Einar Wegener’s identity change in David Ebershoff’s the Danish Girl.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

ABSTRACT

Sari, Nur Indah. 2017. Einar Wegener’s identity change in David Ebershoff’s The Danish Girl_{, English Department, Faculty of Letters and} Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Advisor: Itsna Syahadatud Dinurriyah, M.A

This study attempts to analyze a great novel by David Ebershoff entitled The Danish Girl. This novel describes a painter who is confused with his identity. The man naturally be masculine and handsome. However, Einar changes his act to be beautiful and feminine. Lili is a woman version of Einar. This thesis focuses on analyzing Einar's confusion about Lili's presence. The purpose of this thesis is describes the process of Einar to discover the originality in his identity and reveals the factors that cause Einar to change the originality in his identity. Dealing with the focused of the study above, this study uses queer theory as the main theory to answer the problematic of identity. While other theories of some experts as supporting theories that provide academic support for analysis. As a result, the study find that gender representation, the act of cross-dressing, changing gender, gender repetition and the revelation are the depictions of Einar's experience of identity confusion. In addition, this study finds the factors that cause Einar to change his identity. The reason for the alteration are Einar has a pair of ovaries, a strong desire from within Einar to change her identity, fear of the nature of father and compulsion from the hard situation

(7)

INTISARI

Sari, Nur Indah. 2017. Einar Wegener’s identity change in David Ebershoff’s The Danish Girl_{, English Department, Faculty of Letters and} Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Dosen pembimbing : Itsna Syahadatud Dinurriyah, M.A

Studi ini mencoba menganalisa sebuah novel hebat karya David Ebershoff berjudul The Danish Girl. Novel ini menjelaskan tentang seorang pelukis yang mengalami kebingungan dengan identitasnya. Laki-laki yang seharusnya menjadi maskulin dan ganteng. Tetapi Einar mengubah perilaku menjadi cantik dan feminim. Lili adalah wanita versi Einar. Tesis ini berfokus untuk menganalisis kebingungan Einar tentang kehadiran Lili. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah mendeskripsikan proses Einar untuk menemukan identitas aslinya dan mengungkap faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan Einar mengubah identitas aslinya. Berbicara mengenai fokus studi di atas, penelitian ini menggunakan teori Queer sebagai teori utama untuk menjawab masalah identitas. Sedangkan teori lain dari beberapa ahli sebagai teori pendukung yang memberikan dukungan akademis untuk analisis. Akibatnya, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa representasi gender, tindakan cross-dressing, perubahan gender, pengulangan gender dan pembukaan rahasia merupakan penggambaran dari pengalaman Einar tentang kebingungan identitasnya. Selain itu, penelitian ini menemukan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan Einar mengubah identitasnya. Alasan perubahannya adalah Einar memiliki sepasang ovarium, keinginan kuat dari dalam diri Einar untuk mengubah identitas, ketakutan kepada sifat ayah dan paksaan dari situasi sulit.

(8)

prescriptions (what person would act) or proscriptions (what person would not act) of a natural activities. Norms can depend on opinion and subjectivity of each people, thus norms can relate with punishments, especially negative activities . Marini et all argue that human agree or disagree of norms and can distribute gift and sanction (Harris and Bernardi 9). When social norms are legal or institutionalized,

punishments can be written officially.

Nowdays, people get to know the term of LGBT. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender cannot live normally like other persons because they are different based on social norms. Social norms can bound their life. LGBT is diversity in sexuality and gender and can be influenced by culture. As Chatterjee Subhrajit argue that accentuate a variety of sexuality and gender personality-depend on cultures and is occasionally used to denote a person who is non-heterosexual as an alternative of solely to person that are lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender is LGBT (2). In the beginning, LGBT does not have name and identity. In 1960, when the sexual

(11)

the closest terminology such , "third gender", but it was not allowed in the United States (Subhrajit 2). Thus, the struggle of LGBT started at 1966. One of the struggle is awarding of the identity name. Word Q is the name for queer (verified ever since 1996) to prove the movement (Subhrajit 2). The discrepancy of reality occurs in the Universal Declaration for Human Rights (written in 1948). The declaration does not contain sexual goal, and mention the rights of LGBT in detail (Subhrajit 2).

LGBT is not fully accepted by society. In reality, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) challenge fabulous problems arise in a public that

heterosexuality is regularly represent as the one standart and homosexuality is consider as abberant. They keep on challenge bad bias and rejection through the realm in whole parts of life. Homophobic ferocity and bad treatment pursuing LGBT persons happen on a standart basis. In majority European of countries, the rights and securities of homosexual couple are not equal less than the heterosexual couple, eventually, they suffer from violence, disturbance and difficulties in gaining access to public security programs for instance health attention and pensions, in the job fair, a most of LGBT persons keep on their secret as the member of sexual abuse because they feel fear of losing their occupation (Subhrajit 2). Then, globally people are increasingly familiar with the figure of LGBT. Many media have introduced LGBT including literary works.

(12)

life. Furthermore, as Terry Eagleton argued that literature is easily other manner we have incident in the world surrounding us (qtd in zuhriyah1). In conclusion, literary works retells human’s incidents and events in the society which relates to his fantasy.

One of the new literary works related to LGBT movement is TheDanish Girl novel. TheDanish Girl is released in 2000. It is a fiction written by American author, David Ebershoff. David Ebershoff is one of famous writer that was born in Pasadena, California in 1969. His novel has been inspired by a true story. He was well known as an award-winning writer, an editor and a teacher. His second novel also became New York Time best seller and was inspired by the history of his home town. The title of the second novel is The 19 th Wifes. Another form of his literary is short story. The

rose city also won the Ferro-Grumley Award for excellent in LGBT fiction.

The Danish Girl takes place in Copenhagen in the early years of 1920s. The Danish Girl concerns on the way Einar, as the main character, can survive from all difficulties that occur in his life. It can become hindrance to acquire his desire. At the first, Einar and Greta is a happy couple. They have been married for 6 six years. They are painters. Einar is a landscape artist, and his wife Greta Wegener, is a portrait painter.

As they become a perfect couple, they are both enthusiastic for sex. Serenity in their life does not occur forever. The problem emerges. This disturbance initially occurs when Greta’s friend, a ballet dancer, come late to become of Greta’s model of

(13)

which amuses Greta who passes her off as Einar’s cousin from the countryside.

Afterwards, Greta paints Einar and call Einar as Lili.There is a dance party held every year for the artist. . In artist ball moment, Lili attracts the attention of another man. It accidently become stops being funny for Greta. Greta realizes she is losing her husband. Einar is having a dilemma in his life, he is confronted by 2 choices that remain to be Einar a man or become Lili Elbe-a woman

Einar, in The Danish Girl, experiences confusion in determinig his identity. Identity occurs in numerous steps as an important position of individual. It aims to decide human personality. This study becomes important because it decides exactly how a participant from the civilization will be identified and regarded. The dominant elements from our individual personalities are our gender, sex, and sexual identities. There are different explanations from each of them. Sex in biology’s knowledge and anatomy’s knowledge divides person into male and female. In contrast, gender is

(14)

In this research, if a person has more than one sex in on body, person can have numerous opinions what actually his/her gender and sex is. Person agrees which there are just one gender and one sex in one body. They terminate being more than one gender and two sexes, and then they will act the surgery to choose what type of gender they want. Finally, this paper examines the gender insubordination of Einar Wegener in The Danish Girl novel. This study uses queer theory and follows Judith Buttler thought of form of ideology and sexual stereotypes in the novel.

Queer theory is the theory regarding identity and gender. Queer theory is suitable for exploring The Danish Girl. Queer theory performs the contrary to the domination of traditional movement that attempts to correlate sex with definite gender and sexual standards. According to Hall, D.E in his book, Queer theory is a disagreement to the public formation in which the situation identifies a “singular permanent, or conventional” and it determines difficulties for the nonconventional

and breakdown to acquire area in the earth of ordinariness (177). Queer theory thus refuses the rules separation in social life from sex, gender, and sexual classification that is arranged by general publics. With this explanation, gender is something about the result of action unnatural. As Buttler said that gender is a process that has neither origin nor end, and final somewhat that we ‘action’ rather than we are (46). From the

(15)

1.2Statement of The problem

Based on the research background above, this present study formulates the problem statements as follows:

1. How does Einar experience the confusion of his identity in The Danish Girl novel?

2. Why does Einar decide to change his identity?

1.3 Objective of the study

1. To depict Einar’s experience about the confusion of his identity 2. To describe the reason why Einar decides to change his identity.

1.4. Scope and Limitation

To avoid a wider discussion, the study will be limited to the novel written by David Eberhoff entitled The Danish Girl. This study focuses on the characters

(16)

1.5 Significance of The study

This research is expected to provide a valuable contribution theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this study can be useful for the reader in understanding some of novel that focuses to transgender issue. New gender of einar’s deflection also can enrich the knowledge of life to readers who have a gender’s problem in life

through literature.

Practically, this study can be used as a reference, especially for students of literature of english department faculty of letters and humanities state islamic university of Sunan Ampel Surabaya who analyze this novel or another novel using queer theory. For literary scholars or people who are mostly interested in literature, this study become a comparison for other studies, even this is debatable to use the queer theory or other one. Since this study focuses to someone that seeks truth identity, it also believes that this study will be useful for public to understand their gender’s problem in the world so the person can be a unique person, brave to think differently and does not underestimate a gender’s issue.

1.6Method of the study

(17)

1.6.1 Research design

For answering statement of problem number one and two, this study mainly utilizes descriptive qualitative method. According to Raco, the data in descriptive research will concern to text (qtd in Naufal 12). Therefore, the result of the research explains the portrayal of transgender.

1.6.2 Data Resources

In accomplishing this reasearch, this study utilizes several verifying data that is perceived from library and internet researches. Thus the data is separated into two: primary and secondary data. The primary data is the novel The Danish Girl by David Ebershoff. This study examines pharagraph, sentences and phrases that is correlated with the identity change of the Einar as main character in this novel. The secondary data is got from several books and internet sources that reinforce this research eaxamination that are correlated to this analysis.

1.6.3 Data collecting

Because the data becomes the key aspect in doing research, it must be collected effectively and carefully. The step of collecting data are:

1. Preparing The Danish Girl as the main data. 2. Finding the interestic topic in The Danish Girl.

3. The interesting topic in The Danish Girl is identity change. 4. Identity change happens in Einar as the main character

(18)

6. Collecting other references like thesis, website, electronic book and journal that reinforce the data collection

1.6.4 Data Analysis

The data which have been collected will be examined. The step of analyzing data are :

1. Connecting the data which have been collected with the theory. 2. Analyzing the data in novel based on the queer theory.

3. Making conclussion from the analysis.

1.7Definition of key Term

a. Identity : Identity is several distinguishing characteristic or characteristics that human takes a exclusive pride in or views as socially consequential but more or less (unchangeable). ( Fearon 2).

b. Sexual Orientation : Emotional, responsive, physic, and/or sexual attractiveness to anothers, it can be concern the same sex (homosexual), the other sex (heterosexual), or both sexes (bisexual). (Subbhrajit 13).

(19)

(20)

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1Theoritical Framework

Chapter two intends to explicate the theory that is used in this research. The theory will be utilized to examine The Danish Girl by David Ebershoff under the concern of identity change through gender performativity. Queer theory is determined to be the most suitable to be utilized. The concern of the theory is identity change through gender performativity proposed by Judith Butler in her book Gender Trouble (1999) and Bodies the Matter (1993). This chapter also explains about transgender itself to support the analysis of the statement of problem.

2.1.1. Queer Theory.

For a long time, the term of ‘queer’ has been applied. According to Charter the word ‘queer’ means the pejorative term for homosexual or abberant activities (127). Other usage of the term ‘queer’ is very sadistic. The term queer is correlated to

homosexual which is classified as abnormal. Moreover, ‘queer’ likewise is able to give a complete word to code of masculinity and femininity, or bisexuality,

heterosexuality, and homosexuality, or other words of unconventional persons as the consequence of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual transgender) strugle in 1970s (Izzah 8). Thus, the word queer becomes object discussion in the early 1990s.

(21)

and Gay studies” published in 1991. The term of ‘queer’ is progressively developing

in academic studies thus it is ensued in a new term called post-structuralism (Pratiwi 12). It aims to create ‘liberation’ identity and to deconstruct the traditional idea of

queer that categorizes queer person as deviant’s person. Moreover, according to Jagose queer theory challenges the idea of unity of identity (as in gay) and refuses the binary models as a man or woman (Beasley 164). Additionally, Eve Kosofsky

Sedwick argue that ‘queer’ mentions to the open mesh of probabilities, spaces, overlays, dissonances, resonances, and intemperance of meaning of every person’s

gender and every person’s sexuality (Sedwick 8). In short, the word ‘queer’ is able to know as umbrella term for gender and sexuality.

Gender and sexuality is explained as a basic element of individual. A basic element of individual is element of person as a male or female which has role to perform masculine or feminine. Rathus argue that human’s sex is female or male, and human’s consciousness as females or males is element of human’s sexuality, then human’s sexuality is a basic part of ourselves (5). Meanwhile literature is one of

method which recites individual’s life, queer theory mentions problem of indvidual’s life which focuses on individual sexuality. According to Tyson queer theory

examines text which shows the difficulties of interpretations of the dynamic variety of individual sexuality (336).

Developing on deconstruction’s perception into individual subjectivity, queer

(22)

heterosexuality are the variety of sexual probabilities. The behavior of two persons of the one sex which do erotic attitude and have romantic relationship can be called as homosexuality. Whereas erotic action and pretention to romantic relationships with both males and females can be said as bisexuality. Moreover, the behavior of two persons of dissimilar sex which do erotic performance and have romantic relationship can be known as heterosexuality (Rathus 262). Transgender is the behavior of person who has a gender identity, or gender expression, which is different or opposite from their assigned sex. Transexual is person does the operation of sex that contradicts of his or her bodily sex. As the result, individual sexuality is not permanent and can be dissimilar at dissimilar periods as long as human lives because sexuality is a dynamic variety of pretention.

As dynamic variety of wishes, individual’s sexuality is flexible and adaptable. All sexualities, for example gay sexuality, lesbian sexuality, transgender,

heterosexuality are selections of probabilities one may have. Sexuality has its own determination, creativity and appearance. Hence, being homosexual does not contrary of being heteosexual. Queer theory also considers that human sexuality is publically structured. The general public determines that being normal in sexuality is the right decision thus this norm is considered in numerous of social implements for instance family, education, religion, etc with the purposes to teach human to become normal (heterosexual).

The conventional sex-gender perception habitually gives the thought of

(23)

male, he must essentially be masculine and handsome. Judith Buttler argues that relationship between sex, gender and sexuality with the word ‘heterosexual matrix’

(194). Heterosexual matrix conception believes that human born with certain sex, and gender are made with society. Maskuline and feminime is gender wich is created by public.

Heterosexuality thus does not agree each occasion for the similar relationship or homosexuality. This binary opponent is basic rule of heteronormativity. Berlant and Warrer claim that heteronormativity of sexuality indicate to :

“The institution, structures of understanding and practical orientation that make heterosexuality seem not only coherent-that is, organized as a sexuality-but also privileged. Its coherence is always provisional and its privilage can take several (sometimes contradictory) forms; unmarked as the basic idiom of the personal and the social; or marked as a natural stated; or project as an ideal or moral complished. It consist less of norms that could be summarized as a body of doctrine than of sense of rightness produced in contradictory

manifestation – often unconscious, immanent to practice or to instutions ( qtd in E.H Lake 17).

In conclussion heteronormativity says that heterosexuality is higher to homosexuality and another elements of non-normative of sexuality. It decides the conception that heterosexual is the normative of sexual orientation, and homosexual is known as aberrant. The deviation can be described through gender performativity by Judith Buttler.

(24)

how we laugh and how we act each our action. In conclussion, as the umbrella of gender and sexuality, queer theory is the theory to examine a deviation in gender through gender performativity conception in Buttler’s explanation. Gender is not a human’s thing but gender is human’s doing.

2.1.2 Gender Performativity.

The opinion of gender performativity is proposed by Judith Butler. She developes and evaluates the opinion of sex from Simone de Beauvoir. Simone de Beauvoir argues in her book The Second Sexthat “person is not born a woman but rather develops one”. This idea is comprehended by Buttler as a recommendation that

woman is only cultural achievement hence gender is unnatural act, no person is born with gender. Thus, it proposes that sex is rational aspect of the person it is

unreasonable to transform. It gives an comprehending that gender is the cultural action which contrasts with sex (Buttler 142).

(25)

“If sex does not limit gender, then perhaps there are genders, ways of culturally interpreting the sexed body, that are in no way restricted by the apparent duality of sex” (Buttler 143).

This thought of the purpose of gender guides to a comprehending that gender is able to mean beyond the duality of sex. Subsequently gender is an action of person to convert a details of gender structure. Buttler believes that when gender is not control by sex, as a result it is demeanor that can revise outside the limitation of the dualistic of sex.

To reinforce Buttler’s thought, the researcher describes Wittig’s conception of gender and sex. Monique Wittig says two thoughts. First the classification of sex is not natural, it is govermental practices of the classification of natural world to reinforce heterosexuality. Second is the conception that woman is not always be lesbian. The concern of this chapter is to explain Butler’s primary idea of gender performativity thus it is required to concern on the first conception. Witig as mentioned in Buttler’s provides another meaning separately from Beauvoir

knowledge of sex. In Witig idea,

“Sex is taken as an “immediate given,” “a sensible given,” “ physical features,” belonging to a natural order. But what we believe to be a physical and direct perception is only a sophisticated and mythic constuction, an “imaginary formation,” which reinterprets physical features (in themselves as neutral of relationhips in which they are perceive”. (Witig, cited in Buttler 145).

(26)

Foucault perception about language which applies between prisoner also is examined by Buttler. This perception contributes her a meaning of classification which is an recognized an imagination. It intends that performs, gestures, and wish influence the internal however on the outside of physique. Then, prisoner are performative which indicates that the principle or characteristies that they show are creation by cultural form (Buttler 173).

The interpretation guides to a deduction that the verity about gender is a creation consequetly it cannot be mention to be correct or wrong but it is merely made an identity that cultural structure nedds. The assumption of a primary gender personality is imitated and satirized by performs of drag, cross-dressing and butch/ femmen

personalities (Buttler 174). Gender imitation does not indicates that the gender being imitated is the first mentioning to the reality that gender is a ‘symbol’. Then, gender imitation confirms that the first personality which gender makes is an replication without orisinil (Buttler 175). Persons stay in fervent cultural form, persons are educated to show a detail gender from person’s sex. The failure from action gives

abuse from social order. A verity that gender performativity is a tactic for person to persist and evade abuse has been comprehended by Buttler (176). The presentation of gender with the purpose to develop a protection from abuse. Butter argues,

(27)

Based on statement above, performativity through gender’s conception is the repeated stylization of the body, a set of repeated actions within a highly rigid

regulatory framework that congeal over time to create the appearance of substance, of a real sort of being. In result, gender is something that we often do.

Unnatural of gender is the key concern of Buttler’s idea. Woman often becomes object in Buttler’s examination. First, Buttler describes in her book under the tittle “subject of sex/gender”. Buttler observes a gender’s performance of transvestite.

Transvestite acts and imitates some actions and some procedurals to obtain an idealized form in which their gesture and their performance have been considered as feminime.This practice shows that a femininity is merely imitation practice, whether can be performed by transvestites or women (Buttler 129). The action of transvestites is a representation that gender is the engineering of an action. Second, Buttler

evaluates the concept of a woman's sex from Simone de Beauvoir. Simone says woman are not born with gender as female (Buttler 142). This perception gives Buttler idea to see social culture as the factor to construct a gender.

The construction of Buttler’s gender uses woman as the object. It is contrary to

(28)

Based on the discussion of the theory above, queer theory through gender performativity of Buttler’s idea are required to analyze this study. Gender

performativity is used to know and describe the confusion of Einar’s identity. Einar’s identity can be described by Einar’s action in daily life. The best strategy to apply

gender performativity is by keeping the ordinary opposition of the gender and by seeing the repetition of human’s act.

2.1.3 Transgender

(29)

levels, early happens in a person’s family of origin, and another social influences is believed authorities as the reason of why the people becomes transgender.

2.1.4 Transexual

Transgender and transexual are not same but interrelated. Transsexual is the continuation condition of transgender. Many transgender want to act operations that change their sex. Koeswinarno (2005) says that transsexuality is a symptom of having sexuality that is opposed to its physical structure (Dwinanda 10). Sue (1986) says that a transsexual is a person who may have the opposite sex where there is a conflict between gender identity and gender of biological (Dwinanda 10). Not all transgender people categories as transsexual people. There are several characteristics which make a transgender status change to transexual. One of characteristics is the desire for hormonal therapy to match sex in doctor. Doctor is expected to be able to help the problem of hormones in transsexual people, because one of the causes of the transsexual’s condition is the existence of hormones that are not balanced so they

tend to be confused with sex. As Maslim (2002) argues :

Person can be regarded as a transsexual if it has certain characteristics (Dwinanda 13-14)

(30)

b. The desire to live and be accepted as a member of a group of the opposite sex, usually is accompanied by uneasiness or disagreement. Rejection is received that emerged from the public. Public generally support a straightforward gender norm.

c. The desire to get hormonal therapy and surgery to make the body as closely as possible with the desired gender.

A person cannot always be referred as a transsexual. There are specific characteristics that can limit this division. In short, transgender is a condition in which a person has gender abnormalities such as feminine, while transsexual is a continuous condition of transgender where one has a strong desire that is opposite to sex. For instance a male transvestite who not only turns into a feminine but he does hormone therapy and wants to be accepted as a woman.

2.1.5 The causes of transgender and transexual

Transgender and transexual are problems that do not arise by themselves, there are two factors that influence transgender and transsexual appearances. Biological and environment factors influence transgender and transexual.

A. Congenital factors

(31)

desire. Desire must be accepted by society to create peace in life. Oemar mentions that a great desire will require a big boost from the environment, if it is inhibited, the self that must reinforce (4-6). After that, other biologist gives detail characteristics in transexual. Hermaya (in Nadia, 2005) argues sexual abnormalities from biological lenses are divided into two categorizes

(Dwinanda 15-16).

 Sexual abnormalities due to chromosomes.

Biologists argue that human has XX chromosomes is normally decided as female, whereas human with XY chromosomes is usually decided as male. In men the excess X chromosome can be XXY, or even XXYY or XXXYY. Thus there is separation of sex chromosomes during meiosis (cell division) of the first and second’s process of cleavage. This is because the age of the mother that gives effect to the production process. The older a mother, the more unfavorable the process of cell division and as a result, the more likely to cause a sex disorder in her child

 Sexual abnormalities are not chromoses’s factor.

Moertiko (in Nadia, 2005) mentions that in the medical review, the outline of sexual’s abnormalities has begun since in the mother's womb. The group is divided into four types, namely:

a. Pseudomale

(32)

situation can be different in each person. There are some cases when stepping on an adult, her breasts grow larger while her whiskers and beards are reduced.

b. Pseudofemale

Also called a disguised woman. Her body contains male cells. However, on examination of the gonads (the hormone-releasing device in the embryo) the sex instrument possessed is female. When stepping on adulthood, her genitals and breasts remain small and often cannot experience menstruation. Because of this case, this woman can be difficult to have children

c. Female-pseudohermaprodite.

This patient basically has a chromosome as a woman (XX) but her physical development tends to be male. This case requires further examination in the medical field about her chromosome.

d. Male-pseudohermaprodite.

this patient basically has male chromosome (XY) but its physical development tend to woman.

The biological complexity’s factors from transgender and transsexual become the

things that researchers need to pay attention. Medical observation decides

chromosomes and sex instruments include the biological factors of transgender and transexual’s condition.Both of two conditions can be seen and known from

(33)

B. Enviromental factor

Environment supports transgender and transsexual condition. Parents, education and friends are enviromental factors that requires to pay attention. False education in childhood by permitting boys to develop in the behavior of women, during puberty is one of environmental factor of a person being transgender. The parents allow their children to do what their childrent want, although sometimes it deviates from the norm. Losing the role of parents and replacing the closeness with friend also one of factor that influence the person being transgender. Parents died or busy in the work, then the children do all the activities with similar peers and generate a sense of comfort with similar peers than dissimilar peers.

Sue (1986) explains that one of factor thatshapes transgender is the support of the wearing of distorted clothing (Dwinanda 17). This means that the situation comes when adults. Some incidents make a human shapes. Some incidents which forces a person to act against his or her sex. A situation which did not provide other choice but to act different by gender, such as job demands. Then the relationship father and child also support this condition.

(34)

Thus other experts divides environmental factors into several factors.

Tjahjono (1995) states that the factors that cause the transsexual namely (Dwinanda 17-18)

1. Boys grow without father's presence for long periods of time show feminine interests, attitudes and behaviors. Boys does not have a vivid or real example of a father and his personality as a man.

2. The relationship is too close between children and parents that contrasts in sex. Children and parents tend to have intimate contacts both

physically and psychologically. Consequently, the children have little chance of identifying the same gender of parent and less developing the behaviors based on their gender. Because children perform actions based on what is seen.

3. Parent's desire for a child of another sex, thus parents try to make the girl behave like a man she never had or vice versa. This factor is influenced by the psychology of a mother.

4. The child has relationship closely with the friend that has the different sex. Children feel comfortable with the friend and sometimes admire the personality of her friend. From the admiration, he can imitate the

personality of a friend who is admired. For example a man admiring a woman, he can imitate her and becomes feminime.

(35)

person. Moreover, friend and other family besides parents also become the thing that need to observe. The environment in which we live, the environment that shapes us.

2.2Review of related study.

A review on related studies is required to validate that a literary work has not been utilized before by utilizing a close-fitting approach comparable with other research and although it has been used, a review of literature is very important. It is proposed to differentiate a previous study with a new one to verify that this research is original.

There first review related studies uses the same object. The research uses The Danish Girl but in film since the film won awards. The previous studies from

Annalena Lorenz that wrote journal in 2016 under the tittle The Danish Girl and The Deconstruction of Gender Identity. She focuses on the evaluation of if and how, in its potrayals of Einar can dismantle notions of identity. The idea applies in this research is Judith Buttler’s ideas of gender performance and Jacques Lacan’s perception of the

(36)

Middlesex. E.H. Lake’s thesis focuses to examine the theme of intersex in dealing with the heteronormativity of sex, gender, and sexuality. The manner of Cal/Calliope tolerances and deals with his or her sex are explained with the queer theory. And the result is Calliope chooses become man. Thus, the next thesis which uses the similar theory from Dewi Izzah, a student of UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. She wrote his thesis in 2015 under the title Reading the Dimension of Human Sexuality: Threesome with a pair of gays in Francesca Lia Block’s Weetzie Bat. The thesis concerns about

action in threesome with a pair of gays. This thesis use queer theory as the main theory to analyze the cause Weetzie does threesome. The result of Weetzie action threesome is because her baby and loving friendship.

(37)

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS

A novel regularly aims to work as an instrument to describe the object that occure in the actual world. The Danish Girl which is authored by David Ebershoff attempts to describe the object which is another person might not be aware of the life of a person who confuses with his identity in the actual world today. In this novel, the main character is dominantly visualized as a desperate character who has a sense miserable on his identity. This is a story of person who was born and growed as a man, but eventually realize his new identity. The confusion of Einar’s identity as the

main character in this novel is illustrated by Einar’s performance. Since the novel shows Einar’s confusionof his identity through Einar’s action, this present study examines it by utilizing the framework of queer literary criticism about gender performativity, thus the study also explains the description of the factors that cause Einar to change his identity. Therefore in the first sub-chapter, this study examines Einar’s confusion of his identity which can be described through Einar’s

(38)

3.1 The process of Einar experience the confusion of his identity.

This part describes the process of Einar’s life that experience the confusion in his identity. Therefore, since Einar’s confusion can be seen through Einar’s

performance, queer theory suits to analyze this problem. Einar’s confusion that makes the alteration in his gender and his sex. Thus, this first sub chapter is divided into two explanations. First, the discussion starts about gender representation. Gender

representation based on society perception before the alteration. Then, the second chapter describes the confusion in his identity and the alteration of gender. Second chapter is divided into the act of cross-dressing, changing gender, repetition of gender and the revelation.

3.1.1 Gender representation

Gender representation is a gender that describes a person's life, whether gender is suitable or not with society. Society decide that being normal in sexuality is the right choice. Heterosexual is one of correct choices based on society. Judith Buttler argues that relationship between sex, gender and sexuality with the word

‘heterosexual matrix’ (194). The idea about heterosexual matrix includes the idea

about sex and gender.

(39)

and Holzner (89) who describes about physical characteristics and Anas who explains about sperm (2).

Einar read about a man, a Bavarian aristocrat, who was born with a penis...Somehow Einar knew he was reading about himself. (168)

How about down there?” he said, pointing a tongue depressor atEinar’s crotch. “May I have a look?”

When Einar lowered his underpants, Dr. Hexler’s face stopped, only his

nostrils, with their pores jammed with dots of black, moving. “Appears to be all there,” he said. “You can pull them up again. You seem to be in quite good health. (116).

Normal man has penis includes Einar. Einar reads books on sex and gender, then Einar imagines his penis. This is proof that Einar is male by sex. The penis is a vital tool for man. At the time of inspection Dr.Hexler, he also indicates that the lower part of the Einar body does not experience health problems. This is evidence that Einar has a healthy penis.

Heterosexuality is the behavior of two persons of dissimilar sex that have romantic relationship. Heterosexuality is the right condition in society. Human must being normal in sexuality. As the normal man, Einar get married with Greta. Man marries with woman. They are happy.

“Trouble in the marriage?” he said. “Is that what I understand?” “Not exactly trouble.”

“How long have you been married?”

(40)

had said, in a voice as light as the air floating through the pink-glass windows and into the laps of their wedding guests, “This is a special wedding. I see something special here. In ten years the two of you will be extraordinary people.” (114)

Einar falls in love with Greta. Einar marries Greta. Einar feels his marriage is a miracle. A miracle which means he is happy to marry a woman named Greta. The action of Einar is the normal action of gender. Gender of Einar that suits with norm and heterosexuality by society.

The concept of heterosexual matrix by Butler implies that sex is given from God and gender is made by society, thus society give the word masculine and feminime as representation of gender. Public argues that if someone as a male, he must essentially be masculine and handsome. According to Santrock masculine means man must be active and gentle as the person (Mahfudhotin 20). The perception of masculine person is pictured in statement below.

“May I go?” Einar asked, pulling away. “You meanto the party?”

“Well, that’s not—”

“Of course you can go to the party. That’s why I asked you.”

Then, to both their surprise, Einar turned his face to Greta’s for a second kiss. (29)

(41)

sourrounding Einar. Gender of Einar in this moment are Einar kisses Greta. This condition occurs in Einar’s life before he experiences the confusion in his identity. 3.1.2. The Act of cross-dressing

Gender, as Butler argued in her book Undoing Gender, is the device in which the construction, manufacture and standardization of masculine and feminime

happens together with the interstitial shapes of hormonal, chromosomal, psychic, and action that gender accepts (Butler 42). In the statement above means that gender is only a concept of masculine and feminime individual that every person from each sex obtainable may cross, may contrast and act every gender obtainable. It also believes that every person free being other person and other gender. In this novel the

comprehending that gender is a performance in some ways are fully supported. In first chapter in The Danish Girl is explained the act of cross-dressing,

It’s just that Anna’s canceled again. So would you mind trying on her

stockings?” Greta asked. “Andher shoes?” (13)...The yellow shoes looked too dainty to support him, but his feet felt natural arched up, as if he was stretching a long-unused muscle. (17) ....

“Does that mean you don’t want to try on her dress?”...“Do you like it?” Greta asked. (19)...

He thought about saying no, but that would have been a lie. He liked the dress, and he could nearly feel the flesh beneath his skin ripening.

“Then just slip it on for a few minutes.” Greta brought it to Einar and held it to his chest.

(42)

From the conversation above, it is known that gender is formed by action. Person may cross in other gender. Gender of Einar is changed by his self-action. The gender of Einar naturally masculine as a male, then the gender changes into a

feminine because of an act of wearing a pair of shoes, a stocking, and a dress. Gender which change due to a request from his wife. Einar wears shoes, stockings and dress and being woman’s model of Greta.

The act of cross dressing of Einar occurs in gallery painting and repeatedly in the artist ball. There is an artist ball at Rathuset in June. Einar does not want to come to the artist ball. Greta offers her husband to come as a Lili. This act of cross-dressing is described in second chapter,

She gently asked, “Would you like to go as Lili?” (34) “Was Lili here again?”

“The whole afternoon.”

“She said to tell you she wants to go to the ball. (35) I don’t think I’m pretty enough. Please advise. (37)

Form the quotation above, we know that the act of cross-dressing occurs. Each gender from each sex is available may cross and may contrast and act other gender available, this condition happens because being masculine and feminime are only terminology and perception of gender. Lili is willing to come to the artist ball as Lili. He changes his sex in artist ball, the people assumes that he is the cousin of Einar and he is female. Automatically the gender also changes. He wears woman’s dress. He

(43)

3.1.3 Changing Gender

In this novel, the changing of gender is the continuation of the act of cross-dressing. Person may act which contrast with sex, thus person wants more. Person more often changes his action that contrast with sex. The action relates with sex is called gender. Gender is the cultural action which contrasts with sex. This thought of gender that opposes with sex have been explained by Buttler (142). In artis ball, Einar does action which contrast with sex. Einar decides to become Lili. At the artist ball, Henrik tries to get acquainted with Lili. Henry tries to be familiar and seduces Lili. The quotation in five chapter,

Henrik, whose lips were flat and purple and cracked just down the middle, kissed Lili. His head swooped in, his mouth landed on hers and then pulled away. He did it again, and again, while his hand kneaded the flesh above her elbow, and then the small of her back...

The tip of his tongue was strangely smooth, as if a scalding tea had burned off the bumpy buds (65)

(44)

In this novel, the changing of gender also is done through replacing woman’s behavior. In replacing process, we also enter in the process of observation.We observe, we like and replace it. Woodhouse argues that gender in society is

categorized based on observable in seven types; fashion, hairstyle, facial appearances, body language, gesture, voice and mannerism (Pradipta 32). The observation creates the feature of gender.

Einar and Greta decide to move to France. Continuously, the alteration of Einar’s gender occurs. Einar constantly wants to be Lili. Lili has a routine to go to

madame Jasmin-Carton. Madame Jasmin-Carton is a favorit place for men. In there, Lili observes woman’s physique and woman’s behavior. In chapter 13 in The Danish

Girl;

For almost six months Einar had been visiting Madame Jasmin-Carton’... He only wanted to watch the girls strip and dance, to study the curve and heft of their breasts, to watch the thighs, eerily white and tremulous like the skin on a bowl of steamed milk, flap open and closed.... He visited Madame Jasmin-Carton’s to examine women, to see how their bodies attached limb to trunk and produced a female. How the girl with the electric black hair would hold her chin down as she distractedly cupped each custardy breast. How the girl after her, a blonde with a wiry body, walked around the half-circle black room with her fists on her hips, which were all bone. Or how the girl from last Tuesday, whom Einar had never seen before, parted her freckled thighs and flashed her genitalia. (130).

(45)

can be classified through observation of seven types. Observation is the important thing for Lili which is Lili has new identity. With her new identity, Lili tries to know the best look of woman’s physique. Thus, Lili wants to know what exactly woman

does. Lili tries to search naturally of woman’s action. How the curvature of woman’s breasts and how a woman shows genitalia. After that, Lili can replicate the action and the original of her identity. The purpose of observation is Lili being perfect woman based on gender classification in society.

3.1.4 Repetition

Gender is definitely a performative consequently it needs repetition. The alteration of Einar’s gender happens because of a repetition process. Einar often

becomes a woman. The process of alteration does not happen automatically. This alteration of gender is created. Lili are formed by the process of repeating the action. Greta creates Lili everyday for her painting. The concept of repetition has been described by Buttler in Bodies That Matter’s book (2)

Greta looked up, her face nearly as white as Edvard’s coat. “I want to paint Lili,” she said... For a moment, Einar felt like defying his wife. He had told

himself that he would call up Lili in the afternoon, that he’d spend the morning painting. Greta wanted him to give up his own painting for hers.. (93).

(46)

Start from the painting, the presence of Lili emerges. Gender is the action which is repeated. Einar becomes the model of Greta everyday. Einar repeats to wears dress. Habitually, Einar being pretty in each afternoon. Now Greta wants to paint more often, not only in the afternoon but also in morning. Sometimes, Einar wants to defy his wife. However Einar does not defy Greta. Einar still loyal helps his wife being Lili in the painting.

The repetition of gender also happens in the library. Einar is more comfortable of being Lili. Einar wants more. Einar not only wears dress and being pretty, but also Einar wants to change his sex. Einar confuses with her wishes. Therefore, Einar go to library to read the information about gender.

Books called The Sexes; The Normal and Abnormal Man; A Scientific Study of Sexual Immorality; and Die sexuelle Krise, published in Dresden twenty years earlier... In one Einar read about a man, a Bavarian aristocrat, who was born with both a penis and a vagina. There was something about his plight-the confusion as a child... Somehow Einar knew he was reading about himself. He recognized the duality, the lack of complete identification with either

sex...(168).

He imagined a uterus shoved up behind his testicles. He imagined breasts somehow trapped by his ribcage...Einar spent a week in the reading room, and there was a point each day (169).

(47)

action. Einar repeats the action in reading. The activity of reading gives the

comprehending about his new identity. After reading, Einar imagines the physique of woman. Einar imagines that he has breasts and uterus. Reading becomes the prove and support of the desire to change the sex and new gender.

3.1.5 Revelation

This part explains about the revelation of Einar. Openly, Einar becomes Lily and wants to change her sex. How the process of operation happens until Einar has the physique of woman is described in this part.

When at artist ball, Einar bleeds and fainted for the first time. Then, the incident kept repeating. Something's wrong with Einar's body. Greta as the wife checks the situation. Confusion and desire about identity is also asked during the health

screening process. Some doctors give different analyzes. Einar focuses on checking his identity. Finally, Einar believes in Prof Bolk’s analysis. Einar is not shame to mention his identity problems with others. He is sure of his identity as Lily. The process about coming-out occurs. Coming-out is a process that person admits his identity that is hidden. Coming-out is explained by Buttler (qtd in Pratiwi 38). The coming-out process is not easy as its think, because the people that have in problem identity would be considered that they are being abnormal. Someone that has problem in identity like gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender to open their real gender

sexuality in public include Einar as transgender person

(48)

Ursula asked, “And you, Lili? Why are you here?”

Lili thought about the question, biting her lip and burying her wrists inside her sleeves, and finally said, “I’m ill inside.”

Ursula, whose mouth naturally pouted up, said, “I see.” (234).

In the quotation above, Einar does coming-out process. At the Dresden clinic, Einar mentions his name confidently. He introduces himself as a Lily to Frau. It also happens when he talks with other patients at the Dresden clinic. He answers Ursula's question about why he enters the clinic. He says that he gets ill inside. Ursula

understands it. This coming-out process is not easy. People can think of him as an abnormal person, but people around Einar can understand his condition, and includes Ursula.

Human can says his identity of gender and sexuality in public. Every person has the other probabilities of gender and sexuality. Gender and sexuality is not fixed term. The revelation in this situation is allowed. Humans who have other gender possibilities have also been described by Kosofsky (Sedwick 8).

Einar nodded. “She told me you were going to turn me into Lili once and for all.” That wasn’t all Greta had told him. She had also said, “This is it, Einar. This is our only chance.” (228).

(49)

that professor can help him to change his sex. Einar believes in his new identity as Lili.

Other possibilities of gender and sex do not correspond in public perceptions. Incompatibility of sex and gender may incur as a result. Public agrees the right rules of gender and sex. The deviation of gender comes the sanction.This thought also is reinforced by Woodhouse’s argument (6);

The deviation of person’s action can come consequence in a person. This consequence is also accepted by Einar. Operation occurs twice, when Einar decides to change sex, Einar has changed his gender too. The alteration of gender can result in punishment or an unpleasant consequence. Einar accepts his unpleasant consequence.

“The first operation was a success,” Professor Bolk began. “It was rather simple. The incision is healing as it should.” He told Greta about the surgery in the operating amphitheater, where before dawn one morning Einar had become Lili (250).

She concentrated on the bulb in the ceiling, biting her lip, but soon the pain had spread through her body, and she was screaming, begging for a morphia

injection. She cried for ether. She whimpered for her pills laced with cocaine... (314)

“The transplant isn’t working,” Carlisle said (316).

(50)

transplantation. Einar wants to be mother. The second operation fails. Einar feels severe pain in all of his body due to surgery. Lili should be given a shot of morphine continuously. Lili should drink cocaine, pain relief pills to reduce the pain. Lili receives unpleasant consequences from her choice. Einar accepts the sanction of his sex change. In other words, gender is formed from a choice that creates a punishment that must be borne by the man himself.

3.2 The factors that cause Einar decides to change his identity

This part describes about the factors that cause Einar decides to change his identity. Identity is features that human does. When a human is born, society determines his sex. A human grows and developes accordance to his sex. In this novel, the growth and development of human beings contrary to when the human is born. Einar as the main character takes dissimilar identity. Einar is a person who is born and grow as a man, but eventually realizes his new identity. Einar senses

miserable on his identity. Einar realizes that he is actually female. The action of Einar also changes. The gender of Einar become feminime. Einar continuously perform actions that deviate from sex. The alteration Einar’s gender that contras with his sex is called transgender. Einar constantly wants to be Lily. Not only in appearance, but also in the physical. Then Einar wants to change his sex. Einar changes his physique through operation. The process of changing sex is called as transsexuality. Einar’s

(51)

a. Environmental factor.

A transgender and a transsexual person is influenced by external factors. The people arround us form us. Environmental factor that shapes new identity of Einar are:

 Compulsion of the hard situation

The confusion of identity starts from a difficult situation that forces Einar. Einar initially became a normal person, but the compulsion of the environment that causes Einar changes. The environment in which we live, this environment can shape us. Einar becomes transgender person. One of factor that shapes transgender is the support of the wearing of distorted clothing (Dwinanda 17). A situation that does not give other choice for Einar to refuse the act that different with his sex. Einar wears women's clothes because of the request of his wife.

I need a pair of legs to finish her portrait, or I’ll never get it done. And then I thought

to myself, yours might do.” “But I can’t wear Anna’s shoes,” Einar said. (C.1, P.13). Greta looked up, her face nearly as white as Edvard’s coat. “Iwant to paint Lili,” she

said...(C.9, P.93)

He chose a dress. It was white, printed with pink conch shells. (C9. P.94).

(52)

and directly choose women's clothes. Change of woman act is based on Greta’s support. Greta supports her husband to wears women’s clothes for the sake of painting.

 Fear toward his father

Boys grow without father's presence for long periods of time does not have a vivid or real example of a father and his personality as a man is one of factor in transgender and transsexual situation. Boys will tend to imitate his mother. Boys who grow up without a father will be feminine. There is no masculine example to emulate. However, situation in this novel is different. Einar is a orphan. His mother has died. He lives with his father. Einar has a very close relationship with his father. After married, Einar becomes female transsexual. One of factor that influences female transsexul is a very close relationship with the father (detached-hostile father). The father has a harsh nature toward the child, so the child becomes afraid. Boy chooses to be close to the mother and absorbs her behavior.

In The Danish Girl, the main character, grows up without a mother. His mother dies during childbirth. Einar as a man does not have any examples of feminime behavior. However, Einar experience detached-hostile father’s situation.

(53)

he found Einar, small at age seven, in the drawers, the amber beads twisted around his throat, a yellow deck-scarf on his head like long, beautiful hair. His father’s face turned red, and his eyes seemed to sink into his skull. Einar could hear the angry rattle of his father’s breath in his throat. “You can’t do that!” his father said. “Little boys can’t do that! (C.3, P.22)

From two quotations above explain the situation of Einar fear. Einar is an orphan. Einar lives with father. Einar since childhood knows father personality. Einar should be masculine. But when he was adult, Einar chooses to be feminine. Einar being feminime because the characteristic of father especially anger. Father is angry because of the little Einar’s action. Einar wearing beads. A little Einar does not know about his action. In quotations above, there is word ‘Einar resented his father’. Einar’s father is angry because of the little Einar’s action also take the oval

daguerreotype of Einar’s mother. Einar fears with father’s action. Consequently, einar

does not want to replicate his father. Einar does not want person always angry. Einar does not want to has the attitude of a man who likes angry.

b. Biological factor

(54)

(15-16). This situation can be different in every person. There are several cases when stepping on an adult, her breasts grow larger while her whiskers and beards are reduced. Medical review is needed in this process.

Einar is sick. Einar often bleeds. Einar decides to change his sex become a woman through surgery. The first operation is successful, although Einar still bleeding frequently. Prof. Bolk further examines the irregularities in Einar's body.

“I was concerned about her bleeding,” Professor Bolk continued.

“She shouldn’t have been hemorrhaging like that. It made me think something was wrong with one of her abdominal organs.”... “I opened up her abdomen. I knew something was wrong. I’d been in enough abdominal cavities to know something was wrong.” (C.22, P.251).

“In his abdomen,” Bolk continued, “tangled in with his intestine, I found something.” Dr. Bolk folded his hands together and cracked his knuckles. “I found a pair of ovaries. Underdeveloped, of course. Small, of course. But they were there.”...

“What does it mean for her?” Greta finally asked. “Are these ovaries real?” “It means I’m even more certain that this will work.” And then, “We’re doing the right thing.” (252)

From the quotation above, Einar is classified as pseudomale. Pseudomale is man but he has female cell. After Prof Bold's decision to further examine the stomach of Einar’s ovaries are finded in there. Small and undeveloped ovaries. The ovary can

be one of the reason that Einar becomes transgender and transsexual. The biological complexity’s factors from transgender and transsexual become the things that

(55)

Additionally, a powerful boost of self also causes the alteration of Einar. Desire must be accepted by society to create peace in life. A great desire will require a big boost from the environment. A great desire of man that contrasts with her sex should be strengthened by the desire from within ourselves include’s einar desire that contrasts with society (Tiffany 7). The community disagrees with Einar's actions. As people who do not fit the norm in general, Einar experiences humiliation.But the strong impulse of Einar becomes the key of Einar’s alteration.

“Not as much as I am about his delusion that he is a woman,”the doctor said...That a man like your husband can’t live much of a life. Of course Denmark is very open, but this isn’t about openness...That you and I, as responsible citizens, cannot let your husband free to roam as Lili? Not even in Copenhagen. Not even on occasion. Not even under your supervision. I trust you’ll agree with me that we should do whatever it takes to get this demon out of him, because that is what it is don’t you agree with me. (125-126)

But Lili knew more than anything else that she had to return to Dresden to finish what Bolk had started. To prove to the world—no, not to the world but to herself— that indeed she was a woman, and that all her previous life, the little man known as Einar, was simply nature’s gravest mishap, corrected once and for all. (291)

(56)

his sex as well. The first operation is success. A second operation aims to make Einar being a mother. As Oemar’s idea that a great desire that is not accepted by society, its desire must be strengthened by him self. Einar goes to Dresden. Einar is very

confident that he can be a mother. A strong push from Einarwithin Einar. A strong desire to be a perfect woman.

The Danish Girl takes the identity issues. The issues that become the important issues for person are sexuality and gender. Sexuality and gender are parts of the natural identity of human beings. EH. Lake mentions that sex in biology’s knowledge and anatomy’s knowledge divides person into male and female. In contrast, gender is

behavior of each sex in public formation (1). Gender divides person into masculine and feminime. By the time, humans tend to oppose. Humans oppose the prevailing rules including with gender and sex. Distortion of gender identity and same-sex relationships has often been discussed in scriptures and historical narratives. In the holy of the Qur'an, once mentioned about a homosexual precisely at the time of the prophet Luth. Al Quran Al 'Ankabuut: Verse 28.

“And [mention] Lot, when he said to his people, "Indeed, you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds.” (Surah 9:28).

(57)

Nowdays, sexual and gender aberrations are done openly. Then the perpetrators of sexual and gender deviations do the movement. One of the movement is awarding of the identity name. Word Q is the name for queer (verified ever since 1996) to prove the movement (Subhrajit 2). The LGBT people success. They can show themselves and get them right. But the rules in sex and gender are fixed rules in religion.

Religion cannot be separated from human life. The rules of human life are governed by religion, including gender and sex. Sex in religion only two; man and woman. Al Quran Alhujarat: 13: O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed,

the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah

is Knowing and Acquainted” (Qs Al Hujurat: 13) (Dwinanda 6) The sex consists of

man and woman. Religion clearly forbids the alteration of human sex. Other ayah that consits the form of human are :

 Al Quran An Najm: 45

And that He creates the two mates - the male and female -  Hadith from the Prophet Muhammad SAW;

Allah cursed male who resembled women, and women who resembled men (H.R Muhammad).

(58)

Performativity must be understood not as a singular or intentional ‘act’ but, rather, as the repeated and citational practice by which discourse produces the effects that it names (Buttler 1993, 2).

Gender is the performativity is formed by repetition. Gender is something we often do. If we repeat gender deviations, then our deviation become routines. Doing a good action will establish a better gender also. In hadith also is explained about the habit in doing good action, “Our deeds that Allah loves are continuous deeds (done) though little” (HR.Muslim)

The hadith that comes from the prophet Muhammad explains that we must make good deeds as a continuous repetition. In this novel, Einar is used to repeat gender deviation. Einar feels comfortable with his new identity. Einar wants to change his sex too. Therefore as a man who obeys religion, does not opposite gender and makes as habit.

A habit of deviation of gender and sex are forbidden explicitly by religion. The action that make deviation In the quran is explained And I will mislead them, and I will arouse in them [sinful] desires, and I will command them so they will slit the ears

of cattle, and I will command them so they will change the creation of Allah ." And

whoever takes Satan as an ally instead of Allah has certainly sustained a clear loss “

(59)

(60)

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION

From the data that have been collected to be examined, the study explains the several point to answer the statement of problem. The depiction of Einar in The Danish Girl that experience the confusion in his identity finally leads him to change his gender. This is because our public still relies on the idea of

heterosexuality.

The idea of heterosexuality is idea that arrange the conventional of gender and sex. Einar passes some experiences that confuses him in determining his gender and his sex. The first stage is the performance that shows the originality of Einar’s identity. Einar has a penis that strengthens his identity as a man. Then he

kisses Greta and marries with Greta. This action shows his masculine deeds. This action performs the conventional of gender and sex.

The second experience is the act of cross-dressing. This first action of Einar that contrast with his sex and Einar being feminime. Feminime only the word that is shaped by society, Einar’s free to act that contrast with society’s perception. Einar can wears woman’s stockings and go to party as Lili freely.

(61)

Lili likes to go to the madame Jasmin-Carton in France for six months. In there, Lili observes woman’s physique and woman’s behavior. How the curvature of woman’s breasts and how a woman shows genitalia. After that, Lili can replicate

action and the original of her identity.

The fourth experience is repetition. Lili's gender may change due to repetition. Einar is being the model of Greta everyday. Einar wears dress repeatedly. Einar can choose the dress and being pretty. Thus Einar read books about sex and gender. Einar imagines the physique of woman from the reading activity continuously. Einar is getting convinced to change his gender and his sex.

The fifth is the revelation. The revelation starts with the coming-out process. Frau asks Einar’s name in Clinic. Einar answers his name as Lili. Thus Einar also is not ashamed to mention his disease to Ursula. He says that he ill inside.

The alteration of gender can result in punishment or an unpleasant

consequence. Lili wants to be mother. But the second operation is fails. Lili feels severe pain in all of his body due to surgery. Lili should be given a shot of morphine continuously. Lili should drink cocaine, pain relief pills to reduce the pain. Lili receives unpleasant consequences from her choice.

(62)

wearing the distorted clothing. Thus, the second factor is fear toward Einar’s father. Einar fears with his father anger. Consequently, einar does not want replicate his father. There is word ‘Einar resented his father’. This means einar does not like his father. Einar does not want to replicate the coarse nature of man as his father.

Additioally the biological reasons also innfluence the deviation of Einar. The first biological reason is Einar actually has a pair of ovaries. Einar is

classified as pseudomale that has woman cell although his physique is man. The second reason is Einar has the powerful desire to be a woman. Einar is willing to go to Dresden for ovarian surgery. She wants to be a mother. Einar always says that Einar and Lili live together in his body. “Where do you go to find her?” Dr. Hexler asked , “Inside me.”

Einar Wegener’s identity change in David Ebershoff’s the Danish Girl.

TABLE OF CONTENTS