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Oleh. Junartho Halomoan (juned_new@yahoo.com)

Mikroprosesor dan Antarmuka

Dasar Mikroprosesor Intel 8088

Dasar Sistem Komputer [1]

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Mikroprosesor

Memory I/O

Data Bus Address Bus Control Bus

Dasar Sistem Komputer [2]

Dasar Sistem Komputer [3]

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Dasar Sistem Komputer [4]



Arsitektur Bus ada 3 buah:



Address:



_{If I/O, a value between 0000H and FFFFH is}

issued.



If memory, it depends on the architecture:



_{20-bits (8086/8088)}



_{24-bits (80286/80386SX)}



_{25-bits (80386SL/SLC/EX)}



32-bits (80386DX/80486/Pentium)



_{36-bits (Pentium Pro/II/III)}

Dasar Sistem Komputer [5]



Data:



_{8-bits (8088)}



_{16-bits (8086/80286/80386SX/SL/SLC/EX)}



_{32-bits (80386DX/80486/Pentium)}



64-bits (Pentium/Pro/II/III)



Control:



_{Most systems have at least 4 control bus}

connections (active low).



MRDC (Memory ReaD Control), MWRC, IORC

(I/O Read Control), IOWC (I/O Write Control), .

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Dasar Sistem Komputer [5]

Dasar Sistem Komputer [6]

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GND AD14 AD13 AD12 AD11 AD10 AD9 AD8 AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 AD1 AD0 NMI INTR CLK GND VCC AD15 A16/S3 A17/S4 A18/S5 A19/S6 HOLD HLDA ALE READY RESET BHE/S7 MN/MX RD WR M/IO DT/R DEN INTA TEST 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 8086 Data Bus GND A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 AD1 AD0 NMI INTR CLK GND VCC A15 A16/S3 A17/S4 A18/S5 A19/S6 HOLD HLDA ALE READY RESET SS0 MN/MX RD WR IO/M DT/R DEN INTA TEST 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 8088

Konfigurasi Pin 8088 [1]

GND AD14 AD13 AD12 AD11 AD10 AD9 AD8 AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 AD1 AD0 NMI INTR CLK GND VCC AD15 A16/S3 A17/S4 A18/S5 A19/S6 HOLD HLDA ALE READY RESET BHE/S7 MN/MX RD WR M/IO DT/R DEN INTA TEST 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 8086 INTR: Interrupt Request

-Aktif pada saat level high

-Masukan

-Di monitor pada cycle clock terakhir setiap instruksi

NMI: Nonmaskable interrupt

-Positif Edge triggered signal

-Masukan

-Tidak dapat di-masked (enable/disable) secara s/w

Konfigurasi Pin 8088 [2]

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GND AD14 AD13 AD12 AD11 AD10 AD9 AD8 AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 AD1 AD0 NMI INTR CLK GND VCC AD15 A16/S3 A17/S4 A18/S5 A19/S6 HOLD HLDA ALE READY RESET BHE/S7 MN/MX RD WR M/IO DT/R DEN INTA TEST 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 8086 Clock

- Mikroprosesor membutuhkan clock untuk sinkronisasi semua aktifitasnya

- Maksimum 10 MHz - Clok generator : i8284

Konfigurasi Pin 8088 [3]

GND AD14 AD13 AD12 AD11 AD10 AD9 AD8 AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 AD1 AD0 VCC AD15 A16/S3 A17/S4 A18/S5 A19/S6 HOLD HLDA ALE BHE/S7 MN/MX RD WR M/IO DT/R DEN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 8086 Reset

•Menghentikan aktifitas mp saat itu

•masukan

•Aktif ‘high’

•Kondisi register di dalam mikroprosesor setelah reset:

Contents register FFFFH CS 0000H DS 0000H SS 0000H ES

Konfigurasi Pin 8088 [4]

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GND AD14 AD13 AD12 AD11 AD10 AD9 AD8 AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 AD1 AD0 NMI INTR CLK GND VCC AD15 A16/S3 A17/S4 A18/S5 A19/S6 HOLD HLDA ALE READY RESET BHE/S7 MN/MX RD WR M/IO DT/R DEN INTA TEST 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 8086 READY: •Masukan •Aktif‘high’

•Digunakan untuk memasukkan waktu tunggu (wait state), untuk akses memori atau I/O yang

lambat.

Konfigurasi Pin 8088 [5]

GND AD14 AD13 AD12 AD11 AD10 AD9 AD8 AD7 AD6 AD5 AD4 AD3 AD2 AD1 AD0 NMI INTR CLK GND VCC AD15 A16/S3 A17/S4 A18/S5 A19/S6 HOLD HLDA ALE READY RESET BHE/S7 MN/MX RD WR M/IO DT/R DEN INTA TEST 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 8086 Mode Min Logic 1 Mode Max Logic 0 0 GT / RQ 1 GT / RQ LOCK S2 S1 0 S QS0 QS1

* Pin-pin diatas digunakan untuk sinyal kontrol memori dan I/O

Konfigurasi Pin 8088 [6]

 Fungsi pin 24 s/d 31 dari 8088 dan 8086 berubah sesuai mode yang digunakan, max atau min

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Bus Timing [1]

 Writing:

 Dump address on address bus.

 Dump data on data bus.

 Issue a write (WR) and set M/IO to 1.

Bus Timing [2]

 Reading:

 Dump address on address bus.

 Issue a read (RD) and set M/IO to 1.

 Wait for memory access cycle.

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Bus Timing [3]

Bus Timing [4]

 During T1:

 The address is placed on the Address/Data bus.

 Control signals M/IO, ALE and DT/R specify memory or I/O, latch the address onto the address bus and set the direction of data transfer on data bus.

 During T2:

 8086 issues the RD or WR signal, DEN, and, for a write, the data. DEN enables the memory or I/O device to receive the data for writes and the 8086 to receive the data for reads.

 During T3:

 This cycle is provided to allow memory to access data.

 READY is sampled at the end of T2.

 If low, T3 becomes a wait state. Otherwise, the data bus is sampled at the end of T3.

 During T4:

 All bus signals are deactivated, in preparation for next bus cycle.

 Data is sampled for reads, writes occur for writes.

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ES CS SS DS 4 3 2 1 CONTROL SYSTEM AH AL BH BL CH CL DH DL SP BP SI DI OPERAND FLAGS C-BUS IP ALU INSTRUCTION STREAM BYTE QUEUE A- BUS BIU EU

Diagram Internal intel 8088

Fungsi BIU (BUS Interface Unit)



Sebagai antarmuka (pengalamatan)

dengan peripheral di luar mikroprosesor.



Bertanggung jawab terhadap semua

operasi bus eksternal, seperti :



Instruction fetch



_{Operasi baca-tulis memori atau I/O}



_{Antrian instruksi dan perhitungan alamat (PA)}

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Fungsi EU (Execution Unit)



_{Bertanggung jawab terhadap decoding dan}

executing instruksi



_{Mengambil instruksi dari Queue}



_{Transfer data dari dan ke general purpose}

Registers



Check & update flag .



_{Perhitungan alamat operand (EA)}



_{Memberi perintah ke BIU untuk operasi memori}

atau I/O

Register 8088/8086 [1]

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Nama Register Bit Kategori AX,BX,CX,DX 16 general AH,AL,BH,BL,CH,CL,DH,DL 8 SP,BP 16 pointer SI,DI 16 index CS,DS,SS,ES 16 segment IP 16 instruction FR 16 flag

Catatan : register general 16 bit tidak bisa digunakan bersamaan dengan register general 8 bit, contoh : mov ax,bltidak dilayani

Register 8088/8086 [2]

Register General Purpose [1]

EAX: Accumulator: Referenced as EAX, AX, AL or AH.

 Used for mult, div, etc.

 Used to hold an offset.

EBX: Base Index:

 Used to hold the offset of a data pointer.

ECX: Count:

 _{Used to hold the count for some instructions, REP and}

LOOP.

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Register General Purpose [2]

EDX: Data:

 Used to hold a portion of the result for mult, of the operand for div.

 Used to hold the offset of a data pointer.

EBP: Base Pointer:

 Holds the base pointer for memory data transfers.

EDI: Destination Index:

 _{Holds the base destination pointer for string}

instructions.

ESI: Source Index:

 Holds the base source pointer for string instructions.

Register Special Purpose

EIP: Instruction Pointer:

 Points to the next instruction in a code segment.

 16-bits (IP) in real mode and 32-bits in protected mode.

ESP: Stack Pointer:

 Used by the stack, call and return instructions.

EFLAGS:

 _{Store the state of various conditions in the}

microprocessor

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Register Flag [1]



5 flag bit yang paling kanan berubah

sesudah instruksi operasi aritmatika

dan operasi logika sedangkan instruksi

operasi transfer data dan kontrol tidak

merubah register flag

Register Flag [2]

C (Carry):

 Holds the carry out after addition or the borrow after subtraction.

 Also indicates error conditions.

P (Parity):

 0 for odd number of bits and 1 for even.

 Obsolete feature of the 80x86.

A (Auxiliary Carry):

 Highly specialized flag used by DAA and DAS

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Register Flag [3]

Z (Zero):

 1 if the result of an arithmetic or logic instruction is 0.

S (Sign):

 1 if the sign of the result of an arith. or logic instruction is negative.

T (Trap):

 Trap enable. The microprocessor interrupts the flow of instructions on conditions

 indicated by the debug and control registers.

Register Flag [4]

I (Interrupt):

 Controls the operation of the INTR (Interrupt request) pin. If 1, interrupts

 are enabled. Set by STI and CLI instructions.

D (Direction):

 Selects with increment or decrement mode for the DI and/or SI registers during

 string instructions. If 1, registers are automatically decremented. Set by

 STD and CLD instructions.

O (Overflow):

 Set for addition and subtraction instructions.

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Register Segment [1]



CS (Code Segment):



_{In real mode, this specifies the start of a 64KB}

memory segment.



_{In protected mode, it selects a descriptor.}



The code segment is limited to 64KB in the

8086-80286 and 4 GB in the 386



_{and above.}

Register Segment [2]

DS (Data Segment):

 Similar to the CS except this segment holds data.

ES (Extra Segment):

 Data segment used by some string instructions to hold destination data.

SS (Stack Segment):

 Similar to the CS except this segment holds the stack.

 _{ESP and EBP hold offsets into this segment.} FS and GS: 80386 and up.

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Akses Memori



Sebelum 8088, uP mepunyai memori

sekitar 64 kB



Digunakan untuk penyimpan : os,

program aplikasi dan data

Peta Alamat Memori & I/O i8088

External Memory Address Space Code segment 64 k byte Data Segment 64 K Byte Stack segment 64 k Byte Extra Segment 64 k Byte IP SP BP SI DI CS DS SS ES AH AL BH CH DH BL CL DL Input / output Address space 00000 FFFFF 0000 FFFF Limit PC 9FFFF

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Peta Alamat I/O i8088/86

Peta Memori [1]

FFFFF Operating System Program Aplikasi Program Data 00200

?

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Peta Memori [2] - App. 48 kB



Aplikasi : 48 kB



_{Dimisalkan pembagian besar memori aplikasi}

untuk data dan program adalah sebagai

berikut:

• _{10 kB <= data} • _{38 kB <= program}



_{Besar memori untuk bagian data biasanya}

lebih kecil dibandingkan bagian program



_{Tentukan alamat memori program dan data}

dengan tanpa segmentasi atau menggunakan

segmentasi

Peta Memori [3]- App. 48 kB

Tanpa segment:

Alamat Program

 Alamat awal program 200h

 Alamat akhir program 99FFh

Alamat Data

 Alamat awal data 9A00h

 Alamat akhir data C1FFh

Contoh:

 Ambil data ke-100 acc

mov acc,[9A64]

Dengan segmen

Alamat Program

 Alamat awal program 0000h

di Code Segment

 Alamat akhir 97FFh di Code

Segment

Alamat Data

 Alamat awal data 0000h di

Data Segment

 Alamat akhir data 27FFh

Contoh :

 Ambil data ke-100 acc

mov acc,[0064]

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Peta Memori [4] - Segmentasi



Segmentasi



_{Membagi memori menjadi blok-blok 64 kB}

secara dinamis



_{Dipisahkan blok memori menjadi blok fungsi}

• _{64 kB untuk program}Code Segment

• _{64 kB untuk data}_{Data Segment} • 64 kB untuk stack Stack Segment

• 64 kB untuk tambahan data (option) Extra Segment 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB DS SS CS ES CS DS SS ES

Peta Memori [5]-statis/dinamis

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Peta Memori [6]-MultiSegment



Karena tersedia lebih dari 4 segment,

maka bisa dibuat lebih dari 1

kelompok segment





_{multi tasking}



Pindah program (task) hanya mengubah

segment

Setiap program bisa dimulai dari alamat 0000

Program1 0000 Program2 0000 Program3 0000

Peta Memori [7]-Contoh Dinamis

FFFFF DS 10100 DS =1000 0100 DS 0700 ₂₀₇₀₀__{DS = 2000} DS 0064 ₂₀₇₀_F__{DS = XXXX} CS CS CS

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Segmen untuk Program

Format : CS : IP

physical address A19-A0=2E5F3 IP=95F3

CS=2500 0

Adder

Geser kiri CS satu digit

Segmen untuk Data

Format : DS : EA (Effective Address)

physical address A19-A0=2E5F3 EA=95F3

DS=2500 0

Adder

Geser kiri DS satu digit

Perhitungan alamat fisik [1]

Segmen untuk Stack

Format : SS : SP

physical address A19-A0=2E5F3 SP=95F3

SS=2500 0

Adder

Geser kiri SS satu digit

Perhitungan alamat fisik [2]

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H/W Segment

 Program  IP offset  CS segment

 Data

 Offset sesuai mode pengalamatannya  DS segment  Stack  SP offset  SS segment ES CS SS DS 4 3 2 1 CONTROL SYSTEM AH AL BH BL CH CL DH DL SP BP SI DI OPERAND FLAGS C-BUS IP ALU INSTRUCTION STREAM BYTE QUEUE A- BUS BIU EU

Perhitungan alamat fisik [3]

H/W Alamat Alamat program  IP offset  CS segment  Alamat Fisik: IP + CS(digeser) ES CS SS DS 4 3 2 1 CONTROL SYSTEM AH AL BH BL CH CL DH DL SP BP SI DI OPERAND FLAGS C-BUS IP ALU INSTRUCTION STREAM BYTE QUEUE A- BUS BIU EU

Perhitungan alamat fisik [4]

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Perhitungan alamat fisik [5]

 Contoh:

Jika CS=24F6H dan IP=634AH, Tentukan:

 a) The logical address, b) The offset address

 c) The physical address, d) The lower range of the code segment

 e) The upper range of the code segment

Solusi

 a) The logical address/ Alamat Logika ; 24F6:634A

 b) The offset address/ Alamat Offtset ; 634A

 c) The Physical address/ Alamat fisik ; 24F60+634A= 2B2AA

 d) The lower range of the code segment: 24F6:0000 =>

24F60+0000 =24F60

 e) The upper range of the code segment: 24F6:FFFF =>

24F60+FFFF=34F5F

Perhitungan alamat fisik [6]

Ciri Alamat Segment:

 Tidak bisa diletakkan di alamat awal selain xxxx0

 Alamat segmen terakhir pasti F000

 Contoh : CS= F100 tidak boleh

» Min CS:IP F100:0000 alamat fisik F1000

» Maks CS:IP F100:FFFF alamat fisik 100FFF diluar batas maksimum FFFFF

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PUSH DX PUSH DI PUSH AX START SS:1236 24 24 24 SS:1235 B6 B6 B6 SS:1234 85 85 SS:1233 C2 C2 SS:1232 5F SS:1231 93 SS:1230

Instruksi PUSH

 Asumsi : SS=5FFF SP=1236, AX=24B6,DI=85C2,DX=5F93 Perhatikan isi stack setiap dijalankan perintah sbb:

 PUSH AX PUSH DI PUSH DX (gunakan prinsip little endian ) SP=1234 SP=1232 SP=1230 POP BX POP DX POP AX START SS:1236 24 24 24 SS:1235 B6 B6 B6 SS:1234 85 85 SS:1233 C2 C2 SS:1232 5F SS:1231 93 SS:1230

Instruksi POP

 Asumsi : SP=1230

 Perhatikan isi stack setiap dijalankan perintah berikut :

 POP AX POP DX POP BX (gunakan prinsip LIFO)

AX=5F93 DX=85C2 BX=24B6

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Instruksi MOV [1]

MOV instruction:

MOV destination, source ; copy source operand to destination Example: (8-bit ) MOV CL,55H MOV DL,CL MOV BH,DL MOV AH,BH

Instruksi MOV [2]

Example: (16-bit) MOV CX,468FH MOV AX,CX MOV BX,AX MOV DX,BX MOV DI,AX MOV SI,DI MOV DS,SI MOV BP,DS

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Instruksi MOV [3]

Examples (diperiksa Instruksi yang ilegal):

MOV BX,14AFH MOV SI,2345H MOV DI,2233H MOV CS,2A3FH MOV DS,CS MOV FR,BX MOV DS,14AFH

Instruksi ADD [1]

ADD instruction

ADDdestination, source ; add the source operand to destination Example 8 bit: MOV AL,24H MOV DL,11H ADD AL,DL MOV CH,24H MOV BL,11H ADD CH,BL MOV CH,24H ADD CH,11H

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Instruksi ADD [2]

Example 16bit: MOV AX,34EH MOV DX,6A5H ADD DX,AX MOV CX,34EH ADD CX,6A5H

Q&A uP 8088 [1]

 Q : IO atau Memori yang diakses oleh uP pada saat

pertama kali bootup (sesudah reset) ?

 A : Memori

 Q : Tahu dari mana yang diakses memori?

 A : Register CS di isi FFFF

 Q : Memangnya di peta I/O tidak ada segmen?

 A : Tidak ada karena peta I/O hanya 64 kB

 Q : Apa yang anda tahu tentang segmen? Ukuran? Jenis?

 A : Ukuran segmen 64kB, Jenis 4 : Code, Data, Stack,

Extra

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Q&A uP 8088 [2]

 Q : kenapa 8088 dibagi menjadi BIU dan EU?

 A : sesuai fungsi, yaitu BIU menghitung alamat, EU menghitung data

 Q : apa bedanya ALU di BIU dengan ALU di EU?  A : ALU di BIU menggabungkan 16 bit offset dengan

16 bit segmen menjadi 20 bit alamat fisik, sedangkan ALU di EU menghitung data 8/16 bit dengan data 8/16 bit menjadi 8/16/32 bit

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