Published by:
Faculty of Agriculture
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran”
Yogyakarta
ISBN 978-979-18768-5-8
Proceedings
The Second
International Conference on Green Agro-Industry
(ICGAI)
“Resource Management for Sustainable Future”
Conference is held on 4 – 6 August 2015
hosted by Faculty of Agriculture, UPN “Veteran”
Proceedings
The Second
International Conference on Green Agro-Industry
(ICGAI)
Scientific Editors
Sakae Shibusawa Lilik Soetiarso Shiva Muthaly Paul Holford Iin Handayani
Ping Fang Sri Wuryani
Abdul Rizal
RR. Rukmowati Brotodjojo
Budyastuti Pringgohandoko
Juarini
Djoko Mulyanto
Siti Hamidah Oktavia S. Padmini
Partoyo
Mofit Eko Poerwanto
Technical Editors
R.
Agus
Widodo
Endah
Budi
Irawati
Chairperson
RR.
Rukmowati
Brotodjojo
FACULTY
OF
AGRICULTURE
UNIVERSITAS
PEMBANGUNAN
NASIONAL
“VETERAN”
YOGYAKARTA
ICGAI Committee
Steering
& Scientific committee
1. Prof. Prof. Sakae Shibusawa – Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan)
2. Prof. Lilik Soetiarso – Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 3. Assoc. Prof. Shiva Muthaly – RMIT University, Australia
4. Assoc. Prof Paul Holford – University of Western Sydney 5. Assoc. Prof. Iin Handayani ‐Murray State University, USA 6. Assoc. Prof. Ping Fang – Tongji University, China
7. Prof. (Rev) W. Wimalaratana – University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
8. Dr. Sri Wuryani – Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Indonesia
9. Dr. Abdul Rizal AZ– Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Indonesia
10. Dr. R.R. Rukmowati Brotodjojo – Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Indonesia
11. Dr. Budyastuti Pringgohandoko. – Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran”
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
12. Dr. Juarini – Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Indonesia 13. Dr. Siti Hamidah– Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta,
Indonesia
14. Dr. Oktavia Sarhesti Padmini – Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Indonesia
15. Dr. Joko Mulyanto– Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Organizing Committee Members
Chair person : Dr. RR. Rukmowati Brotodjojo Vice chair person : Dr. Siti Syamsiar
Secretary : Dr. Budyastuti Pringgohandoko,Dr. Yanisworo Wijaya Ratih, Dr. Djoko Mulyanto, Vini Arumsari
Treasure : Dr. Nanik Dara Senjawati, Chimayatus Solichah Proceeding and Paper : R. Agus Widodo, Endah Budi Irawati
Program Section : Husain Kasim, Heni Handri Utami, Tutut Wirawati Presentation : Ni Made Suyastiri YP, Didi Saidi, Endah Wahyurini Food and Beverage : Siwi Hardiastuti, Dyah Arbiwati
Sponsorship : Dr. Susila Herlambang, Dr. Bambang Supriyanta Accommodation,
Publication and Fieldtrip
: Darban Haryanto, Heti Herastuti, Muhammad Fauzan Rifa’i
General aAffair : Sri Rahayuningsih, Sri Utami Setyawati, Dulmajid, Asmuri, Edi Purnomo
Preface
Bismilahirrahmanirrahim, Assalamu’alaikum wa rahmatulahi wa barokatuh.
Praise be to Allah who has bestowed His grace, so that the event can take place smoothly.
The Honourable Rector UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta, The Honourable Head of Agriculture Office of Yogyakarta province, the Honourable invited speakers, Distinguished Guests, Distinguished Participants, Ladies and Gentlemen,
On behalf of The International Conference on Green Agro-Industry Organizing Committees, I am pleased and honoured to welcome all of the participants to the Second International Conference on Green Agro-Industry at Mustika Sheraton Hotel, Yogyakarta, Indonesia from 4-6 August 2015. This conference is hosted by the Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran", Yogyakarta, Indonesia and this event would not have been possible without the support of its global partners: Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, Murray State University, USA, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, University of Western Sydney, Australia, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia, Tongji University, China, and Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Ladies and gentlemen,
The theme of the Second International Conference on Green Agro-Industry is "Green Agro-Industry: Resource Management for Sustainable Future". Agro-industry is important not only because it can transform raw agricultural materials into value added products while generating income and employment, but it is important in the bigger picture because it contributes to the overall economic development in both developed and developing countries. In the context of trade, agro-industry provides significant impact to Indonesia’s export. The government is targeting exports of the agro industry to grow up to 29% amounting to USD 40 billion this year, from USD 31 billion in 2014. As we are all well aware, the resources available to support the development of agro-industry is not unlimited, therefore, it is crucial for us to manage the resources that we have carefully. Recently, there has been an increased pressure on agro-industries to shift to more resource-efficient and low-carbon production processes as part of the global efforts to sustain growth, conserve resources and slow down the pace of climate change. To provide a sustainable future, the development of agro-industry should not merely aim for high profit, but it should also be environmentally friendly and socially sustainable.
to sustainable agro-industry. Third it aims to promote interaction and communication among researchers, observers and practitioners to discuss and discover solutions to the problems related to the development of the agro-industry and how it can further improve welfare.
Topics of interest for the conference are divided into four major categories, namely:
Economics, Social and Business; Agronomy; Soil and Land Management; Agricultural engineering. Our keynote speaker Prof. Lilik Soetiarso from Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia will present a keynote speech entitled “The Role
of Bio-system Engineering in Green Agro-Industry”. Other invited speakers from a
broad range of backgrounds including leading industry and academic experts will provide insights into sustainable agro-industry from various perspectives. In addition, the supporting papers from the participants will also enrich and liven the discussions related to the development of sustainable agro-industry.
On behalf of ICGAI Committee I would like to apologize that due to unforeseen circumstances three of our invited speakers: Assoc. Prof. Shiva Muthaly (RMIT University, Australia); Prof. (Rev). Wimalaratana (University of Colombo, Sri Lanka); and Assoc. Prof. Ping Fang (Tongji University, China) were unable to attend this conference. I am sorry for this inconvenience.
Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to the Rector UPN “Veteran”, Yogyakarta for the financial support, the Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture for hosting this event, and the Scientific and Steering Committee. We would also like to convey our utmost gratitude to the keynote speaker Prof Lilik Soetiarso (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta), the invited speakers Prof. Sakae Shibusawa (Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, Mr. Marc Vanacht, MBA/ML (President, AG Business Consultants, St Louis, USA);, Mr. Jeewan Jyoti Bhagat (Managing Director-STM Projects Ltd, India); Dr. R.P. Singh (Associate Agronomist and Sugarcane Advisor for STM Projects Limited, Prof. Iin Handayani (Murray State University, USA); Dr. Partoyo (UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Indonesia) as well as all the participants for their contribution in making this conference a success. We wish to also thank the sponsors of this event: PT. Bank BNI, Bank BPD, Bank BRI and Bupati Kabupaten Wonosobo, for their contribution in making this conference possible. Finally, as the Chairperson, I would like to convey my highest appreciation to the members of the organizing committee whose relentless hard work and dedication made this conference a great success.
Thank you and I wish everyone a fruitful and pleasant day ahead. Wassalamu’alaikum wa rahmatulahi wa barokatuh
Yogyakarta, August 4, 2015
Table of Contents
ICGAI Committees Preface
Table of Contents
Keynote Speaker
1 The Role of Bio-System Engineering in Green Agro-Industry. (Lilik Soetiarso - Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia)
K - 1
Plenary Speakers:
1 Precision Farming in Sustainable Agro-Industry Concep. (Sakae Shibusawa - Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan)
P-1
2 Land Management to Support Sustainable Agro-Industry: Enhancing Soil Quality and Carbon Sequestration. (Iin P. Handayani - Murray State University, USA)
P-11
3 Business Strategy for A Sustainable Agro-Industry. (Marc Vanacht - President, AG Bussiness Consultants, St Louis USA)
P-26
4 “Developing Sustainable Sugarcane Industry in India”- Lessons Learnt (J.J. Bhagat - Managing Director-Stm Projects Ltd, India and R.P. Singh - Associate Agronomist and Sugarcane Advisor For Stm Projects Limited)
P-32
5 Conservation Issues in Agricultural Areas in Dieng, Central Java and Implementation of Local Wisdom to Support Sustainable Agro-Industry (Partoyo, Eko Amiadji Julianto, Muhammad Husain Kasim, Indah Widowati, Teguh Kismantoroadji - UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and Sumino - Institut Seni Indonesia)
P-45
Economics Social and Bussiness
1 Feasibility Study of Tuber Flour Factory Using in Pack Curing or Modified Tuber Flour (Motuf) to Support Food Diversification
(C. E. Susilawati, E. Supriharyanti, L. A. Siswanto, D. Maria, and I. Epriliati)
1
2 Developing Agro-Industry Region with Traditional Woven Fabric Basis (Nurindah)
12
3 Empowering Women on Indonesia Tea Plantation Through Strengthening The Role of Tea Small Holder Institution (A Case Study on Mulyawangi I Tea Farmer Group, Bandung – West Java, Indonesia) (Kralawi Sita)
19
4 Policies Recommendations to Safe Indonesian Tea Plantation
(Rohayati Suprihatini)
27
5 An Analysis of Value Added on The Integrated Agriculture System in Aceh Besar District (Suyanti Kasimin)
35
7 Strategic Management Perspective on Sustainable Certification to Palm Oil Plantation Based Corporations Sustainability as Source of Competitive Advantage and Basis for Corporate Advantage
(Zulkifli)
46
8 Perceived Environmental Responsibility, Man Nature Orientation, Enviromental Knowledge and Environmental Attitude Toward Mangrove Conservation Decision (Yuni Istanto and Dyah Sugandini)
56
9 Analysis of Integrated Farming System Patterns (Siti Hamidah and Vandrias Dewantoro)
62
10 Integrated Precision Farming (IPF) as A Future Technology for Performance Monitoring “Back to Organic Matter Program” at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara X (Case in Development Area of Tuban Bojonegoro) (Cahyo Hadi Prayogo and Suhadi)
67
Agronomy
1 Effects of Forest Strips in Forest Clearings for Oil Palm Agro Industry: Quantifying Species Richness of Bats at Small Holdings in Sungai Asap, Belaga, Sarawak, East Malaysia (Charlie Justin Mergie Laman, Lyhmer Jack, Mathew Jenang, And Andrew Alek Tuen)
2 The Effect of Maintenance Leaf Layers Number and Foliar Fertilizer on Growth and Leaf Production of Tea Plant (Camellia
Sinensis (L.) Kuntze) (O. Sucherman, Salwa L. Dalimoenthe)
85
3 The Impact of Climate Change on Adjustment Tea Plantation Management in Indonesia (Salwa L. Dalimoenthe)
94
4 Growth Response of Aloe Vera Plants to Treatment Combination of KCl Fertilizer and Compost of Empty Fruit Bunches of Oil Palm
(Marulak Simarmata, Entang Inoriah and Novi Istanto)
103
5 Effect of Steaming Time to The Physical and Nutritional Quality of Parboiled Organic Rice (Sri Wuryani and Oktavia Sarhesti Padmini)
111
6 Acute Toxicity Test of Granular Organic Fertilizer Enriched with Neem Leaves Powder to Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio Linn.
(R.R. Rukmowati Brotodjojo and Dyah Arbiwati)
118
7 Efficacy of Various Insecticides for Controlling Plant Hopper on Paddy (Mofit Eko Poerwanto and Siwi Hardiastuti)
123
8 Application of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Production Plant to Increase Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum sp) at Different Growing Media (Endah Wahyurini and Heti Herastuti)
129
9 The Assessment of Superior Mutant Wheat M4 Generation Which are Tolerant to The Drought Stress in The Lowland (Budyastuti Pringgohandoko)
137
10 Mapping of NPK in Soil for Precision Agriculture Application on Rice Plant (OS Padmini, Sari Virgawati, and Mofit Eko Poerwanto)
146
11 Exploration and Isolation Bacteria from Rhizosphere of High Temperature Tolerance Mutan Wheat (Yanisworo Wijaya Ratih, Budyastuti Pringgo Handoko, and Endah Budi Irawati)
153
12 Hands of God in Enhancing Bioethanol Implementation Through Pricing Policy (Ariel Hidayat)
162
Soil and Land Management
1 The Fertility Fluctuation of Tea Planting Area from Three Soil Orders on West Java (R. Wulansari and E. Pranoto)
2 Improving Nutrient Retention of Highly Weathered Tropical Soils With Biochars (Arnoldus Klau Berek and Nguyen V. Hue)
182
3 The Effects of Fresh Organic Waste Amendments on Pineapple
(Ananas Comosus) in Ultisol, Lampung, Indonesia (Susila
Herlambang)
196
4 Powerful Factors in Directing Diversity of Coloring Soils Overlying Carbonate Rock of Baron-Wonosari (Djoko Mulyanto and Bambang Hendro Sunarminto)
204
Agriculture Engineering
1 The Quality and Acceptability of Bakasi Eel (Anguila) Cookies
(Wilma C. Giango)
211
2 Partial Biochemical Characterization of Egg Masses of The Wedge SeahareDolabella Auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786) (Gloria G. Delan, Ador Rivera Pepito, Manabu Asakawa, Kaori Yasui, Venerando D. Cunado, Aurelia G. Maningo, Amalia A. Gonzales, and Rachel Luz V. Rica)
218
3 Isolation of Hydrogen Producing Bacteria from Sludge of Anaerobic Biogas Reactor (Mahreni, Yanisworo Wijaya Ratih, Siti Diyar Kholisoh, and Harso Pawignyo)
228
4 Comparison of Green Technology to Produce Tuber Flour Using in Pack Curing Versus Parboiling-Fermenting-Modified Tuber Flour (MoTuF) (Indah Epriliati, Lorensia Audrey Siswanto, Devina Maria, Indah Kuswardani)
235
5 Ergonomic Design of Grass Chopper Machine for Working System Imrovement (Dyah Rachmawati Lucitasari and Dwi Susilo Utomo)
249
Any Other Topics related to
Agro-Industry
1 Effect of Pome and Sludge Ratio on Acclimation Process of Biogas Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (Sarono, Yana Sukaryana, Yatim R Widodo, and Udin Hasanudin)
Category Poster
1 Prospect of Develope Chrysanthemum Farming (Siti Hamidah and Indah Widowati)
263
2 An Analysis on The Effects of Internal and External Factors Towards Public Participation in Community Forest Establishment (A Case Study on Sedyo Raharjo Farmers Group Purworejo Regency) (Teguh Santoso, Nanik Dara Senjawati and Juarini)
267
3 Quality Assessment on Four Genotypes of Sweet Sorghum Sap With Dosage Variations of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Husk Charcoal as Biological Fertilizer and Soil Conditioner for Bioethanol (Rati Riyati and Nurngaini)
273
4 Study of Microbial Community of Oil Palm Rhizosphres Infected
by Ganoderma Sp. and Their Potency in Green Oil Palm Industry
(Happy Widiastuti)
280
5 Efficacy of Herbicides with The Active Ingredient Penoxulan + Bentazone to Control Weeds in Rice Field (Abdul Rizal AZ and Dyah Arbiwati)
285
6 Production Capability of Hybrid Rice and Non Hybrid Rice Which Facing Irrigation Poluted by Sewage Spiritus Plant (Sugeng Priyanto and Wahyu Widodo)
293
7 Selection of Parent’s Jackfruit Tree in Sleman District to Improve Quality of National Jackfruit (Artocarpus Integra Merr.) (Basuki and Suyanto Zainal Arifin)
299
8 Effect of Soil Moisture Against Infection of Enthomopathogenic
Fungi on White Grub (Tri Harjaka, Edhi Martono, Witjaksono, and Bambang Hendro Sunarminto)
307
9 Goat Milk Ice Cream Processing in Argoyuwono Village, Malang (Aniswatul Khamidah and SS. Antarlina)
312
The Second International Conference on Green
Agro-Industry: Questions and Answers
323
Participants of The Second International Conference on
Green Agro-Industry (ICGAI 2) Yogyakarta, Indonesia 4-6
August 2015
326
THE ROLE OF BIO-SYSTEM ENGINEERING IN GREEN
AGRO-INDUSTRY
Lilik Soetiarso
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Corresponding author: lilik-soetiarso@ugm.ac.
Lilik Soetiarso
ICGAI 2, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, 4-5 August, 2015
K-2
Lilik Soetiarso
Lilik Soetiarso
ICGAI 2, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, 4-5 August, 2015
K-4
Lilik Soetiarso
Lilik Soetiarso
ICGAI 2, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, 4-5 August, 2015
K-6
Lilik Soetiarso
Lilik Soetiarso
ICGAI 2, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, 4-5 August, 2015
K-8
Lilik Soetiarso
Lilik Soetiarso
ICGAI 2, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, 4-5 August, 2015
K-10
Lilik Soetiarso
Lilik Soetiarso
ICGAI 2, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, 4-5 August, 2015
K-12
ICGAI 2, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, 4-5 August 2015
P - 1
PRECISION FARMING IN SUSTAINABLE AGRO-INDUSTRY
CONCEP
Sakae Shibusawa
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
* sshibu@cc.tuat.ac.jp
ABSTRACT
A concept of sustainable agro-industry involves community-based precision agriculture which has the last 15-year experience of a Japanese model. “Community” implies self-governance group of practitioners and/or players of precision agriculture, and “precision agriculture” implies evidence-based farm management as known well in the world. An appearance of community-based precision agriculture depends on the state of agro-industry such as technology development, producers’ motivation, food chains, and market needs. Community-based precision agriculture could be a group farming system with consensus of farmers and residents, to gain high profitability and reliability under regional and environmental constraints, promoted by professional farmers and technology platforms, and to provide both oriented fields and information-added products into foods chain. This definition has been providing a playground of farmers, engineers/scientists, and business people to take actions together.
The paper introduces one topic of experience by a local learning group of “Honjo Precision Farming Society (HPFS)” in Honjo City, Saitama prefecture close to Tokyo. Another topic is a water saving system of precise control for water supply to meet the demand of plant growth.
Keyword s:Community-based, Precision agriculture, Learning group, Local business, Water saving.
INTRODUCTION
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Sakae Shibusawa
ICGAI 2, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, 4-5 August, 2015
P - 3
COMMUNITY-BASED PRECISION AGRICULTURE
In this paper, “community” implies practitioners and/or players of precision agriculture, and precision agriculture implies management practice on the farm. The combination of players and management requires us to re-discover the story of precision agriculture as follows. Community-based precision agriculture is a new regional farming system to gain high profitability and reliability under regional and environmental constraints, promoted by wisdom farmers and technology platforms, by creating both information-oriented fields and information-added products, with supply chain management from field to table (Shibusawa 2004). The definition brings us to a home ground where growers, engineers, and business people take action.
During the current quarter of a century, we have experienced five different phases in precision agriculture (Shibusawa 2004). The first phase was site-specific crop management in early ’90s. The second phase was mechanization as sensor-based site-specific crop management with variable-rate operation in mid-’90s. The third phase appeared in the latter part of the ’90s with precision agriculture defined by “a management strategy that uses information technologies to bring data from multiple sources to bear on decisions associated with crop production” (NRC 1997). Furthermore, “a key difference between conventional management and precision agriculture is the application of modern information technologies to provide, process, and analyse multisource data of high spatial and temporal resolution for decision making and operations in the management of crop production” (NRC 1997). The fourth phase appeared in the latter part of the ’90s as cost-driven company-based precision agriculture. And the fifth phase appeared in the early 2000s as value-driven community-based precision agriculture.
The structure of community-based precision agriculture is composed of two organizations, that is, farmers and industry, and five stakeholders to collaborate with, as shown in Fig. 2. On the side of the farmers, variable management focuses on within-field variability and between-within-field or regional variability. Within-within-field variability is embedded in a single field with a single plant variety in general. Between-field variability implies variability among fields in which different crops and farm works tend to be managed. When it comes to describing between-field variability, each field can be treated as a unit of mapping. Which variability should be managed for increased economic returns with reduced cost and how to tackle environmental concerns need consideration.
There are different stories regarding the practice of management in action when one looks at field variability on different scales. On a single small farm, the farmer can better understand what is going on in each field, which enables variable-rate application for site-specific requirements with farmers’ knowledge and skills. When it comes to covering an area of a few tens of hectares including lots of small fields for example, a farm work contractor or a farm company has to manage regional variability due to cropping diversity. They also have to coordinate the farmers with different motivations due to different cropping styles. Here, we have hierarchical variability: within field, between field, and between motivations with different scales and different cropping styles.
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Sakae Shibusawa
Fig. 6: Trials and progress of Project WASPA.
Three tasks in the project are in progress: (1) the task of precision water control in rooting zone has produced papers on capillary flow responses in a soil-plant system for modified subsurface precision irrigation (Zainal Abidin et al 2014) and water distribution imaging in the sand using propagation velocity of sound (Sugimoto et al 2013). (2) the task of crop-specific water demand monitoring produced water stress of a plant using vibration measurement of leaf (Sano et al 2013). (3) the task of water quality control and reuse has produced desalination by progressive freeze-concentration (Fujioka et al 2013) and Integrating sulfidization from acid mine drainage (Wang et al 2014). For putting it into practice, field monitoring was conducted as high resolution soil property mapping by a mobile real-time soil visible-near infrared sensor (Kodaira and Shibusawa 2013).
CONCLUSION
Precision farming/agriculture is a management strategy and has a potential application in a wide spectra. This paper focusing on who manage the precision faming and on what happens when water saving is a goal.
One topic was a local learning group of “Honjo Precision Farming Society (HPFS)” in Honjo City, Saitama prefecture close to Tokyo. The first action was market research using information-added produce through in-shop experiments, followed by branded-produce strategy, environment-friendly farming, capacity building of young farmers, good agricultural practices, and so on. The community-based precision agriculture has been applied in different fields or regions, such as precision restoration agriculture
Evapotranspiration Evaporation
Water retention
Dry soil
Underground precise irrigation using water-level control and capillary power
Supply tank Water-level control Water-level control tank
Water-saving irrigation system Detect plant
water stress
Detect the zone of water retention
Visible image
Thermography of water retention
Sonic image of water retention Tomato cultivation by
water-saving system in phytotron Leaf vibration→water stress index
Supply control by the balance between soil water capacity and plant water stress
Water-saving System for Agriculture
Applying the correct amount of water at the correct time and correct location through the correct method, promises advanced water-saving agriculture. Key techniques are: # Underground capillary irrigation technique to meet the small reduction in water potential
around the rooting zone when the plant absorbs.
# Instrumentation technique of soil water capacity and water stresses of plant. # Energy-reduced and high-efficient air-conditioning/environmental-control system in
greenhouse with a water-purification and water-recycle technique.
Even a few amount of waste water has to be used in water-shortage areas.
Water recycle
Uses of rainwater, underground water and waste water.
Energy-reduced optimum control of environment
Energy-saving air-conditioning with high-efficient refrigerant Energy saving by use of heat storage refrigerant
Application sites
※water-saving greenhouse/plant factory
※water-saving orchard management
※paddy water control system FOEAS
Sakae Shibusawa
ICGAI 2, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, 4-5 August, 2015
P - 9
against the East Japan earthquake with tsunami in 2011, agro-medical initiative (AMI) and agro-medical food (AMF), and water saving systems for agriculture. In 2014, the government has issued an ICT strategy to enhance the trans-industry communization or standards of ICT.
Another topic is a water saving system of precise control for water supply to meet the demand of plant growth. A key point is to detect and adjust a small reduction in water potential around the rooting zone when the plant absorbs water. The targets requested were to reach 60 % or more in water savings, and 10 % or more in energy savings compared with the conventional greenhouse systems currently in use in Japan. In the paper the current establishments will be introduced. Focusing on the rooting zone and capillary flow, a precise control technique has been developed for water supply to meet the demand of plant growth. The project has task forces of precision water control in rooting zone, evaluation of soil moisture in the rooting zone, crop-specific water demand monitoring, water quality control and reuse, water supply and demand chain control, and energy-saving air conditioning of the greenhouse. Three tasks produced results such as capillary flow responses in a soil-plant system for modified subsurface precision irrigation, water distribution imaging in the sand using propagation velocity of sound, water stress of a plant using vibration measurement of leaf, desalination by progressive freeze-concentration, and Integrating sulfidization from acid mine drainage. For putting it into practice, three stakeholders should be taken account.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The project WSSPA was financially supported by CREST (Core Research Evolutionary Science and Technology) program funded through JST (the Japan Science & Technology Agency) by the government of Japan from 2010 to 2015.
REFERENCES
Fujioka, R., Wang, L. P., Dodbiba, G., Fujita, T. 2013. Application of progressive freeze-concentration for desalination. Desalination, Vol.319, 33-37.
DOI 10.1016/j.desal.2013.04.005.
Kodaira, M., Shibusawa, S. 2013. Using a mobile real-time soil visible-near infrared sensor for high resolution soil property mapping, Geoderma, 199: 64-79.
DOI 10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.09.007
National Research Council (NRC) (1997). Precision Agriculture in the 21st Century. (Committee on Assessing Crop Yield: Site-Specific Farming, Information Systems, and Research Opportunities), National Academy Press, Washington DC, p. 149.
Sakae Shibusawa
Sano, M., Sugimoto, T., Hosoya, H., Ohaba, M., Shibusawa, S. 2013. Basic study on estimating water stress of a plant using vibration measurement of leaf. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol.52, 07HC13 (DOI 10.7567)
Shibusawa, S. (2004). Paradigm of Value-Driven and Community-Based Precision Farming. Int. J. Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, 3 (3/4): 299-309.
Shibusawa, S. (2006). Community-Based Precision Agriculture with Branded-Produce for Small Farms. Proceedings (on CD-ROM) of the 8th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, and Other Precision Resources Management. Minneapolis, MI, USA. July 23-26, ASA/ CSSA/ SSSA.
Shibusawa, S. 2013. Japanese research into water-saving technology for greenhouse agriculture. United Nations - /Maxims News Network / 5 June 2012-.
Sugimoto, T., Nakagawa, Y., Shirakawa, T., Sano, M., Ohaba, M., Shibusawa, S. 2013. Study on water distribution imaging in the sand using propagation velocity of sound with scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys, Vol. 52, 07HC04 (DOI 10.7567)
Wang, L. P., Ponou, J., Matsuo, S., Okaya, K., Dodbiba, G., Nazuka, T., Fujita, T. 2013. Integrating sulfidization with neutralization treatment for selective recovery of copper and zinc over iron from acid mine drainage. Minerals Engineering, Vol.45, 100-107. DOI 10.1016/j.mineng.2013.02.011
ICGAI 2, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, 4-5 August 2015
P ‐ 11
LAND MANAGEMENT TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE
AGRO-INDUSTRY:
ENHANCING SOIL QUALITY AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION
Iin P. Handayani
Murray State University, Hutson School of Agriculture, Kentucky, USA
Corresponding author: ihandayani@murraystate.edu
ABSTRACT
A major proportion of the 5.5 billion people living in developing countries in 2014 depends on agriculture for their livelihood. Land management practices are the main constraint to achieve the required increase in agricultural production. Soil quality concept is the principal factor to evaluate sustainable land management to assuring better agro-industry. Soil carbon sequestration is one of the most important and sensitive soil quality indicators that addresses the environmental concerns regarding to soil management. However, assessing the impact of land management on soil quality and carbon sequestration has long been a challenging issue due to high variability in properties and functions. The objectives of this review were to: describe the concept of soil quality; illustrate the role of soil organic matter and carbon sequestration in maintaining sustainable soil functions, and provide evidences from relevant study cases regarding to soil quality indicators. This review points out the value of adopting indicators taken from soil physical, chemical and biological properties to achieve a holistic approach for soil quality index. Most studies implied that soil organic carbon and level of acidity were being the most common indicators. Nitrogen content is considered the most sensitive indicators in agricultural and forest ecosystems, in addition to physical properties, such as texture, bulk density, available water and aggregate stability. Soil biological indicators are the least to be reported in the literatures, but microbial biomass and enzyme activities being the most selected indicators. At present, soil quality indicators represent soil functions that both have inherent and dynamics components. Soil organic matter and carbon sequestration are the most unique soil quality indicators, because they are covering a soil’s inherent capacity for crop growth and a dynamic component affected by soil user. In general, organic matter additions, the dynamics of the sand-sized macro-organic matter, and fractionation of soil organic matter are the main factors to regulate the function of soil associated with carbon sequestration. Further efforts are needed to establish new methods to assess soil quality indices and carbon sequestration with regard to sustainability, productivity, and ecosystem quality and health. In summary, new challenges still arise to produce “more greens by improving the efficiency of the use of soil, water, and nutrients.”
Iin P. Handayani
INTRODUCTION
Providing food for the world population, 7.3 billion in 2015 and projected to increase to 9.5 billion by 2050, it is important to enhance agricultural production and agroindustry of ~70% between 2005 and 2050 (Lal, 2015). Soil provides ecosystem goods and services, and is a major constraint to achieving the required increase in agricultural production. Of the 5.5 billion people living in developing countries in 2014 (Van Pham, 2014), a large proportion of them depend on agriculture for their livelihood. In fact, one billion of these people are small landholders who cultivate less than 2 hectares of land (IFAD, 2010). With limited resources and poor access to inputs, proper management of soil is essential to strengthen and sustain ecosystem services.
Soil is a primary part of natural resource and land that is nonrenewable on the human time scale with its vulnerability to degradation depending on complex interactions between processes, factors and causes occurring at a range of spatial and temporal scales. (Lal, 2015). It is a living, dynamic natural body that has important roles in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil provides the fundamental physical, chemical, and biological processes that support plants to grow; it regulates water flow through infiltration, root-zone storage, deep percolation, and runoff; and it acts as a buffer between production inputs and the environment. Soil can be as a "degrader" or "immobilizer" of agricultural chemicals, wastes, or other potential pollutants. It can also mitigate global climate change by sequestering carbon from the atmosphere (Smith et al., 2007; 2008). Overall, these soil functions depend on soil quality.
The importance of soil quality has been recognized by early scientific endeavors to help monitoring land or soil use, especially for agricultural purposes. The concept of soil quality is derived from outside of the scientific community because the concern of society with the quality of the environment. Recently, putting the value of soil quality related to the specific function of soil to better the environment leads to the renewed soil quality concept for sustainability. In this case, if a soil is not suitable for a specific purpose, then it is no use to assign quality for that specific function or purpose (Carter, 2000). Therefore, soil quality must be established into the system using best management scenarios (Karlen et al., 2001).
Soil quality is defined as the capacity of soil to function (Karlen et al., 2001). Soil quality refers to the indicators that describe a specific soil condition. Main soil indicators are texture, structure, bulk density and rooting depth, permeability and water storage capacity, carbon content, organic matter and biological activity, pH, and electrical conductivity (Doran & Parkin, 1994). Soil quality indicators interact with one another, and thus the value of one is affected by one or more of the other selected indicators. Soil quality also varies due the external factors such as land use, land (soil and crop) management, environment, societal goals and variation in initial conditions (Doran & Zeiss, 2000; Karlen at al., 2001; Lal, 2015).
Iin P. Handayani
ICGAI 2, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, 4-5 August 2015
P - 13 cultivated area have been degraded (Bini, 2009). Annually, 24 billion tons of A horizon or approximately 9.6 million hectares of topsoil is degraded due to soil erosion. Soil degradation reduced ecosystem services by 60% between 1950 and 2010 (Leon & Osorio, 2014). Accelerated soil degradation has affected as much as 500 million hectare (Mha) in the tropics (Lamb et al., 2005), and globally 33% of earth’s land surface is affected by some type of soil degradation (Bini, 2009). Consequently, soil degradation can have both direct and indirect negative effects on agroindustry and the environment. Wise soil management, therefore, is a vital component of all crop production systems because it can affect output levels as well as agroindustry, food quality and safety, environmental pollution, and global climate change. Thus, it will support preservation of soils to promote its sustainable use (Blum, 2003).
Soil organic matter (SOM) is the vital indicator of soil quality and health, which is significantly affected by land management (Lal et al., 2007; Doran, 2002). SOM is a main terrestrial pool for C, N, P, and S, and the cycling and availability of these elements are constantly being changed by microbial processes (Carter, 2000). The value of increased SOM or soil organic carbon (SOC) is important to improve soil physical properties, conserving water, and increasing available nutrients. These improvements should ultimately lead to greater biomass and crop yield (Bone et al., 2010; Laird et al., 2013). A major component of SOM is carbon. Carbon sequestration refers to the capture and secure storage of carbon that would otherwise be emitted to or remain in the atmosphere (FAO, 2004; 2007; 2008). The idea is to: (i) prevent carbon emissions produced by human activities from reaching the atmosphere by capturing and diverting them to secure storage; or (ii) remove carbon from the atmosphere by various means and store it. Carbon sequestration in soils is based on the assumption that fluxes or movements of carbon from the air to the soil can be increased while the release of soil carbon back to the atmosphere is decreased. Instead of being a carbon source, soils could be transformed into carbon sinks, absorbing carbon instead of emitting it (Bini, 2009; Lal, 2015).
Iin P. Handayani
LAND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND SOIL QUALITY
The Concept of Soil Quality
The basis of soil quality determination is soil functions (Doran & Zeiss, 2000; Karlen et al., 2001), To accommodate these functional approaches, soil quality has to refer to the capability of a soil to sustainably accept, store, and recycle water, nutrients and energy (Andrews et al., 2004). This is necessary, particularly to the need of monitoring soil quality in cultivated land. In addition, environmental factors are also important in evaluating soil quality. Amacher et al. (2007) integrated environmental concerns on soil quality definition, thus it becomes “the soil’s capacity or fitness to support crop growth without resulting in soil degradation or otherwise harming the environment.” Recently, ecological framework is incorporated into soil quality evaluation based on: functions, processes, characteristics, attribute indicators, and methodology (Table 1).
Table 1. Framework to determine soil quality for specific purposes (Carter, 2000)
Steps Framework Questions in response to the framework
1 Purpose What will the soil be used for?
2 Functions What specific role is being asked of the soil?
3 Processes What principal soil processes support each function?
4 Properties or attributes
What are the most important soil properties for each process? What are their critical or threshold level?
5 Indicators Which indirect or related property or properties can be used in its place when the attribute is difficult to measure or not available?
6 Methodology What methods are available to measure the attribute? Need technical rules and protocols for soil sampling, handling, storage, analysis and interpretation.
Iin P. Handayani
ICGAI 2, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, 4-5 August 2015
P - 15 continuous spring wheat and direct planting was the most profitable system and had lower soil erosion and higher soil quality attributes.
Relationship between Land Management Practices and Soil Quality Indices
A principal element of sustainable agriculture is soil quality (Doran & Zeiss, 2000). Land Management practices can have negative or positive impacts on soil quality, reducing nutrients, loss of SOM, pollution, biodiversity reduction, compaction etc. There is always a feedback interaction between soil quality and the management practices. Soil quality has interconnections with management practices, productivity and other ecosystem aspects, resulting an interdependence controlled by feedback mechanisms. Doran (2002) stated that soil management practices are main determinants of soil quality. Soil quality indicators must not only characterize the condition of the soil resource but also define the economic and environmental sustainability of land management practices.
Soil quality has been assessed in agricultural systems in various climatic regions and soil types under different crops and management practices. Although crop productivity is the main concern in agriculture due to economic issues, there is a need to maintain soil quality to achieve global sustainability. Soil organic carbon has been recommended as the most important single indicator of soil quality and agricultural sustainability since it affects most soil properties (Arias et al., 2005). In the literature reviewed, soil organic carbon is the most used indicator for soil quality assessments, followed by pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and nutrients. Common physical indicators are particle size, aggregates stability and bulk density, and the biological properties are mainly microbial biomass carbon (MBC) or nitrogen (MBN) and enzymatic activities.
Common ratios used as soil quality indicators are C / N, the metabolic quotient or qCO2 (soil respiration to MBC), enzyme activities / microbial biomass, SOC and N stratification ratios, MBC/ SOC, MBN/ Ntotal, ATP / MBC, ergosterol / MBC, or fungal / bacteria biomass (Franzluebbers, 2002; Mataix-Solera et al., 2009; Toledo et al., 2012). Burger and Kelting (1999) suggested an index to assess the net effect of forest management using different soil physical, chemical and biological indicators such as porosity, available water capacity, pH, SOC or respiration. They applied the principles proposed by Carter (2000), and the soil quality index was calculated as the summation of five weighted indicators (sufficiency for root growth; water supply; nutrient supply; sufficiency for gas exchange; and biological activity. In semiarid Mediterranean conditions, two soil quality indicators were used to assess soil degradation by estimation of SOC through linear combination of physical, chemical and biological indicators (pH, CEC, aggregate stability, WHC, EC and enzyme activities) (Zornoza et al., 2007). Amacher et al. (2007) developed soil quality index that integrated 19 physical and chemical properties (bulk density, water content, pH, SOC, inorganic C, Ntotal and nutrients) with the goal of creating a tool for establishing baselines and detecting forest health trends in USA.
Iin P. Handayani
Mijangos et al. (2014) observed that replacing meadows with pine plantations under a temperate climate affects enzyme activities and nutrient cycling. Moreover, enzyme activity was sensitive to human-induced alterations in a land management systems from natural forest grasslands and shrublands (Pang et al., 2006). Veum et al (2014) evaluated natural forest, park, agriculture, street garden and roadside tree land uses using MBC and microbial functional diversity as indicators. In comparison to forest, MBC was lower for the rest of land uses but functional diversity was higher in the roadside-tree soils.
Singh et al. (2014) selected indicators from a data set of 29 soil properties by PCA and produced soil quality index that suggested the natural forest land and grasslands was higher than in the cultivated sites. Interestingly, these authors highlighted that SOC and exchangeable Al were the two most powerful indicators of soil quality in the eastern Himalayan region of India. Ruiz et al. (2011) suggested an index of biological soil quality based on macroinvertebrates and concluded that well-managed crops and pastures may have better soil quality than forests. Marzaioli et al. (2010) established an soil quality index using physical, chemical and biological indicators include aggregate stability, WHC, bulk density, particle soil quality in almost all permanent crops; an intermediate soil quality in shrublands, grazing lands, coniferous forest and middle-hill olive grove; and a high soil quality in the forests.
Urban soil receives most pollutants from industrial, commercial and domestic activities (Cheng et al., 2014). Since pollution is the factor which drives the most intense degradation in urban environments (Rodrigues et al, 2009), most research has dealt with the distribution and dispersion of pollutants (Santorufo et al., 2012; Rodrigues et al., 2009; Luo et al., 2012). Urban soil pollution is normally assessed by relating pollutant levels to the environmental guidelines, or by establishment of different simple indices. In this context, several simple indices have been developed and applied in urban soil for heavy metal pollution (Luo et al., 2012). Rodrigues et al. (2009) studied the influence of metal concentration and soil properties on urban soil quality. They reported that the concentrations of metals are not the dominant factor controlling variability in soil quality. Soil texture, pH and SOM influence this variability, which has often been ignored in urban systems. Santorufo et al. (2012) assessed urban soil quality by integrating chemical and ecotoxicological approaches. They stated that the toxicity to invertebrates seemed to be related to heavy metals, since the largest effects were found in soils with high metal concentrations.
Soil organic carbon and pH played an important role in mitigating the toxicity of metals. Gavrilenko et al. (2013) used the soil-ecological index (SEI) to assess soil quality in various ecosystems include agricultural and urban areas. The SEI is a product of several indices accounting for seven physical and chemical properties and for the climatic characteristics of the region. They concluded that SEI was correlated with MBC and thus reflects the ecological function of the soil.
LAND MANAGEMENT AND SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAND MANAGEMENT AND SOIL ORGANIC CARBON
Iin P. Handayani
ICGAI 2, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, 4-5 August 2015
P - 17 carbon (SOC) pool. In general, carbon loss from soils is primarily associated with soil degradation, such as erosion, mineralization, and land use change. As a result, the present organic carbon pool in agricultural soils is lower than their potential capacity (Lal et al, 2007). Land management practices including organic farming, less or no tillage, crop rotation, mulching, cover crops, integrated nutrient management, and agroforestry, as well as improved management of grasslands will increase the carbon sequestered in soils (FAO, 2007; Handayani & Prawito, 2013). These practices also improved soil fertility and productivity, increased above-ground biodiversity, infiltration and soil water content, reduced runoff, thus reducing risk of drought and desertification. If such management practices are maintained over several years, the total amount of carbon sequestered will be significant, though in some years the attainable level may be lower than the potential due to climatic conditions and human factors.
Land management that can conserve soil carbon content include: conservation practices that reduce erosion; conservation tillage and protective vegetation cover to reduce oxidation by tillage or high soil temperature; maintenance of crop residues; restoration of soil biota and their ecological processes that breakdown organic inputs to soil organic carbon fractions and stable organo-mineral complexes.
Total soil organic carbon decreased about 2300 kg/ha annually at the depth interval of 0 to17 cm after 5 years of cultivation (Liu et al., 2014). Annually, the average soil carbon loss between 5- and 14-year cultivation was 950 kg/ha and between 14- and 50-year cultivation was 290 kg/ha. These data indicated that a rapid reduction of soil carbon occurred during the initial soil disturbance by cultivation up to 5 years. Compared to soil organic carbon content in the uncultivated soil, the loss of it was 17%, 28%, and 55% following 5-, 14- and 50-year of cultivation, respectively. The latter would be associated with the release of approximately 380 ton CO2/ha to the atmosphere. These data were consistent with the finding of Mirales et al (2009). This indicates that a new equilibrium will be reached when soil organic carbon declines to a threshold.
Soil organic carbon decreased during 11-year period ranged from 4% for rotations with Italian ryegrass, to 16% under barley rotation. This illustrates the value of C inputs to maintain soil organic matter levels (Carter, 2000). Blair and Crocker (2000) evaluated the impact of various crop rotations on aggregate stability, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, and the amount different carbon fractions in a long-term rotation experiment. They found that the integration of legumes in the rotation resulted in a significant increase in soil organic carbon content compared to continuous wheat or a long fallow period.
Iin P. Handayani
from soybean. Although more aboveground C was returned with corn, but the soil organic carbon content did not differ with crop sequence or depth.
Chen et al. (2009) reported that the soil organic carbon could be maintained at a relatively stable level under sufficient chemical fertilizer application without adding organic amendments. In fact, soil organic carbon content was increased using combination of chemical fertilizer and manure application. Liu et al. (2014) found that manure alone did not increase the N content in Mollisol compared to that of no fertilizer application. Combination of chemical fertilizers and manure significantly increased N contents, especially at the 0–15 cm and 16–30 cm soil depths.
Reeves (1997) recommended that soil organic matter can be maintained by ley rotations with reduced tillage. Combination between chemical fertilizers with farmyard manure has increased soil nutrients and soil organic carbon content in Mollisols. Manure or crop residue alone could not conserve soil organic carbon levels but crop rotation and reduced tillage. Incorporating crop rotation into land management systems may reach a new equilibrium of soil organic carbon in approximately 40–60 years (Liu et al., 2014).
Soil Organic Matter Pools and Carbon Sequestration
Measurement of soil organic carbon is usually approached from the determination of soil organic matter (SOM) content. Evaluating SOM is relatively simple and straightforward, so there is a limited need for an indicator to assess the SOM status in soil at any one time Carter, 2002; Handayani 2004; Handayani et al., 2011). On the other hand, it is difficult to detect the small changes in SOM against a large background mass, thus the more sensitive indicators are needed to show the direction of change in total mass of organic matter (Table 2).
Selecting key soil properties that are sensitive to soil functions can establish the minimum data sets that will provide a practical assessment of soil processes for a specific soil function (Larson et al., 1991). Since SOM has multifunction for soil, different minimum data sets can be established according to the goal of monitoring (Carter et al., 1998). However, the validity of the SOM pools measurement is restricted to climate and land management systems. Other approaches are using organic matter molecular components, molecular biology, and soil microbial diversity to add measurement of SOM pools (Zornova et al., 2007; 2008).
The above findings show that soil organic matter is not only an important source of carbon for soil processes but also a sink for carbon sequestration. Cultivation can decrease soil organic carbon content and lead to soil deterioration, and finally reduce soil productivity. By changing land use and tillage systems or by the adoption of sustainable crop rotations and the inclusion of perennial vegetation, carbon sequestration rates can be enhanced.
Iin P. Handayani
ICGAI 2, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, 4-5 August 2015
P - 19 grassland, respectively (Kongsager, 2013). However, the sequestration potential from each ecosystem varies considerably depends on practices used.
Table 2. Pools of soil organic matter that are sensitive to soil management (Carter et al., 1998).
Organic matter pools % of soil
organic C Methodology Notes
Macroorganic matter C &N (Particulate C &N)
15-45 Soil dispersion or sieving
Sand-sized organic
material consisting mainly of fine roots and large organic debris
Light fraction C & N 3-45 Soil fractionation based on density
Composed mainly of plant and microbial residues. A transitory pool of organic material between fresh residues and humidified SOM
Microbial biomass C & N
1-3 Soil fumigation or extraction
The dynamic, living microbial component of the soil, which regulates the transformation of SOM and functions as both a sink and source of plant nutrients
Mineralizable C & N 3-30 Soil incubation Reflects metabolic activity of heterotrophic microbes and provides an
integrated, direct measure of SOM turnover
Post & Kwon (2000) reported that average C sequestration rates in farm land and forest or grassland, were about 33.8 and 33.2 g C/m2 per year, respectively. From 17 experiments, the most significant change of soil carbon occurred at the depth of 8 cm, a less amount at the depth of 8- to 15-cm depth, and no significant change below 15 cm from 17 experiments conducted by Kern and Johnson (1993). They observed that the duration of C sequestration was between 10 and 20 years. Paustian et al. (1998) concluded that C sequestration rate of 22 g/m2/yr under 13 years of experiment. Other study shows that the average of C sequestration rates using a global database of 67 long-term agricultural experiments were 57 ± 14 g C/m2/yr when changing from conventional tillage to no tillage systems. By incorporating crop rotation, it can sequester an average of 20 ± 12 g C/m2/yr. The highest carbon sequestration rates can be reached in 5–10 years with soil carbon approaching a new equilibrium in 15–20 years (West and Post, 2002).
Iin P. Handayani
water storage and nutrient cycling, land management practices that sequester carbon will also promote to stabilizing or enhancing food production and optimizing the use of fertilizer inputs, thus reducing emissions of nitrous oxides from farm land. Conservation tillage practices also decrease substantially the use of fuel and gaseous emissions, thereby increased soil carbon sequestration. Smith et al. (2008) stated that the global technical mitigation potentialfrom agriculture will be between 1.5 and 1.64 Gt C-eq per year by 2030.
Soil carbon sequestration is cost effective (FAO, 2008). It also contributes a valuable win-win approach combining mitigation (CO2 is removed from the atmosphere) and adaptation, through improving agroecosystem resilience to climate variability and more reliable and better crop productions. However, soil carbon storage was hitherto left out of international negotiations because of the difficulties of validation of amounts and duration/permanency of sequestration.
FAO has been promoting sustainable soil management practices through promoting farming technologies that maintain and improve carbon pools and soil quality. FAO has prepared a Global Carbon Gap Map that identifies areas of high carbon sequestration potentials and is developing local land degradation assessment tools that includes a simple field measurement of soil carbon. FAO and its partners have developed tools to determine, monitor and verify soil carbon pools and fluxes of greenhouse gas emissions from various land uses.
CONCLUSIONS AND CHALLENGES
Iin P. Handayani
ICGAI 2, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA, 4-5 August 2015
P - 21 include functions, processes, attributes and indicators as well as methods provide an important framework to assess soil organic matter and soil car
