Side-Scan Sonar Techniques For The Characterization of Seabed Identification Target
In Punggur Sea, Indonesia
Sudra Irawan
a: Geomatics Engineering, Batam State Polytechnic, Ahmad Yani Street, Batam Centre, Batam 29461, Indonesia. *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]
Abstract
This paper has presented a unified framework for the creation of side scan sonar techniques for characterization of seabed identification from sonar imagery. This study was carried out at December 2016 in the Riau Islands, Indonesia (104°08.7102 E, 1°03.2448 N until 1°03.3977N 104°08.8133 E). This study using side scan sonar C-Max CM2 with the tow fish was towed at a speed of approximately 5-7 Knots at an altitude of 10-26 m above the seabed. The system allowed the user to operate it under dual acoustic signal frequencies, at 325 KHz. SSS surveys were performed using C-Max CM2 model operating at 325 kHz covering surface around 4.72 km. Seabed identification target have 4 targets detection in side scan sonar imagery result. Seismic line trace of target detection has 41 number of data collection from side scan sonar imagery after processing. The highest of seismic line trace of target detection is the target of 3. The highest result of the time in figure 9 is 13568 cm/second and 104,325 cm in line trace target 4 of side scan sonar imagery. Highest result of line trace is target 1 with 191, 88 cm on target 1, and highest of time result is 13568 cm/second on target 4. Target 1 have a relationship with results with highest target detection of side scan sonar imagery. Seismic figure of side scan sonar imagery have total line trace is 4479, time: 77.9547 cm/s, and gain: 0.00271091.
Keywords: Side Scan Sonar (SSS), Target detection, SSS Imagery, Seismic.
1 Introduction
The Punggur sea is the part of the Riau Islands in Indonesia. Generally, Punggur sea still rarely done research on the identification of seabed using the acoustic wave technology. Acoustic wave technology is a hydroacoustic method are increasingly being used in all kinds of aquatic ecosystems in order to acquire detailed information about stock estimation about fish abundance and seabed identification [1 and 2]. Side-scan sonar is an active sonar system which implemented the characteristics of sideways look, two channels, narrow beam, and towed body [3]. Unlike the depth sounder or fish finder, the side-scan sonar system has been defined as an acoustic imaging device used to provide wide-area and large-scale pictures of the floor of a body of water to locate features and objects on the seabed [4]. Side Scan Sonar (SSS) has been defined as an acoustic imaging device used to provide wide-area, high-resolution pictures of the seabed. This technique was developed by Professor Harold Edgerton and others in the 1960s and is based on the Anti-Submarine Detection Investigation Committee (ASDIC) system built during World War II to detect submarine [5]. These systems use the principle of a long antenna to generate a narrow acoustic beam [6]. For imaging, side-scan sonar (SSS) and the emerging synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) provide very high resolution images of up to centimetric accuracy at up to 300 m [7].
1°03.3977N 104°08.8133 E) (Figure 2). This study was using side scan sonar C-Max CM2 with the tow fish was towed at a speed of 5-7 Knots approximately at an altitude of 10-26 m above the seabed. The broad-scale surface sediments characterization was performed using a high-resolution C-Max CM2 Side Scan Sonar, providing digital side-scan sonar imagery. The system allowed the user to operate it under dual acoustic signal frequencies, at 325 KHz. Positioning was completed using a GPS receiver (WGS84 datum with zone 48N) and all data were recorded into a computer.
The gain system of G includes the effects of time-varied gain and correlation as well as the transducer pressure-voltage gains and amplifier gains. The 12-bit value is then compressed into a coded 8-bit value before being stored. Our estimation of G was probably accurate to within 6 dB; this is one of the largest sources of error in our calculations. This Time-Varied Gain (TVG) is used to compensate for the decreasing intensity of the backscattered signal and keeps the signal output within the dynamic range of the recorder. The TVG did not continue but was actually produced in a series of 1.5 dB steps [11]. The research location can be seen on figure 2, and the time-varied gain function (ignoring the step-like nature of the TVG) is approximated by:
TVG = - (dB - 30 log 10 (range) - 8.2 x 10-4 range) 90/dB (dB) (1)
Which dB is a constant and range is in meters. The voltage ratio is
TVG (range) = 10 TVG/20 (2)
According to [11] discusses the methodologies for converting paper seismic records into SEGY format. However, they did not test the use and reliability of this technique in the field. To this end, this paper presented the work developed from [12].
Figure 2 Research location and Tracking of cruise side scan sonar in Punggur sea, Indonesia.
3 Results and Findings
Marine seismic reflection data have been collected for decades and since the mid-to late-1980s much of this data is positioned relatively accurately. This older data provides the valuable archive. However, it is mainly stored on paper records that do not allow easy integration with other datasets [13, 14], this result not be same with [15 and 16] using models for sonar-target geometry and acoustic backscattering and attenuation. The mosaic of side scan sonar imagery gave many targets (Figure 3). This research identified the 4 targets in the side scan sonar imagery and also the distance target of them. Their distance targets were 187.8 m; 137.1 m; 70.9 m; 23.7 m for target 1 to 4 (Figure 3). The highest measure distance target is target 1 of side scan sonar imagery, and lowest measure distance is target 4 of side scan sonar imagery, and grey mosaic of Side Scan Sonar (SSS).
Figure 3 Position of Side Scan Sonar Imagery.
Figure 4 Target detection and Grey mosaic of Side Scan Sonar Imagery.
Figure 6 Seismic of Side Scan Sonar Imagery.
The SSS survey were performed by using C-Max CM2 model operating at 325 kHz covering surface around 4.72 km in Punggur sea, Indonesia. The boat was positioned by real-time differential GPS and surveys were usually conducted during calm sea conditions. The SSS was towed at a depth between 4-8 m above the sea bottom. This result can be seen in Figure 4. Seismic line trace of target detection have 41 number of data collection from side scan sonar imagery after processing. The highest of seismic line trace of target detection is target 3 with 1664 (Figure 5).
Figure 7 Line trace (cm) vs time (cm/second) target 1.
Figure 9 Line trace (cm) vs time (cm/second) target 3.
Figure 10 Line trace (cm) vs time (cm/second) target 4.
The result output from the algorithm of mosaic was given in Figure 3 and 4, which shows a mosaic obtained from geo-referencing the data from Fig. 4. Figure of line trace vs time have max data is 200 on line trace and 220 x 103 time in target 2 (Figure 7). The highest result of the time in figure 6 is 12928 cm/second and 191.88 cm in line trace target 1 of side scan sonar imagery (Figure 6). The highest result of the time in figure 7 is 9968 cm/second and 57, 525 cm in line trace target 2 of side scan sonar imagery (Figure 7). Highest result of the time in figure 8 is 13440 cm/second and 186, 615 cm in line trace target 3 of side scan sonar imagery (Figure 8). Highest result of the time in figure 9 is 13568 cm/second and 104, 325 cm in line trace target 4 of side scan sonar imagery (Figure 9). Highest result of line trace is target 1 with 191, 88 cm on target 1, and highest of time result is 13568 cm/second on target 4. Target 1 have a relationship with results with highest target detection of side scan sonar imagery (Figure 4). Seismic figure of side scan sonar imagery have total line trace is 4479, time: 77.9547 cm/s, and gain: 0.00271091 (Figure 6).
4. Conclusion
Gusprianto, Bram, Indonesia and PT Hidronav Tehnikatama, Indonesia.
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