the setting may be
such that the emphasis is placed on reasoned argument. In an important sense, a
good argument has a strong persuasive appeal for people. The point of dealing
with argument in a separate chapter is to focus the audience’s attention on that
important aspect of public communication. People should not argue about they
agree on, so arguments should be organized around areas of disagreement.
Arguments can relate to the issues phrased as question of fact, relate to question of
value, and relate to question of policy. So, arguments should consist of good
reasons made up of evidence and logic (Bormann and Bormann 1986, pp.
217-218).
3) Persuasive Speech
Persuasion is sometimes called changing behavior. Persuasive speech is
the participants in one common public-speaking situation come with the general
expectation that the speaker will deliver persuasive message. In many respects the
persuasion occasion is similar to the argumentative speech. The main difference is
that while giving argument, people expect the debater to emphasize evidence,
the persuader not only to make a good argument but also to be credible,
emotional, and motivating (Bormann and Bormann 1986, pp. 237-239).
b. Interview
Interview is one of ways to make communication with others. The specific
definition of interview based on Kahn and Cannell (1957, p. 16):
The usage of interview terms is to refer to a specialized pattern of verbal interaction for a specific purpose and focused on some specific content area with consequent elimination of extraneous material”. Moreover, the interview is a pattern of interaction in which the role relationship of interviewer and respondent is highly specialized, its specific characteristics depending somewhat on the purpose and character of the interview.
Interview is also defined as personal and professional communication (Kahn and
Cannell, 1957, pp. 11-15). They state that interview as personal communication is,
but here both, the interviewer and the respondent are closed and freely to talk to
each other about something related to the topic and or unrelated to the topic. The
relationship of the participants “as consisting of interaction over a time period,
communication of information, attempts at influence, sharing of perceptions, and
soon.” In effect, what the interviewer does is to think back over the vast
interaction and communication to select the relevant answer to the specific
question at hand from the respondent.
Then, interview, as professional communication is defined as “in all the
situations a communicative relationship must be establish in which items
irrelevant to the problem at hand are eliminated and the relevant information
selected and communicated fully in a brief period of time.” Interview as
interview. It is showed by the interviewer’s problem. In professional
communication, “the interviewer’s problem is to bring about a much smaller
stream of communication, consisting almost solely of the relevant items.”
3. Language and Gender a. Women’s Language
Language that is used by men and women are different, especially when
they are speaking. Based on Kramer (1977) as cited by Spender (1980, p. 33):
the English speakers believe that men’s speech is forceful efficient, blunt, authoritative, serious, effective, sparing and masterful.” Women usually are seen by one side because women are regarded as weak creatures. It is different with what they believe about women’s speech which is weak, trivial, ineffectual, tentative, hesitant, hyper polite, euphemistic and is often marked by gossip and gibberish.
Edwards states that “the eternal stereotypes of women are weak, changeable and
unreliable, endlessly, talkative” (2009, p. 127). Those stereotypes affect the
language that be used by women. According to Scherer and Giles (1979) as cited
in Edwards (2009, p. 134) “findings within a speech community reveal that
women’s speech tends to use standard language.” “Women are disempowered by
being constrained to use “powerless” language, ways of speaking that simply are
not very effective in getting others to think or do what the speaker wants them to
(Lakoff, 1975 as cited in Eckert and Ginet, 2003, p. 159).
b. Women’s Language Features
Based on Lakoff as cited by Fillmore, G. Lakoff and R. Lakoff (1974),
1) Lexical Hedges or Fillers
Hedging is one of woman’s language. It expresses a lack of confidence and
reflects of women’s insecurity. By hedges, she refers to the frequent use of such
phrases as sorta/sort of, like, you know, well, kinda/kind of, I guess, and it seems
like. For examples,well, like, just, I know, oh,and so on.
2) Tag Question
Asking question is a prime example of women’s insecurity and hesitancy. Women
use questions to each other when they are talking. Women tend to ask three times
as many questions as men. It can be used in many kinds of way. For examples,
See?, …,did you?, really?, It just felt so good to be touched, you know?, and so
on.
3) Rising Intonation
There is a peculiar sentence intonation pattern only among women. It not only has
the form of declarative answer to a question, but also has the rising inflection
typical of a yes-no question and seems like being especially hesitant. For
examplesWork? Again? This is the third night this week!,Dinner with Phil?, and
so on.
4) Empty Adjective
There is a group of adjective, in terms of vocabulary, which have their specific
and literal meanings and also indicating the speaker’s approbation or admiration
for something. This kind of adjectives is called ‘empty’ adjectives, which means
that those only convey an emotional reaction rather than specific. For examples
5) Precise Color Terms
Women’s language shows up in all levels of the grammar of English. In lexical
differences women like to use more precise words in naming colors (mauve,
plum) and have richer vocabulary in areas that are traditionally female specialties.
For example islavender, and so on.
6) Intensifiers
Intensifiers such as so, just, very, and quiet indicate more characteristics of
women’s language than men (Fillmore et al.,1974). So it is claimed as “having
something of the eternally feminine about it”. It also to hedge in this situation is to
seek and avoid making strong statement as a characteristic of women’s speech.
For examplesThank you so much,pretty good, and so on.
7) Hypercorrect Grammar
Hypercorrect grammar is the consistent use of standard verb forms. Hypercorrect
grammar involves avoidance of coarse language; more frequent apologizing and
the usage of super polite forms are additional features.
8) Super Polite Forms
In the same sense a request may be a polite command; it does not need obedience
overtly, but suggest something to be done as a favor to the speaker. An overt order
(as in imperative) expresses the assumption of the speaker’s superior position the
addressee, carrying with it the right to enforce compliance. For examples That'd
9) Avoidance of Strong Swear Words
Swearing is kinds of interjection that can express extreme intensify. It has been
widely considered as an expression of very strong emotion. It is viewed as potent
language and can indeed sometimes achieve impressive effect. For examples Oh,
my God.,Not that you're a whore! You're not a whore., and so on.
10) Emphatic Stress
Along with tag question, Lakoff identified that “the use of a question intonation
on sentence that are not question as a central she characterized as women’s and
powerless or weak.” This question intonation has a high rising tone at the end of
the sentence (Eckert and Ginet, 2003, p.174). Women tend to use words which are
used to emphasize the utterance or strengthen the meaning of an utterance. For
examplesBEST NIGHT ever!,He is AWFUL., and so on.
B. Theoretical Framework
This section presents the elaboration how the theories are used to conduct
the research. The researcher used Lakoff’s theory about women’s language
features to analyze the scripts of Hillary’s speeches and interviews. In analyzing
women’s language features in Hillary’s utterances, the researcher examined the
ten features of women’s language: lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, rising
intonation, empty adjective, precise color term, intensifiers, hypercorrect
grammar, super polite form, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic
In selecting and categorizing the Hillary’s utterances, the examples of each
feature in women’s language features can be preferable to be used. The theory of
speech and interview in public speaking communication and women’s language in
language and gender elaborated in previous subchapter would support Lakoff’s
21 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the researcher explains about the methodology that is used
to answer the formulated problems in this research. There are five parts in this
chapter. They are research method, research subject, research instruments and data
gathering, data analysis technique, and lastly research procedure.
A. Research Method
This research analyzes the features of women’s language based on
Lakoff’s theory (1973) that used by Hillary Clinton in her utterances in speeches
and interviews. The analysis is based on the videos and the transcripts of the
videos. In order to analyze videos and the transcripts, the researcher used
qualitative method. Qualitative research is new research method because the
existence of this method is not long as quantitative research. Based on Strauss and
Corbin (2003, p. 4) as cited in Afrizal (2015, p. 12) qualitative research is a type
of research methods which the researchers do not use statistic procedures to get
the results of the research.
According to Afrizal (2015, p. 17) in qualitative research, the data are
generally in words form (written and spoken). It is supported by theory of Ary,
Jacobs, Razavieh (2002, p. 22) that there are eight types of qualitative research.
They are ethnography, case studies, document or content analysis, naturalistic
In this research, the researcher is using discourse analysis to analyze the data.
Based on Wood and Kroger (2000, p.3), discourse analysis is a person’s point of
view that contains of methodological and conceptual elements. They also stated
that discourse data includes spoken and written texts. The researcher conducted a
discourse analysis to study the phenomenon about the use of women’s language in
the Hillary’s utterances.Using the transcript of the speeches and interviews, this
research analyzed the utterances of Hillary Clinton in her speeches and interviews
based on Lakoff’s theory of women’s language features.
B. Research Subject
The researcher used human as the research subject. The researcher chose
the great woman who has a big role in this world. Her name is Hillary Clinton.
The brief biography of Hillary was cited from website of U.S. Department of
State. Her full name is Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton and people usually call or
recognize her as Hillary Clinton. She was born in Chicago, Illinois on October 26,
1947 to Dorothy Rodham and the late Hugh Rodham. She attended local public
schools before graduating from Wellesley College and Yale Law School, where
she met Bill Clinton. She became a Minister of Foreign Affairs for four years
from January 21, 2009 up to February 1, 2013.
In 2000, Hillary Clinton made history as the First Lady elected to the
United States Senate, and the first woman elected statewide in New York. In the
Senate, she served on the Armed Services Committee, the Health, Education,
theBudget Committee and the Select Committee on Aging. As a Senator, Clinton
worked across party lines to build support for causes important to her constituents
and the country, including the expansion of economic opportunity and access to
quality, affordable health care. In 2006, Senator Clinton won re-election to the
Senate, and in 2007 she began her historic campaign for President. In 2008, she
campaigned for the election of Barack Obama and Joe Biden, and in November,
she was nominated by President-elect Obama to be Secretary of State. Secretary
Clinton is the author of best-selling books, including her memoir,Living History, and her groundbreaking book on children, It Takes A Village. She and President Clinton reside in New York. In this year, 2016, she is one of presidential candidate in The United State of America.
The researcher saw that there was something different in her utterances
with the other women. Then, the researcher used the Hillary Clinton’s utterances
in her speeches and interviews as the research subject. Instead of the recorded
speech, the transcripts of the Hillary Clinton’s speeches and interviews were
chosen because the researcher would study the explicit force about features or
women’s language based on Lakoff’s theory.
C. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Techniques
There are two instruments in this research. They are human instrument and
the videos and transcripts of Hillary Clinton’s speeches and interviews. These
1. Human Instrument
According to Sugiyono (2012, p. 222) in qualitative research, the
researcher is the instrument of the research, usually called as human instrument. It
is because the researcher decides the topic to be analyzed, chooses the instrument
to collect the data, analyzes the data and makes conclusion of the research. The
researcher was actively participated in the process because researcher looked for
and watched the videos, read the transcripts of those videos and analyzed it to
gather the data for this research. It is also supported by Creswell (1984, p. 40) as
cited in Ahmadi (2014, p. 22). He states that researcher is research instrument
who gathers and analyzes the data by giving the meaning from the research
subject.
To answer the research problem, the researcher searched the information
related to the topic of this research in the internet. The information was found
from some books, journals and trusted websites in the internet.The data was
analyzed and interpreted by the researcher. The data were collected from the
videos of Hillary Clinton’s speeches and interviews.
2. Videos and Transcripts of Hillary Clinton’s Speeches and Interviews
The researcher analyzed the videos and the official transcripts related to
Hillary Clinton’s speeches and interviews in order to gather the data for this
research. In this research, there were ten videos to be analyzed, five videos about
Hillary’s speeches and five videos about her interviews. Firstly, the researcher
for the transcripts of the selected videos in the internet. Next, the researcher
watched the videos and read the transcripts at the same time to select Hillary’s
utterances based on Lakoff’s theory about the ten features of women’s language
(1973). By watching the videos, the researcher could know the intonations that
were used by Hillary and reading the transcripts could ease the researcher to look
for the features in Hillary’s utterances. After that, the utterances were chosen to be
the examples to prove that Hillary Clinton used women’s language.
The first video of Hillary speech is entitled Hillary Clinton Keynote Speech - 18th Annual Dinkins Forum that was delivered on April 29, 2015 at Columbia University in the City of New York, Low Memorial Library Rotunda.
The second video is entitled Hillary Clinton - Remarks on American Leadership that was delivered on January 31, 2013. In her farewell address, Secretary of State
Hillary Rodham Clinton discusses American leadership. Secretary Clinton Delivers Remarks on Human Rights is the third video. It was delivered on December 6, 2012. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers
remarks entitled "Frontlines and Frontiers: Making Human Rights a Human
Reality" in Dublin, Ireland. The fourth is entitled Massachusetts Conference for Women 2014 Keynote - Hillary Rodham Clinton. It was delivered on December 4, 2014. Hillary Rodham Clinton, Former Secretary of State and Former US Senator
from New York, speaks to an audience of 10,000 at the Massachusetts Conference
for Women at the Boston Convention & Exhibition Center. The last video is
necessary component of national security, human rights and global economics,
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said during her address at Georgetown.
The following statements are the five videos about Hillary’s interviews.
The first video is entitled Hillary Clinton with Diane Sawyer Interview | 6-9-14 that was delivered on July 3, 2014. The second video is entitled Hillary Clinton Fireside Chat | Talks at Google Published that was delivered on Jul 21, 2014. Former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stops by the Googleplex for a
conversation with Eric Schmidt on July 21, 2014. She discusses her book entitled
Hard Choices.Hillary Clinton on Strategic Interests, Values, and Hard Choices is the third video. It was delivered on Jun 13, 2014. The fourth is entitled Hillary Clinton Interviewed by Kara Swisher at 2015 Lead On Conference for Women. It was delivered on February 24, 2015. Following her keynote address, former
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton sat down for an interview with tech
commentator and entrepreneur Kara Swisher at Watermark's inaugural Lead On
Silicon Valley Conference for Women in Santa Clara, CA. The last video is
entitled CNN Town Hall: Hillary Clinton's Hard Choicesthat was delivered on June 17, 2014. The last video tells that according to Washington (CNN), Hillary
Clinton did at CNN's town hall meeting on Tuesday what most politicians do: She
staked out a position on some issues, catered to her base in others and avoided
D. Data Analysis Technique
Data analysis technique explains the steps to analyze the findings and to
answer the research problems. According to Bogdan and Boklen (1998, p. 157) as
cited in Ahmadi (2014, p. 230) data analysis technique is a research and arranging
process using systematic transcript of interview, field notes, and the other
materials related to the research topic. They also state that analyzing data has
some works to be done, such as gathering and organizing the data, finding the
pattern and the important things from the gathered data, and arrange the
conclusion to be reported. Based on Ahmadi (2014, p. 229), data analysis in
qualitative research is done by arranging the data logically and systematically.
The researcher used some steps in analyzing the data. First, the researcher
looked for some videos about Hillary Clinton’s speeches and interviews, and then
found the words or sentences containing some women’s language features in her
utterances. Second, the findings were analyzed and classified into the
classification of women’s language features. Third, the findings of classifications
were defined and explainedas the possible reasons why Hillary Clinton used those
features of women’s language in her speeches based on Lakoff’s theory. Those
three steps were to answer the research problem. The last, the data were concluded
and the results were attempted to answer the research problems.
To analyze the data, the researcher used cross tabulation table. The format
of the table had been set by data gathering method done by the researcher. The
component of the table was also adjusted for the Lakoff theory about the ten
Table 3.1 The Example of Cross Tabulation Table
No Utterances Min LH TQ RI EA CT
