Pembangunan Kota Pantai purus Berkelanjutan

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S. Trisutomo

Jurusan Arsitektur / Program Pascasarjana

Universitas Hasanuddin

trisutomo@unhas.ac.id trisutomo@unhas.ac.id

Pembangunan Kota

Pantai Berwawasan

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Sub Topics



Why development at coastal area



Understanding the coastal city

environment



Development opportunity at

coastal area



Environmental degradation



Natural hazards

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Coastal City Environment



Component ABC:

a

biotic,

b

iotic, and culture



Natural and built environment



Natural and man-made environment



Non “otoda”

A

B

(4)

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Coastal City

(5)

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Development Opportunities at

Coastal Cities

(6)

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Development

Opportunities: Must be

Compatible with water



Housing



Resort & hotel



Natural conservation



Transportation infrastructure



Public space



Cultural events



Education, museum

(7)

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Housing

(8)

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Natural Park di

Xolchiminci,

(9)

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(10)

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Sydney Opera House

(11)

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Promenade Center,

Singapore

(12)

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Riverfront

Conservation,

Parramatta Sydney

(13)

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Bora Bora Resort,

Tahiti

(14)

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Marina, San Diego

(15)

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Public Space, Kuching

Sarawak

(16)

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Cultural Event,

Makassar & Kuching

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Port of Makassar

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Environmental

degradation

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Development Impacts on

Coastal Area

 Coastal, particularly waterfront: attractive areaCoastal, particularly waterfront: attractive area  Growth point: attracts people & their activitiesGrowth point: attracts people & their activities  Creates urbanization, increases population sizeCreates urbanization, increases population size

 Change the natural resources to become built environmentChange the natural resources to become built environment  Increases the building density, lessens the open spaceIncreases the building density, lessens the open space

 Influences the hydrological cycle, creates land sinking, salt Influences the hydrological cycle, creates land sinking, salt

water intrusion

 Lacking of public spaceLacking of public space

 Filling the wetland, create serious floodFilling the wetland, create serious flood  Blocking the public access to coastal areaBlocking the public access to coastal area  Worsening the wonderful vista, Worsening the wonderful vista,

 Loosing the historical valueLoosing the historical value  Missing the green landscapeMissing the green landscape

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Lacking of

public space

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Land sinking in

Bartow

(Fa),

150 x 40 x 20 m

(Cunningham & Saigo:

1990: 326)

Winterpark, Florida: 122 m,

38 m depth (Raven dkk.,

1992:277)

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(23)

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Natural Hazards in Coastal

Area

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Tidal hazards



Caused by water temperature,

current, position of the moon



“

Rob” at Semarang, raised up to

10 m



Global warming. Hipotetically:

Makassar water level will raise up

to 4 m

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Abrasion



Destroys and changes the coastline



Caused by strong current



Needs structure to protect the coastline:

–

Groin

_Groin

–

Seawall

_Seawall

–

Gunnite

_Gunnite

–

Bulkhead

_Bulkhead

–

Riprap and revetment / breakwaters

_{Riprap and revetment / breakwaters}

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Abrasi menghancurkan tepian air

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Structures to protect

the coastline

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(29)

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(30)

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Tsunami



Tsu

= port,

nami

= wave



Destroys the coastal area, kills people,

brings sediments



Tsunami in Aceh 26 Dec. 2004 caused

by tectonic earthquake 8,9 Richter

scale

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Potential Tsunami in Indonesia

 Aceh: 1837, 1907, 1948, 2004Aceh: 1837, 1907, 1948, 2004  Sumatra Utara: 1852, 1907, Sumatra Utara: 1852, 1907,

1935, 2004

 Sumatra Barat: 1797, 1833, Sumatra Barat: 1797, 1833,

1861

 Bengkulu, 1833, 1861Bengkulu, 1833, 1861

 Lampung/Banten: 1861, 1883Lampung/Banten: 1861, 1883  Jateng bg selatan: 1840, 1904, Jateng bg selatan: 1840, 1904,

1957

 Jatim bg selatan: 1818, 1859, Jatim bg selatan: 1818, 1859,

1921

 Bali: 1848, 1930Bali: 1848, 1930

 Nusatenggara Barat: 1815, Nusatenggara Barat: 1815,

1836, 1977

 Nusa Tenggara timur: 1814, Nusa Tenggara timur: 1814,

1820, 1975, 1962, 1992



Sulawesi Utara: 1845, 1857,

1858, 1859, 1871, 1917



Sulawesi tengah: 1928, 1968,

1996, 2000



Sulawesi selatan: 1820, 1967,

1969



Maluku Utara: 1673, 1717,

1846, 1854, 1860, 1900



Maluku Selatan: 1629, 1657,

1673, 1708, 1775, 1802,

1841, 1861, 1876, 1965,

1998



Biak Yaropen: 1979, 1996



Fak-fak: 1937

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Lokasi Rawan Tsunami

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Mitigation on Tsunami



Structural Measures:

– structure



expensive

– vegetasi (Latief, 2000, Harada, dkk, 2000, dll)



Nonstructural Measures

– Research on tsunami, mapping

– GIS

– Monitoring

Early warning system

–

Spatial planning:

– building code improvement

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Mangrove minimizes

tsunami

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Seawall di Jepang

Greenbelt, Japan

(36)

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Breakwater: expensive, worsening the landscape

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A Conclusion: What you can do

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Conclusions



Sustainable development: for the next

generation



Development vs environment



Coastal city, waterfront, attractive area



Attracts and invites activities



Unlimited opportunities for any kind of

development sectors (including tourism)

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What you can do



Sustainable development



Care for the natural environment, understanding the

nature of resources

– Less energy, more result_{Less energy, more result}

– Environmental friendly, no pollution_{Environmental friendly, no pollution} – Apply local knowledge_{Apply local knowledge}

– For next generation _{For next generation}

– Think globally, act locally; macro and micro_{Think globally, act locally; macro and micro}



Integrated Coastal Management (vertically and

horizontally)

– All stakeholders, all parties_{All stakeholders, all parties} – All components of the system_{All components of the system}

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Sustainable City

Indicators

(Haryadi & Setiawan, 2002 in Manusia &

Lingkungan, PSL UGM)

_{Economy Aspects}

Economy Aspects

 Job OpportunityJob Opportunity  Household incomeHousehold income  PovertyPoverty

 Ability to have houseAbility to have house  Health expenditureHealth expenditure

 Provision for labor forceProvision for labor force  Provision for labor trainingProvision for labor training  Industry for exportIndustry for export

 Diversity of industryDiversity of industry  Diversity of labor forceDiversity of labor force  EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship

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Social Indicators



Population and resources



Crime



Public service



Using library



Participation in art activities



Equity in law



Weight of baby birth



Involvement in general election



Ability in reading and writing



Individual physical healthiness



Individual mental healthiness



Coverage of insurance

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Environmental Urban Indicators



Air pollution



Natural conservation



Energy efficient



Global warming



Industrial standard based on environment friendly



Water pollution



Noise pollution



Solid waste disposal



Green area



Management of resources



Promotion of environmental friendly agriculture

technology



Biodiversity



Land conservation

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