Japanese Mental Predicate 'See' In Kanji 見るMiru,観るMiru, 視るMiru, 看るMiru: A Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach.

PUBLISHED

BY:

LINGUAL:

Journal

of

Language

and

Culture

Volume 2, Number 3; November 2074; ISSN: 2085-7373

Editor-in-Chief

Prof.

Dr.I

Nengah Sudipa, M. A.

Associate

Editor

&

Typesetter

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Editorial

Members

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A.

Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M. Hum.

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Hum.

Dr. Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini, M.Hum.

Reviewers

Prof. Dr. I Gusti Made Sutjaja, M.

A.

Prof. I Ketut Artawa, M. A., Ph. D. Universitqs

Udayana

Uniyersitas Udayana

Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, M.

A.

Prof. Dr. Ni Luh Sutjiati Beratha, M. A.

Universitas

Udayana

Uniyersitas Udayana

Prof. Dr. Made Budiarsa, M.

A.

I Wayan Arka, Ph. D.

Universitas

Udayana

Universitas Udayana

& Australian National University (ANU) Prof. I Made Suastra, Ph. D.

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TenrE

op

CoTTENTS

[image:3.446.27.413.54.535.2]

Editorial

... i Table of

Contents

...iii

Meaning in A Bilingual Child Language: A Semantic View

Ni Luh Putu 5ri,4D

y,4N1...

...1

The Mapping of Emotions in Kidung Pujadharma Ratri Cedana

Ni Komang Lilik

Anxusuue

...8

A Glimpse on English and Indonesian Verbal Group: A SFL Perspective

I Gede

Bwase

...13

Micro Linguistic View on the Problems of Translation

I Made Sena

D,q.RuesnrNAwAN...

...24

TWIS vs. SI,RAI A Natura] Semantic Metalanguage Approach

W. A. Sindhu

GrceNeNne...

...29

The

Medical Concept

of

Damage and

Its

Indonesian Equivalent Cedera:

A

Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach

I Gusti Agung Sri Rwa

Jevevnt'tt...

...35

Japanese

Mental

Predicate

'See'

in

KanjiF,

6 miru,

ffi,6

*irr,

1F-6 miru,

E

6 *iru,

A Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach

Ketut Widya

PunNewan....

...45

Applicative Constructions in _Javanese

Yana

Qou,+naNA...

...53

Sanskrit as a Vehicle for the Emergence of India-Indonesia Cultural Relationship I. B. Putu

5u,cMne...

...61

Spoken Bahasa Indonesia by German Students

I Nengah

5wrpa...

...71

The

Meaning

of

"To

Bring"

in

Ciacia

Language:

Natural

Semantics Metalanguage

La

Yeru...

...83

JereNusr

MrNrar

PnEorcATE'SEE'

rN

xaryIE,

6

wnu,ffi,a

MrRU,+fl6

MTRU,E

6

MrRU:

A

NeruRer SrmeNrlc

MgTILANGUAcE AppRoACH

Ketut Widya PunNewarI

Fakultas Sastra & Budaya, Unitersitas Udayana

wirl)'aPurnat'ati(Ogma il com

Abstract

The semantic prime SEE in English is known as MIR|I inJapanese, which is written as E

6

in _Japanese kanji and kana. Miru as a verb, however, is not written only in one way as mentioned above, but may also be written in some different ways by using different kanji followed by kana as okurigana, such as ?E6miru, EE6 miru, and Edmiru. In general, these

kanji denote semantic prime SEE or MIRU in _Japanese. However, actually, each of this kanji has their particular meaning as well. This paper is aimed at defining the differences between those MIRU verbs in Japanese. MIRU as a semantic prime belongs to the group of _Japanese Mental Predicate. The approach used in this paper was the Natural Semantic Metalanguage, first proposed by Anna Wierzbicka in 1972 and developed greatly until today.

Key'words: Mental predicate MIRU, Natural Semantic Metalanguage, _Japanese, kanji

I

INTRODUCTION

Japanese

has

a

large number and

meaning

of

complex vocabulary. Indonesian _Japanese learner usually perceived that some Japanese words have the same meaning when

it

is translated into Indonesian, though actually they

have

different

meaning. Those

words couldn't be

used properly

before

understanding their exact meaning. In order to use

it

correctly, the meaning

of

each word must be explained in detail.

Besides being perceived as having the same meaning

in

Indonesian, some

words sometime also have a same sound and same letter when they are written

in

kana.In fact, those words

will

have different symbol when being written in

kanii. This difference makes the meaning of these words become different. The usage of kanji in written language at one side is a big problem for the learners,

but on the other side

it

also give us an advantage

in

order to understand the

context of the text. Some kanji rrray have the same way of reading

with

similar meaning, but the usage depends on the context of the sentence. One of the verbs

in _Japanese that shows such phenomenon is verb MIRU'see'.

As stated by Givon (2001), verbs can be divided into three classifications,

namely state

verb,

process

verb and

action

verb.

In

Natural

Semantic

Metalanguage, state verbs are realized into mental predicate. Hasada (2008) via Goddard (2010) stated

that

the Japanese mental predicate consist

of

OMOU

'think',

SHIRU

'know',

HOSHII/ -TAI/NOZOMU

'want',

KAN}IRU 'feel', MIRLI 'see', _{and KIKU'hear'.}

Lingual: Journal of Language & Culture (Volume 2, No. 3, Notember 2014)

46 _| r"tut.,r,'iava purnawati

Lingual (Vol.2; No.3, 2014)

In Japanese, there are some verbs

that

consist

of

semantic prime MIRU

'see', but written in

different

kanji such as

R.b

miru

ffi,bmiruifl.dmiruEbmiru.

Although

written

in

different

kanji,

those four verbs are red as miru. The most common verb which found

in

daily life is the

verb

that written

in

kanjifl"dmiru.

So,

we

can say

this kanji

represent the

semantic prime MIRU 'see'.

If

this

kanji

represent the semantic

prime

MIRU

'see', then _{what is the meaning of others kanji which has the same sound}

with

kanji-E

5

miru. This paper tries

to

explain the differences between these four

kanji,

which

have

the

same sound

but

different

usage.

The

analysis

will

implement the theory of Natural Semantic Metalanguage.

II

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

2.7

NATURAL SErraaNrrc METALANGUAGE (NSM)

The

Natural

Semantic Metalanguage

is a

theory

proposed

by

Anna

wierzbicka.

This

theory

was

started

by

investigating semantic primes or

semantic

primitives

empirically

through

trial

and

error

method.

Then

the

finding was published

in

a book entitled Semantic Primitives

in

t972 (Mulyadi

dan Siregar:2006).

The

system has been developed and refined over some 35 years. This

theory

is a

decompositional system

of

meaning representation based on

empirically

established universal semantic primes,

i.e.,

simple

indefinable meanings

that

appear

to

be

presented as

word

meanings

in

all

languages

(wierzbicka 1996; Goddard tgg8; Goddard and wierzbicka 2002; peeteri zo-oo;

Goddard 2008) in Goddard (2010)

A

distinctive aspect of the NSM approach is the close attention

it

pays to the metaterminology of grammatical description, and

in

particular the need to

achieve

greater

clarity and

greater

consensus

about

the

meaning

and

operational criteria for grammatical terms such as "agent", "dative", "causative",

"relative _clause", "adverbial _{clause", and so on. (Goddard: 2010)}

There are

two

concepts according

to

NSM theory used

in

this paper to analyze the verb miru'see'. Those concepts are semantic primes

or

semantic

primitives and the concept of explication.

Semantic primes are

the

elements

to

be used

to

define the meaning

of

words.

It

exists as _{the meanings of lexical units, not at the level of lexemes.}

the

exponents of primes can be formally complex. They are simple and intuitively

intelligible meanings grounded in ordinary linguistic experience (Goddard, 201d: 462-463). The number of semantic primes _{in the beginning was only} 14, but later

in

1996 according to wierzbicka (1996) the number was 61, and then

it

increased

to

62 (Goddard and wierzbicka,2o0T). Recently

it

has reached 64

in

total. The

complete semantic

primes

can be

seen

in

the

table

below

(Goddard &

Japanese Mental Predicate'See' inKanjiF-6miru,@,6miru,lt6miru,Ebmirul 47 Table 1 Semantic primes (English exponents) (Goddard & Wierzbicka 2014; Wierzbicka

2014)

Mental

predicates:

THINK, KNOW, WANT, FEEL, SEE, HEAR Substantives:

Relational

substantives:

KIND, PART Determiners:

Quantifiers:

Evaluators:

Descriptors:

Speech:

Actions, events, movement:

specification:

Possession

Life and death:

Time:

Space:

I, YOU, SOMEONE, PEOPLE, SOMETHING'THING, BODY

THIS, THE SAME, OTHER-ELSE

ONE, TWO, SOME, ALL, MUCH-MANY, LITTLE-FEW

GOOD, BAD

BIG, SMALL

SAY, WORDS, TRUE

DO, HAPPEN, MOVE

(sot\{EoNE/SoMETHTNG)

(SOMETHTNG) rS (SOMEONE'S)

LIVE, DIE

WHEN-TIME, NOW, BEFORE, AFTER, A LONG TIME,

A SHORT TIME, FOR SOME TIME, MOMENT

WHERE-PLACE, HERE, ABOVE, BELOW, FAR, NEAR, Location,

existence,

BE (SOMEV/HERE),THERE IS, BE

SIDE,INSIDE, TOUCH

Logical

concepts:

NOT, MAYBE, CAN, BECAUSE,IF

Intensifier,

augmentor:

VERY, MORE

Similarity: LIKE.-AS-WAY

Semantic explications are paraphrase

of

an

explanation about

a

word

written in the metalanguage of simple and universal semantic primes. They are

essentially "texts" composed

in

a

specific subset

of

ordinary language. An

explication is a prime concept that explains a non-prime concept. There is an

example of explication about amae'apeculiarlyJapanese emotion'adapted from

Wierzbicka

(1998)

taken

from

(http://www.griffith.edu.auihumanities-language s/school-languages-linguistics/research/natural-semantic-metalanguage-homepage/semantic-explications)

Someone X feels amae (towards Y) at this time:

Someone X thinks like this at this time (about someone Y)

48 | r.trt widya purnawati

Lingual (Vol.2; No.3, 2014)

This someone wants to do good things for me

When I am with this someone, nothing bad can happen to me

I want to be with this someone

Because of this, this someone feels something good at this time

Like someone can feel when they think like this

2.2

THEJAPANESE MENTAL PREDICATE

46

MIRU.SEE,

Hasada (2008) via Goddard (2010) stated that _{the Japanese} mental predicate

consist

of

oMou 'think',

iHIRU

'know', HosHII/

-TAI/NozoMU

'want',

KAN1IRU

'feel',

MIRTJ 'see', and

KIKU 'hear'.

In

Modern

Kanji

Dictionary (Nelson, 2002) there are some verbs which is written

in

different

ianji

but they have MIRU 'see' as their semantic _{prime. Those verbs are}

F-bmiru,

_ER,6miru,

iilbmiru,Ehmiruand

each of them has different meaning and usage, though

their semantic prime

is

MIRIJ'see'. Each of them was

built

from

kanji

E

me,

meaning 'eye'. This shows

thatE

me'eye'plays an important role

in

building the meaning

of

MIRU-'see'. It is quiet acceptable since we "see" using our

""y"rl

so _E that some kanji which has 'see' as its semantic prime can be built using kanji

H

me eye.

These verbs can further be combined

with

another

kanji

creating other new words with additional meaning but they still has 'see' as its semantic prime. This paper however is not going to make an explication for each of this kanji,

but

will

only discuss and make explication

for

the

four

verbs, which has the

same sound but different kanji to find out the differences between them.

Before making an explication

for

each

of

this kanji, we need

to

make a mapping for these kanji. As we know,

kanjiE,6

mirubrings the semantic prime

MIRU, so this kanji _{is the core meaning of others kanji. Then, the mappirg}

"un

be designed as follows.

2.2.1VERB

F-6

ruruu

The

kanji

of

this

verb

represent

the

semantic primes MIRU 'see' in

Japanese. This kanji can be combined

with

another kanji and form a new word

with

another additional meaning according

to

the

kanji

that attached

to

stem

.F.ml. Some verbs that was formed from this kanji are

F,@tmimawasu,look

around',

-Bt!6

miyaru

'look

afar'.

-BEHr:,t

_{miharasu'overlook', -F,tE6}

miharu

'watch'.

FlEtmiwatasu

'. fr,ZA mieru ,look

_over,,

Japanese Mental Predicate 'See' inKaqiF-6 miru, &,4 miru.li4 mLruE -: -,-- {9

R.+6mimamoru'watch'.

-EE6

mimawaru'patrol'.

As

the

basic

form oi

these kanji, we need to overlook the explication of verbB

6miru.

ishii (2003) stated that kanji

F,6

miru made from

kanji

E

me'eye'and ,A.

hito'people' and the meaning of this kanji is "people see something with his/her

eyes". Before we explicate this verb, we should see the sentence

whichB,6miru

stand as its predicate. The sentences taken from https://kotobankjp/word/ are as follows:

(2-1)

T.arNt

H6.

Mado

no

soto

o

window

GEN

outside ACCU

'(I) see outside the window.'

(2-2)

7

vet

H6"

Terebi

o

miru

TV

ACCU

see '(I) watch television.'

Though-F,6

miru

in

sentence (2-2) is translated as watch,

but

this verb

only brings semantic prime MIRU'see'.

It

means that we do not have to make

an explication

for

this kanji. The combinatorial possibility

for

semantic prime

SEE according to NSM grammar, which cited from the NSM chart taken from

www.griffith.edu.au

data assets

pdf file

0005 636890 NSM-Chart-2014, can be seen as follows.

SEE

someone sees someone/something (in a place)

people can/can't see well in this place

someone/people can/can't see this something

2.2.2Y8nl8ffi,6

mnu

The next verb isEE6 miru'see'. This kanji can be combined

with

another

kanji to make new words such as

EBHf

bkansatsu suru'watch, observation',

EBrEIq

6

kansoku suru'observation'. As stated by Ishii (2003), this kanji consist

of three parts which represents

,*

tori 'bird',

*[

6

shiru

'know',

and

R.6

miru 'see'and the relation of the tree is like this :We "see" _{to "know" the "bird" well.}

This kanji also means 'seeing carefully for the detailed' or'seeing eagerly'. For a

better

explanation,

we will

see

the

usage example

of the

kanji

https ://kotobank

jp/word/

mtu

see

(2-3)

tx

L

ffi.

Sakura

o

mi

PLANT

NAME

ACCU watch '(I) go to observe Sakura.'

[.

ni

to

50 f.t"r \\'idva purnawati

Lingual Uol.2: No.3, 20 14)

(2-4)

trE 6:

ffi.6"

Shibai

o

miru

Drama

ACCU

see '(I) watch drama.'

Besides MIRU 'see', this kanji also bring mental predicate iHIRU'know, as its semantic _{pdme. According}

to

the

_{explanation above,}

we may

_{conclude the} meaning of this word by an explication as follows.

Someone sees someone/something (in a place) for some time

when

this someone do this, this someone knows many things about

someone/something

2.2.3 VERB

4F,6mnu

VerbiE6

miru can also build another word when

it

combines with another

kanji. For

example,

il+Et6

junsht suru

'patrol,,

+R*t6shisatsu

_suru

meaning 'inspection,

visitation',

tr+nt

bkanshi suru

,watch, observation,

surveillance'.

Ishii

(2003) stated

that the

meaning

of

this kanji

is

.,seeing

carefully". The usage of this kanji can be seen in the ixample below.

(2-s)

K. Mado

Window

a + L

r?,a"

no

soto o

miru

GEN

outside

ACCU

see

'(I) see outside the window carefully.'

(2-6)

Hfr1Ub+R6.

Choukan

o

miru

Morning

paper

ACCU

miru

'(I) see morning paper carefully.'

This

kanji

also brings semantic

prime

iHIRU'know'

beside MIRU'see'. The

explication of this verb can be stated as follows.

Someone sees someone/something (in a place) for some time

when

this someone do this, this someone know some things about someone/something

2.2.4VErcBEb

mnu

This kanji can be combined

with

kanji

Wbtoru

'take, and formed word

like

EHrf

6

kanshu suru 'see _{and understand'.}

This

kanji built from

_the combination of kanji

F

te'hand'and

E me'eye,. The meaning of this kanji is

"putting

the

hand

_above

the

_eye,

in

order

to

_{see something clearly,}

Japanese Mental Predicate 'See' rnKuiiR-4 miru, H7s miru,l:L4 mtru.E ;- _-,- 5 1

carefully". Some examples using this

kanji

in

the sentence as seen belou- are

taken from https://kotobank.iplword/.

:-7)

+nxLE"

6

Jimu

office work

ACCU

see

'(I) see office work carefully.'

(2-8) +l*Dd)LD

)

tE6.

Kodomo no mendou o miru

'(I) _{see the children in order to take care of them.'}

According to the explanation about this kanji, the verb miru which represents

kanjiE5

miru canbe explicated as follows.

Someone sees someone/something (in a place) for some time This someone wants to do good things for someone/something

When

this

someone

do

this,

maybe

nothing

bad

happen to

someone/something

This explication shows that kanji

E 6

miru also has OKIRU 'happen'as _Japanese semantic prime of events.

III

CONCLUSION

There are many verbs

in

Japanese language, which have MIR'tl'see' as

their semantic prime.

In

this paper there were only four verbs that have been

discussed. Those are

R.6miru, *Rbmiru,

_?R,6miru,

E6miru.

Among these

four

verbs,

the kanji that

represents

the

semantic prime MIRU

is

R"6miru.

Other kanji bring the semantic prime MIRU'see' and another meaning as well.

Both EE,6

miru

and

lR6miru

also

bring

semantic prime

of

mental predicate

SH/RU

'know'

beside MIRU 'see',

while

E

6

shiru

only has

MIRU 'see' and

semantic prime of events OKIRU'happen'. Further research is required to find

out the

explication

of

other verbs

in

_Japanese language

built

from

semantic

prime MIRU ' see' . The research of verbs which contain MIRU

will

make Japanese

learner easily understand the meaning and the differences of those words, which

later

enable them

to

use

the

verb correctly according

to

the

context

of

the

sentence.

REFERENCES

Goddard,

Cliff.

2010. The Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach.

In

Bernd

Heine

and Heiko Narrog

(eds.) The Oxford Handbook

of

Linguistic

Analysis. Oxford:

Oxford University

Press. 459-484. Retrieved from

www.griffith.edu.au

data assets

pdf

file

0006 419064 Goddard 201

0

OUP Handbook Ch18 on lZNovember 2014.

52 | x.t"t wiaya Purnawati _{Linguat (Vol.2; No.3, 2014)}

Goddard,

cliff

&

Anna wierzbicka. 2014. Proposed Semantic primes. Retrieved

from

http:/hvrvw.griffith.edu.au/humanities-languages/school-

languages-linguistics/research/natural-semantic-metalanguage-homepage/what-is-nsm/semantic-primes on 12 November 2014.

Ishii,

Isao.

2003.

Tanoshii

Kanji

Kyoushitsu.

Japan: Gyousei

Dejitaru

Kabushikigaisha.

Mulyadi dan Rumnasari

K.

siregar. 2006. Aplikasi

reori

Metabahasa Makna

Alami

dalam Kajian Makna. Dalam Logat _Jurnal

llmiah

Bahasa Dan Sastra Volume

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No. 2 Oktober Tahun 2006lJniversitas Sumatera Utara.

69-75. Retrieved from

http:/irepository.usu.ac.idlbitstream/123456789/16657/t/log-oktZOO6-2%20(4).pdf on 7 November 2014.

Nelson, Andrew N. 2002. Kamus Kanji Modern. _Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc.

wierzbicka,

Anna.

1996. semantic Primes and (Jniversals. _{New York: oxford}