• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Effect of atrazine and green fertilizer (tithonia diversifolia) on weed growth and corn productivity

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2023

Membagikan "Effect of atrazine and green fertilizer (tithonia diversifolia) on weed growth and corn productivity"

Copied!
9
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

Effect of atrazine and green fertilizer (tithonia diversifolia) on weed growth and corn productivity

To cite this article: S Laude et al 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 681 012044

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

This content was downloaded from IP address 125.167.115.131 on 25/03/2021 at 12:14

(2)

Effect of atrazine and green fertilizer (tithonia diversifolia) on weed growth and corn productivity

S Laude, Mahfudz, Fathurrahman, S Samuddin, A Rahim and Darwis

1Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, City of Palu, Indonesia

2Agribusiness Study Program, Department of Social Economic of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University

Email: syam_marikidi@yahoo.co.id

Abstract. The research aimed to analyze the effect of atrazine and Tithonia diversifolia green fertilizer on weed growth and corn productivity. This type of research is an experiment with randomized block design (RBD) factorial pattern with two factors. The first factor is organic material (B), which consists of 4 levels, namely: = Without organic matter (B1), Tithonia diversifolia 5 t ha-1 (B2), Tithonia diversifolia 10 t ha-1 (B3), and Tithonia diversifolia 15 t ha-1 (B4). The second factor is the dose of herbicide (H) which consists of 4 levels, namely: = Without herbicide (H1), Atrazine 1 l ba ha-1 = 2.5 l ha-1 (H2), Atrazine 2 l ba ha-1 = 5 l ha-1 (H3), and Atrazine 3 l ha ha-1 = 7.5 l ha-1 (H4). The study used Tithonia diversifolia weed pruning as a source of organic material. Each treatment was repeated three times so that this experiment consisted of 48 experimental units. The results of the study are weed closure ranging from 4.5 - 26% (21 DAP) and 13.42 - 40.58% (41 DAP). Symptoms of corn poisoning decreased with each addition of organic matter at each dose of atrazine. The highest dry shelled yield was obtained at a dose of 15 t ha-1. Application of Tithonia diversifolia green fertilizer dosage of 10 t ha-1 sprayed with atrazine herbicide 2 l b.a ha-1 resulted in dry shelled corn of 9.61t. The conclusion was that the atrazine herbicide and Tithonia diversifolia green fertilizer in various doses in corn plantations significantly influenced the control of weeds and corn productivity.

1. Introduction

The presence of weeds in corn plantations has a major contribution to decrease production [1]. Weeds can result in agricultural yield losses of up to 80%; if not controlled, weeds can reduce corn yield by 16-82% [2]. This decrease in yields shows the importance of good weed management to save crop yields. In the application of conventional cultivation technology on corn plants, farmers generally carry out perfect tillage, and continuous tillage results in soil degradation so that soil fertility decreases. In addition, Perfect Tillage (OTS) can provide opportunities for dormant weed seeds to germinate due to soil turning, then grow and develop following plant growth so that it can affect crop productivity. The presence of weeds at the beginning of corn growth can result in a significant decrease in production [3]. Weeds that are controlled for growth 40 days after the growth of corn, causing yields to decrease by 50%. To overcome the problem of weed eruption in the perfect tillage system on corn plants, the use of pre-growing herbicides is one alternative control that can be used.

Pre-growing herbicides that are often used in planting areas include atrazine, which can control the growth of broadleaf weeds, grasses and coco grasses [4]. These herbicides are applied through the soil,

(3)

2

so the working power of these herbicides can be influenced by the nature of the soil itself. Physical, chemical and biological processes which are very complex and dynamic processes, namely adsorption, photodecomposition, evaporation, leaching, chemical and biological degradation that will influence the behavior and property of herbicides in the soil. The process of adsorption and desorption of herbicide molecules takes place in the soil. There is a difference in the balance of adsorption and desorption in each of the different types of soil, and the adsorption causes the concentration of herbicides in the soil solution to decrease [5].

Adsorption and desorption of herbicides in the soil is an important key that affects the efficacy of herbicides, the loss of herbicides and their behavior in the soil as well as side effects in the form of residues that affect environmental health. Adsorption of herbicides on soil particles will determine persistence in the soil, which corresponds to the time unit of the herbicide to remain active. Based on these research problems, this study aimed to analyze the effect of atrazine and Tithonia diversifolia green fertilizer on the growth of weeds and corn plant yield.

2. Methods

The study was carried out on farmer's land in the village of Sidera, Sigi Biromaru Sub-District, Sigi Regency. The study used T. diversifolia weed as a source of organic material, atrazine herbicide, corn seeds of Kultivar Jaya 2, Urea fertilizer (45% N), SP 36 (36% P2O5) and KCL (50% K2O). Field experiments used a Randomized Block Design (RCBD) factorial pattern with two factors. The first factor is organic material (B), which consists of 4 levels, namely: = Without organic matter (B1), Tithonia diversifolia 5 t ha-1 (B2), Tithonia diversifolia 10 t ha-1 (B3), and Tithonia diversifolia 15 t ha-1 (B4). The second factor is the dose of herbicide (H) which consists of 4 levels, namely: = Without herbicide (H1), Atrazin 1 l b.a ha-1 = 2,5 l ha-1 (H2), Atrazin 2 l b.a ha-1 = 5 l ha-1 (H3), and Atrazin 3 l b.a ha-1 = 7,5 l ha-1 (H4). Each treatment was repeated three times so that this experiment consisted of 48 experimental units

The research was carried out in the field so that the preparation phase of the study was carried out with soil treatment two weeks before planting. The soil was 10 cm - 20 cm dug. Then, plots were made of 48 plots, each measuring 3.2 m x 4.4 m. The distance between groups or replications was 100 cm while the distance between treatment plots in each group or replications was 75 cm.

Organic materials were given at the appropriate dosage of treatment by sowing and ripping evenly on each treatment plot. While the application of herbicides was applied by using a knapsack sprayer after administering organic material and before planting according to the treatment dose. Corn planting was carried out using a stick approximately 3 cm with a spacing of 40 cm x 80 cm as many as 3-4 seeds per hole which were then maintained into 2 seeds per hole. Fertilization was carried out at planting using SP-36 and KCL, each at a dose of 100 kg ha-1 (140,8 g plot-1 treatment). Especially for urea was used half of the dose of 300 kg ha-1 at planting that is 150 kg ha-1 (211,2 g plot-1 treatment) and the other half at the age of one month after planting. The observed variables include:

2.1. Condition of Experimental Environment

The environmental conditions of the experiment include analysis of soil samples from the field against organic C content, total N, C N ratio, CEC, P, K, Ca, Mg, pH, weed characteristics before the experiment and community similarity index.

2.2. Weed Closure

means by area of weeds that cover the surface of the soil in each treatment plot. To calculate the percentage of weed closure, the Braun-Blanguet rating system ranges from 0% (no weed closure) to 100% (total weed closure) [6]. Weed closure was determined in each treatment plot 21 DAP and 41 DAP.

(4)

2.3. Weed Dry Weights

weed dry weight obtained from weed samples per treatment plot, roasted at a temperature of 80oC until the weight is constant. Then weigh with the analytical balance. Weed dry weight as the response variable was determined at 21 DAP and 41 DAP.

2.4. Symptoms of Plant Poisoning,

how to find out the level of symptoms of plant poisoning by herbicides was based on the symptoms displayed, namely germination failure, abnormal growth, or late growth, chlorosis. Symptoms of plant poisoning were calculated based on the percentage of the number of plants that showed poisoning symptoms with the total number of plants in the experimental plot.

2.5. Dry shell yield per hectare (ton).

The dry shell yield per plot is the result of weighing the seeds obtained from the sample plants in the 1.6 m x 1.2 m plot, whereas the dry shell yield per hectare was the result of considering the seeds obtained and then converted to hectares of land at the end of the study.

Experimental data were analyzed by variance at 5% level to determine the diversity of weed closure percentage, weed dry weight, cob length, cob circumference, weight 100 seeds, dry shell yield per plot, and dry shell yield (kg ha-1). The difference between each two response rates due to two levels of treatment factors that are different for each level of other treatment factors was tested using the Honestly Significant Difference test (BNJ) with a level of 5%.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Condition of the experimental environment

The experiment field was a former rice field that has been cultivated for one growing season. The type of soil is entisol soil. Soil analysis results showed high sand content (60.9%), low organic C content (1.02%), medium C/N ratio (8.5), medium CEC (23.27 me/100 g), slightly acidic soil acidity (pH = 5.26), and the availability of some very low nutrients such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na.

The condition of the land in relation to the use of herbicides to control weeds will certainly affect the effectiveness of herbicides. High sand content with low organic matter will cause a high level of porosity so that herbicides that are applied experience leaching quickly.The experimental field shows that nutrient availability was very low, and organic C content was low. The persistence and level of mobilization of an herbicide are greatly influenced by soil characteristics, such as soil organic matter and clay content of the soil. Leaching can occur and is greatest in coarse-textured soils if soils are containing low organic carbon. Organic materials and clay minerals can bind various herbicide molecules, resulting in a decrease in the amount of leached herbicides [7].

The characteristics of land weeds where the experiment was conducted before treatment showed that there were 11 types of weeds consisting of 5 types of broadleaf weeds, 4 types of grasses and 2 types of coco grass species. Based on the ratio of the total dominance (NJD) of the top five dominant weed species, namely Cyperus iria L. (27,58), Echinochloa colonum (L) Link (17,94), Paspalun conjugatum Berg. (12,72), Ageratum conyzoides L. (9,77), and Cynodon dactylon (6,91). Weed community similarity index (IK) test results between tests used in the experiment showed that the I-II test score was 97.48, the I-III test score was 96.14, and II-III test score as 96.69. According to [8] that land that has a IK above 75%, is suitable and meets the requirements for weed control research because there is homogeneity in the land. Inter-replication of IK in the land used for experiments above 75%, it can be said that between replications have the same weed community so that it can be used for research testing on the herbicide.

3.2. Weed closure percentage

Table 1 shows that the interaction effect between doses of organic matter T. diversifolia and the dose of atrazine herbicide and the effect of a single dose of organic matter on the percentage of weed cover

(5)

4

at 21 and 41 DAP was not proven to be significant, while the dose of atrazine herbicide was proven to be significant.

Table 1. Percentage of Weed Closure in Corn Plants with Atrazine Herbicide Varied Doses in Age 21 and 41 DAP

Atrazine Dose (l b.a ha-1) (H)

Percentage of Weed Closure

21 DAP (%) 41 DAP (%)

0 26.17 b 40.58 b

1 21.08 b 34.50 b

2 7.00 a 14.50 a

3 4.50 a 13.42 a

Description: Based on variance, only the effect of the atrazine dose factor was proven to be significant. Figures followed by lowercase letters with the same vertical direction were tested not significant based on the HSD test at a significance level of 5% = 7.18 at 21 DAP and 4.26 at 41 DAP

Weed closure ranged from 4.5% to 26% in 21 DAP, and closure ranged from 13.42% to 40.58% in 41 DAP (table 1). Application of atrazine herbicides from various doses shows that the higher the application dose, the lower the percentage of weed closure. Application of atrazine herbicide in doses of 2 l ha-1 b.a and 3 l ha-1 b.a in 21 and 41 DAP was not significantly different. The lowest percentage of weed closure obtained by atrazine herbicide at a dose of 3 l ha-1 b.a and not significantly different from 2 l ha-1 b.a. The use of atrazine herbicide from 1.5 to 2.5 l b.a ha-1 was effective for controlling weeds and increasing corn crop yields [9].

3.3. Weed dry weight

Table 2 shows that the interaction effect between doses of T. diversifolia and atrazine herbicide against weed dry weights at age 41 DAP was significant.

Table 2. Weed dry weights of Corn Plant with T. diversifolia and atrazine herbicide varied doses in age 41 DAP

Atrazine Dose (l b.a ha-1)

(H)

A Dose of T. diversifolia (t ha-1) (B)

0 5 10 15

---gram---

0 A

87.53 c

B 113.37 c

B 115.14 c

B 120.64 c

1 A

59.91 b

B

70.74 b BC 77.26 b

C 86.08 b

2 A

34.73 a

AB 43.77 a

AB 44.95 a

B 49.38 a

3 A

32.81 a

A 35.79 a

A 39.84 a

A 41.35 a

Description: Based on variance, the effect of the H, B and H x B factors were significant. Numbers followed by lowercase letters in the same vertical direction and uppercase letters in the same horizontal direction were tested not significant based on the HSD test at a significance level of 5% = 10.67.

Application of herbicides at doses of 1 and 2 l b.a ha-1 showed different weed dry weight, both without organic matter or with the addition of organic matter. Whereas at a dose of 3 l b.a ha-1, weed dry weight did not significantly differ from the dose of 2 l b.a ha-1 at various doses of organic matter (Table 2). This shows that herbicides with increasing doses can significantly reduce dry weed weight at a dose of 2 l ba ha-1 and at a dose of 3 l b.a ha-1 the decrease in dry weed weight was not significant at all doses of T. diversifolia. Herbicides, which are adsorbed by colloidal soils, are increasing as a result of the high content of organic matter in the soil. The addition of T. diversifolia can increase the

(6)

active time of herbicides in the soil, so that it is effective in controlling weeds [10]. The higher soil organic matter content, the more active the herbicide is in the soil [11]. The organic fraction in the soil has the potential to reduce the content of herbicides in a nonbiological manner, namely by adsorbing herbicides in the soil. Organic matter influences the behavior of herbicides, and the higher the organic matter in the soil, the more the amount of herbicide absorbed by the soil colloid [12]. Atrazine can be adsorbed well by organic matter and clay [13]. Organic matter has a greater affinity for atrazine compared to clay [14]. The affinity of Atrazine to the soil increases with increasing organic matter [15].

3.4. Symptoms of plant poisoning

Visually, the symptoms of poisoning on corn plant due to the application of atrazine herbicides and T.

diversifolia various doses began to appear at the beginning of growth (age 21 DAP). Table 3 shows that the interaction effect between the dose of the atrazine herbicide and T. diversifolia was significant.

Application of atrazine herbicide began to show symptoms of poisoning in corn plants significantly at a dose of 1 l b.a ha-1 at each dose of organic material from T. diversifolia. The higher the dose of atrazine herbicide application, the greater the percentage of poisoning symptoms in corn plants. The average percentage of atrazine herbicide poisoning of 3 l b.a ha-1 at each dose of organic material, but not significantly different from the dose of 2 l b.a ha-1. The range of symptoms of poisoning was 0.96% to 3.71% (table 3).

The average percentage of symptoms of atrazine herbicide poisoning was at the dose of 3 l b.a ha-1 at each dose of organic material, but not different from the dose of 2 l b.aha-1. The range of poisoning symptoms was 0.96% to 3.71%. In this range, plants are considered not poisoning. The level of plant poisoning ranges from 0% - 5% so it can be said the plant does not show poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning have decreased with each addition of organic material at each dose of atrazine, and this reduction was significant at doses of 10 and 15 t ha-1 of organic matter.

Table 3. Symptoms of Poisoning in Corn Plant in 21 DAP with Various Doses of Atrazine Herbicide and T. diversifolia

Atrazine dose (l b.a ha-1)

(H)

Dose pf T. diversifolia (t ha-1) (B)

0 5 10 15

---%---

0 A

0.00 a

A 0.00 a

A 0.00 a

A 0.00 a

1 A

2.38 b

A 2.15 b

B 1.12 b

B 0.96 b

2 A

3.63 c

A 3.19 c

B 2.29 c

B 1.81 c

3 A

3.71 c

A 3.37 c

B 2.52 c

B 1.92 c

Description: Based on variance, the effect of H, B and H x B factors were significant. Numbers followed by lowercase letters in the same vertical direction and uppercase letters in the same horizontal direction were tested not significant based on the HSD test at a significance level of 5% = 0.73.

Although an herbicide is formulated so that it does not affect plants, crop damage will still occur, especially at too high a dose [16]. The occurrence of plant poisoning at high doses is a manifestation of the high rate of adsorption and translocation of herbicides that enter the corn plant through the roots, void, and leaves. High concentrations of herbicides and absorbed by plants the greater the occurrence of a disturbance in plants [17]. Symptoms of poisoning in corn plants that occur in soils without organic matter showed a higher percentage than soils with organic matter from T. diversifolia with the same dose of herbicide. The diversity of poisoning percentage in soil without organic matter and with organic matter from T. diversifolia, indicates that there is a difference in herbicide

(7)

6

adsorption. Provision of organic material from T. diversifolia causes herbicides to be adsorbed by more soil minerals so that the availability of herbicides in soil solutions becomes smaller [18]. T.

diversifolia contains humic and fulvic acids, which can increase herbicide absorption [10].

3.5. Dry shell yield

Table 4 shows that the interaction effect between the dose of the atrazine herbicide and T. diversifolia on dry shell yield was significant.

Table 4. Dry shell yield per hectare (t) with various doses of T. diversifolia and Atrazine Atrazine Dose

(l b.a ha-1) (H)

The dose of T. diversifolia (t ha-1) (B)

0 5 10 15

0 A

4.38 a

A 4.53 a

B 6.37 a

B 6.52 a

1 A

5.34 b

B 6.66 b

C 7.43 b

D 8.50 b

2 A

7.43 c

A 7.53 c

B 9.61 c

B 9.80 c

3 A

6.87 c

A 6.97 bc

B 9.11 c

B 9.26 c

Description: Based on variance, the effect of H, B and H x B factors were significant. Numbers followed by lowercase letters in the same vertical direction and uppercase letters in the same horizontal direction were tested not significant based on the HSD test at a significance level of 5% = 0.72.

The application of organic matter from T. diversifolia increases the yield of dry shells as the application dose increases. The highest dry shell yield obtained at a dose of 15 t ha-1, but not significantly different from 10 t ha-1 at each dose level of atrazine herbicide, except without the application of atrazine herbicide which showed a difference. Increased corn yield due to the application of organic material or green fertilizer from T. diversifolia was caused by an improvement in the chemical and physical properties of the soil. Some research reports report that the use of T.

diversifolia as a source of organic material can increase nutrient content in the soil and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers [19]. T. diversifolia biomass is an effective source of nutrition for corn, so it can increase crop yields [20]. The addition of organic matter is also an action to reduce the occurrence of nutrient competition between plants and weeds. The addition of nutrients can reduce competition between weeds and plants for mineral nutrients and may increase crop yields [21]. The use of T.

diversifolia 10 t ha-1 can increase the dry weight of corn plants, and this is related to the ability of green manure (fresh biomass) to increase the availability of P in corn plants [22]. T. diversifolia leaves contain 3.5% N, 0.37% P, and 4.1% K and are able to decompose quickly after mixing with soil so that it is an effective source of nutrients [23].

4. Conclusion

Application of atrazine herbicide and Tithonia diversifolia green fertilizer in various doses in corn cultivation significantly influenced the control of weeds and corn yield and application of Tithonia diversifolia green fertilizer dose of 10 t ha-1 sprayed with atrazine herbicide 2 l ba ha-1 resulted in dry shell yield of 9.61 t. Atrazine herbicide of 2 l b.a ha-1 was effectively used to control weeds in cornfields with green fertilizer from Tithonia diversifolia at a dose of 10 t ha-1, research on the extraction of humic acid and fulvic acid from organic matter against the active time of herbicides in the soil, as well as other organic acids apart from humic acid and fulvic acid need to be performed.

References

[1] Suryaningsih, M. Joni, and A. A. K. Darmadi 2013 Inventory Weeds that Exis Zea Mays L. Plant in Paddy Fields Padang Galak Village East Denpasar, Bali Province J. Simbiosis 1 1–8

(8)

[2] A F Fadhly and F. Tabri 2016 Pengendalian Gulma pada Pertanaman Jagung Balitsereal Litbang Pertan 11 238–254

[3] D. Ndaru Sekar Asih, A. Nugroho Setiawan, and S. Sarjiyah 2018 Weeds Growth in Various Population of Sweet Corn+Peanut Intercropping,” Planta Trop. J. Agro Sci 6

[4] R T Fuadi and K. P. Wicaksono 2018 Aplikasi Herbisida Berbahan Aktif Atrazin dan Mesotrion Terhadap Pengendalian Gulma dan Hasil Tanaman Jagung Manis (Zea Mays L. Saccharata) Varietas Bonanza J. Produksi Tanam 6

[5] A K Singh and S. S. Cameotra 2013 Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of Chlorotriazine Herbicides in the Agricultural Soils,” J. Pet. Environ. Biotechnol 4 1–6

[6] M. G. Barbour 1987 errestrial Plant Ecology. Singapore: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company

[7] F E Allison, Ed 1973 Chapter 9 The Interaction of Organic Matter with Clays in Developments in Soil Science 3 162–177.

[8] S Tjitrosoedirdjo I. H. Utomo and J. Wiroatmodjo 1984 Pengelolaan gulma di perkebunan (Jakarta: Gramedia)

[9] D Sarangi and A. J. Jhala 2018 Comparison of a premix of atrazine, bicyclopyrone, mesotrione, and S-metolachlor with other preemergence herbicides for weed control and corn yield in no- tillage and reduced-tillage production systems in Nebraska, USA Soil Tillage Res 178 82–91 [10] S Laude Mahfudz Fathurrahman, and S. Samudin 2014 Persistence of atrazine and oxyfluorfen in

soil added with Tithonia diversifolia and Chromolena odorata organic matter Int. J. Agric.

Innov. Res.2 874–878

[11] M W I Schmidt Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property 2011 Nature 478 49–56

[12] R Sudirja M. Arifin, and B. Joy 2015 Adsorpsi Paraquat dan Sifat Tanah pada Tiga Subgrup Tanah Akibat Pemberian Amelioran J. Agrikultura 26 41–48

[13] M Ben-Hur J. Letey, W. J. Farmer, C. F. Williams, and S. D. Nelson 2003 Soluble and Solid Organic Matter Effects on Atrazine Adsorption in Cultivated Soils Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J 67 1140

[14] F Sadegh- Zadeh, S. A. Wahid, and B. Jalili 2017 Sorption, degradation and leaching of pesticides in soils amended with organic matter: A review,” Adv. Environ. Technol 2 119–

132

[15] R. Celis, E. Barriuso, and S. Houot 1998 Sorption and Desorption of Atrazine by Sludge- Amended Soil: Dissolved Organic Matter Effects,” J. Environ. Qual 27 1348

[16] C Boutin, B. Strandberg, D. Carpenter, S. K. Mathiassen, and P. J. Thomas 2014 Herbicide impact on non-target plant reproduction: What are the toxicological and ecological implications?,” Environ. Pollut., 185 295–306

[17] M. D. Faqihhudin, Haryadi, and H. Purnamawati 2014 The Use of Gliphosate Herbicides on Growth, Yield and Residue of Corn,” Ilmu Pertan., 171–12

[18] G O. Adesina 2013 Does Soil under Natural Tithonia diversifolia Vegetation Inhibit Seed Germination of Weed Species?,” Am. J. Plant Sci. 4 2165–2173

[19] L. Desyrakhmawati, M. Melati, Suwarto, and W. Hartatik 2015 Pertumbuhan Tithonia diversifolia dengan Dosis Pupuk Kandang dan Jarak Tanam yang Berbeda,” J. Agron.

Indones. Indones. J. Agron 43 72–80

[20] R. P Ganunga, O. A. Yerokun, and J. D. T. Kumwenda 2005 Contribution of Tithonia diversifolia to yield and nutrient uptake of maize in Malawian small-scale agriculture,” South Afr. J.

Plant Soil 22 240–245

[21] N K. Fageria, V. C. Baligar, and Y. C. Li 2008 The Role of Nutrient Efficient Plants in Improving Crop Yields in the Twenty First Century,” J. Plant Nutr 31 1121–1157

[22] P Igua and L. Huasi 2009 Effect of Chicken Manure,Tithonia diversifolia and Albizzia spp on Maize Plant Height and Dry Matter Production, in 17th International Farm Management Congress, Illinois, USA 240–250.

(9)

8

[23] B. Jama 2000 Tithonia diversifolia as a green manure for soil fertility improvement in western Kenya: A review,” Agrofor. Syst 49 201–221

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

Terminator, untuk memulai dan mengakhiri suatu program. Process, suatu simbol yang menunjukkan setiap pengolahan yang dilakukan oleh komputer. Data, untuk memasukkan data maupun

mekanisme corporate governance dan kualitas audit tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap integritas laporan

tanah di Kabupaten Majalengka. Kesimpulan dari tren kunci tanpa penerapan

Untuk lebih memahami bagaimana barang dan jasa dapat memenuhi kebutuhan manusia, marilah kita kelompokkan barang/jasa tersebut menurut kegunaan, hubungannya dengan benda lain

Berdasarkan teori kereaktifan logam alkali dan alkali tanah dengan air, dalam sistem periodik, dalam satu golongan, dari nomor atam yang paling kecil ke nomor atom yang paling

Udang Vanname ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) merupakan jenis udang yang memiliki prospek ekonomi yang tinggi karena banyak digemari orang. Udang merupakan salah satu

Dikeluarkannya Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia Nomor : 46/PUU –XII/2014 yang menyatakan bahwa penjelasan Pasal 124 Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun

Perubahan iklim terjadi diantaranya disebabkan karena penggunaan energi yang belum ramah. Perilaku hemat energi dimulai sejak usia Sekolah Dasar atau dini.