THESIS
Submitted as partial fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Degree of English Department of Art and Humanities Faculty UIN Sunan Ampel
Surabaya
By:
Tika Mulya Rahman Reg. Number A83212122 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY ARTS AND HUMANITIES
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA
ABSTRACT
Rahman, Tika. 2017. “The Violation of Grice’s Conversational Maxims Performed by John Nash In ‘A Beautiful Mind’ Movie”. English Department, Faculty of Art and Humanities. The State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
The advisor: Dzo’ul Milal, M.Pd
Keywords: Violation, Grice’s maxim, Schizophrenia, symptoms
Violation is situation wherein the speakers cause misunderstanding on their participants’ part or to achieve some other purposes in conversation. The aim of this study is to identify the process of violation of Grice’s maxim and to know the causes why the schizophrenia character does violation of maxim in ‘A Beautiful Mind’ movie.
In conducting the study, the writer applies qualitative content analysis to analyze John Nash’s utterances and conversation related to theory of Grice’s maxim. The data are collected through selecting John Nash’s conversation. Meanwhile, the collected data are analyzed by identifying, classifying, explaining and concluding.
INTISARI
Rahman, Tika. 2017. “Pelanggaran maksim Grice yang dilakukan oleh John Nash di Film ‘A Beautiful Mind’. Jurusan Sastra Inggris. Fakultas Seni dan Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya
Dosen pembimbing : Dzo’ul Milal, M.Pd
Kata kunci : Pelanggaran, maksim Grice, Skizofrenia, Tanda Gejala Pelanggaran maksim adalah situasi dimana pembicara menyebabkan kesalahpahaman dalam partisipasinya atau dalam mencapai beberapa tujuan dari percakapan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi proses terjadinya pelanggaran maksim Grice dan untuk mengetahui penyebab mengapa karakter yang memiliki penyakit skizofrenia melakukan pelanggaran maksim di film ‘A Beautiful Mind’.
Untuk melaksanakan penelitiannya, penulis mengaplikasikan analisis kualitatif untuk menganalisis ucapan dan percakapan John nash yang dihubungkan dengan teori Grice. Pengumpulan data melalui pemilihan percakapan John Nash. Sementara itu, kumpulan data dianalisis dengan cara identifikasi, pengelompokkan, penjelasan, dan kesimpulan.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
INSIDE COVER PAGE………...………i
INSIDE TITLE PAGE……….ii
THESIS ADVISOR’S APPROVAL PAGE………...………iii
THESIS EXAMINERS’S APPROVAL PAGE……….iv
DECLARATION PAGE……….……….………...v
MOTTO………..……vi
DEDICATION……….……….……….vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………viii
TABLE OF CONTENT………..…….…x
ABSTRACT………....…..xii
INTISARI………...…..xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……….…….1
1.1Background of Study……….…….1
1.2 Research Problems……….…5
1.3 Objective of the study………....5
1.4 Scope and Limitation………...………..5
1.5 Significance of the study………5
1.6 Definition of key term………6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE………7
2.1 Pragmatic………7
2.1.1 Cooperative Principle……….………..7
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2.1.3 Maxim of Quantity………..……….9
2.1.4 Maxim of Relation……….………..9
2.1.5 Maxim of Manner………..………10
2.1.6 Maxim Violation……….………...………11
2.2 Schizophrenia……….…………..13
2.2.1 Formal Thought Disorder……….………..15
2.2.2 Andreasen’s 18-point scale……….………..…….16
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD……..……….………..18
3.1Research Design ……….……….18
3.2Data Collection……….………...…….19
3.3Data analysis………20
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS………23
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION………..…46
REFERENCES………...………...47
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of study, research problems, objective of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of key terms.
1.1 Background of Study
In pragmatics, there are some rules that should be followed by speaker and listeners to make successful and good communication. Two or more people as the participants of a conversation should be able to be cooperative with each other so that there is no misunderstanding in conversation. Grice stated that people have successful conversation if they follow the cooperative principle that is elaborated in four basic guidelines (maxims). These maxims are as follows: maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relation, and maxim of manner (Yule, 1996: 37).
These four maxims can be obeyed by normal people such as give adequate information but not too much (maxim of quantity), be truthful (maxim of quality), be relevant (maxim of relation), and be clear (maxim of manner). People follow these principals to make conversation understanding and successful. Although they violate the maxims, it is used for making humor. There are differences between normal people and patient of schizophrenia, people with schizophrenia have many symptoms such as poverty of speech, incoherence, clanging and other symptoms which can influence for their communication. Bins (2010) argued that ability people with schizophrenia disorder to obey pragmatic rules of conversation depends on their mentalising skills. They also do not follow the maxims when producing speech and their answer to questions are rambling, off-topic, and uncooperative (De Decker and van de Craen (1987) cited by Covington et. al 2005: 93).
abnormalities (Kuperberg, 2010), structure of language (Covington, 2005), stage of language production (Setiangingsih, 2009), speech disorder (Zahra, 2009), communication (Titone, 2010), methapor (Hallberg, 2011), disordered language (Carl, 2011), ability of verbal language (Nurul, 2014), and pathology (Hinzen and Joanna, 2015). In almost all researcher, schizophrenic language is used to diagnose patients of schizophrenia and they commonly used patients of schizophrenia for their data source. Related to the previous studies, most of them have been done in linguistic aspect. As stated by Covington et.al (2010) schizophrenia affects phonology, syntax, semantics, and other components of language. The finding of the study by Hinzen and Joana (2015) confirms the existence of linguistic in schizophrenia. They researched to establish their hypothesis that linguistic (dis-)organization in the schizophrenic brain plays a more central role in pathogenesis. They used un-Cartesian theory. The finding confirms the linguistic model of positive symptoms may classify on their pathogenesis and then language could be a key neurocognitive variable to understanding symptom formation. Other previous studies in linguistic model have been done in some focus such as psycholinguistic, syntax, and methaphor.
maxims in various features such as violation in responses of politicans (Al-Hamadi and Behija, 2009), movie’s script (Chairunnisa and Muhammad, 2014),
humor of comedians onstage (Ulliyadhi, 2015), multiple violation of maxims in comic (Anggreini, 2016), and verbal humor in movie (Khozravizadeh and Nikan, 2011).
Almost researchers only focused on humor or comedy because the violation of Grice’s maxims commonly used in humor. Differences with Al
-Hamadi, he researched the violation of maxim quality in the responses of some western politicans. The writer had the different analysis. The writer focused on the violating maxim in schizophrenia character.
This study took the data from a movie or film not from mental hospital, comic and novel. The subject of this research was John Nash took from the movie. John Nash in the movie is a scientist who has schizophrenia and fights to be normal. In recent years, some researches took ‘A Beautiful Mind’ movie to be
analyzed the Grice's conversational maxim violated by John Nash character according the symptoms of schizophrenia.
1.2 Research Problems
1. How does John Nash character violate the maxim? 2. What the causes of John Nash violate the maxim?
1.3 Objective of the study
1. To identify the process violation of maxim.
2. To know the causes why the schizophrenia character does violation maxim in ‘A Beautiful Mind’ movie.
1.4 Scope and limitation
This research is conducted to identify the violation of maxim in schizophrenia character. The researcher focused in violation of maxim that happened in the conversation of John Nash character and why it can happen. The data were the conversation utterances between John Nash and other people which did violation. To analyze the data, the researcher looked on the script of movie to get the utterance and analyzed it with theory of Grice’s maxim. The researcher
used the symptoms of schizophrenia to related with reasons why he did violation.
1.5 Significance of study
for readers to know the violation maxims what related with symptoms of schizophrenia and it can be reference for conducting further study.
1.6 Definition of key term
1. Grice’s conversational maxims are a set of principal which have to be obeyed by speaker in communication.
2. The violations of Grice’s maxims as violating the maxims that caused awkward impression.
3. John Nash is man who suffering from schizophrenia in ‘A Beautiful Mind’ movie.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This Chapter presents a brief overview on the theory of cooperative principles by H.P.Grice and schizophrenia by Nancy Andreasen.
2.1Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics other than phonetics, phonology, syntax and semantics. Pragmatics is the study of meaning the speaker and the meaning interpreted by the listener (Yule, 1996: 3). It also includes analysis of context or the circumstances when the conversation occurs. Therefore, Yule (1996: 3) said that pragmatics as a study of meaning in context. By studying the meaning, the listener can understand what is meant by the speaker in order to produce a good communication ways. Nevertheless, to convey the meaning of communication, interlocutor should follow certain strategies of language philosopher H. P. Grice (1975) has termed as Cooperative Principles. The principle consists of four maxims: quality, quantity, relevance, and manner, which represents how people are anticipated to perform in a conversation, in general. In other words, the Cooperative Principle is certain restrictions on participants to adjust their speech in correspondence with the maxims.
2.1.1 Cooperative Principle
cooperative, coherence and mutually accept by speaker and listener. According Grice in Yule (1996:37), “In the cooperative principle, the speaker and listener of
the conversation should make their contribution such as is needed, at the point at
which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in
which you are engaged.”
Grice introduces the general name of the cooperative Principle with CP. CP consists of four sub principles called maxims. Those are the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation, and the maxim of manner.
2.1.2 Maxim of quality
Maxim of Quality is speakers expected to be saying something that they believe to be true. They are tried to make true information. They are assumed not to say anything for which they lack evidence. Some speakers like to draw their listener‘ attention to the fact that they are only saying what they believe to be true
and that they lack adequate evidence.
Grice (1975) suggested sub maxims as follows:
1. Give as much as possible information that is needed (not more). 2. Do not lie, just say the truth.
3. Try to make your contribution one that is true.
4. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence
If we are unsure of what we want to say, or want to avoid someone
as I know ... , I guess ...‘, to show we are aware of the cooperative principle. Just to be truthful and don‘t add any speculat ions disguised as objective information.
Julie : I’ll ring you tomorrow afternoon then.
John : Erm, I shall be there as far as I know, and in the meantime have a word with Mum and Dad if they’re free. Right, bye-bye then sweetheart.
Julie : Bye-bye, bye. (BNC, cited by Arthanti: 2013)
2.1.3 Maxim of quantity
Maxim of Quantity is to make the contribution as informative as required. It is means the information fulfill the current purpose of the exchange. The speakers do not to make it more informative than is required, and do not say too much or too little.
Example :
A : “What are you playing?”
B : “I am playing scrabble.”
In this case, the answer of B is informative for the question which asks by A. When A asks about the subject of the game, B’s answer is “scrabble”. It is enough
because the message is delivered.
2.1.4 Maxim of Relation
away). Speakers’ contribution should relate clearly to the purpose of the
exchange, it should be relevant. Example :
A : “Oh, I forget my book in class”
B : “I will accompany you to take it in class”.
In this utterance, B’s response has relation with the statement that is said by A. A forgets her book in class, whereas B hears A’s utterance and B expresses his
utterance which in relevant with A’s utterance.
2.1.5 Maxim of manner
Maxim of manner is telling the speakers to be perspicuous, avoid obscurity of expression, avoid ambiguity, be brief precise utterances, avoid unnecessary prolixity, be clear, and be orderly in our interaction. We should be clear in what we say. There are two kinds of clarity, those are clear text and clear message. Clear text is constructed by syntax and phonology of the language. Never use a long word where a short one will do.
Example :
A : “Where is Billy?”
B : “He is still drinking orange juice at kitchen.”
In this case B’s answer is constructed by clear syntax and the message that is
2.1.6 Maxim violation
Sometimes, the speaker faces a situation where he/she has to choose between two or more meanings to arrive at a clear interpretation of the message conveyed. In such a case , Grice suggests that the hearer assumes that the speaker is cooperating and intends the hearer to infer. The speaker's intentions can be determined by the four types of violation of the four maxims. A speaker can be said to violate a maxims when they know that the hearer will not know the truth and will only understand the surface meaning of the words. According to Grice (1975) in Khosravizadeh and Sadehvandi (2011:122), violation takes place when speakers intentionally refrain to apply certain maxims in their conversation to
cause misunderstanding on their participants’ part or to achieve some other
purposes.
Grice (1975) cited by Tupan and Natalia (2008) gives the criteria of violation of maxim. Violation maxim of quantity can occur if the speaker does circumlocution, uninformative, talks too much, talks too short, and repeat certain words. As the example cited in Khosravizadeh and Sadehvandi (2011:123):
John : “Where have you been? I searched everywhere for you during the past three months!”
Mike : “I wasn’t around. So, what’s the big deal? “
Violation maxim of quality take place when the speaker lies or says something that is believed to be false, makes ironic or sarcastic statement, denies something, and distorts information.
Example:
Boss : “Did you work all day long to finish that paysheet?”
Employee : “Yes, I’ve been doing that till know!” (The employee who has been playing his handphone all day long.)
In the example above, the employee was untruthful and violated the maxim of quality. He was lied to avoid unpleasant consequences such as: punishment from office or reduce of salary. He distorts the information which is the fact he does not work all day long and makes his boss believed that he works and makes a paysheet all day long.
The violation maxim of relation can happen if the speaker makes the conversation unmatched with the topic, changes conversation topic abruptly, avoids talking about something, hides something or hides a fact, and does the wrong causality.
One of the examples of this violation:
Mother : “Have you finished your homework?” Son : “Mom, my head is dizzy”.
raised. That is one of the sign that he is violating maxim of relation (by changing the topic).
The violation maxim of manner take place when speaker uses ambiguous language, exaggerates thing, uses slang in front of people who do not understand, and speaker’s voice is not loud enough. As the example by Khosravizadeh and
Sadehvandi (2011:122-123) of violating maxim of Manner : Sarah : “Did you enjoy the party last night?”
Anna : “There was plenty of oriental food on the table, lots of flower all
over the place, people hanging around chatting with each other.”
From the example above, Sarah asked a simply question but Anna
answer’s is protacted description of what was going on in the party last night. There are two interpretation can be caught from Anna’s answer. 1. Anna had such
a good time in the party that she is obviously too excited and has no idea where to begin. 2. Ana had such a terrible time and she does not know how to complain about it. She has violated maxim of manner.
2.2 Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is one of the serious mental illness affecting the normal functioning of the brain. Previously this illness called “dementia praecox” by
Emil Kraepelin. He named that because dementia means “an illness that effects
the ability to think clearly and is persistent and chronic” and praecox means “an
illness that occurs primarily in young people”. Therefore, Eugen Bleuler stated
worsen overtime, as typically happens in neurodegenerative disorder and some patients developed their illness at later age. Finally, he replaced that name with “schizophrenia”. This name literally means “fragmenting” of the mind and is
derived from classical Greek (schizo = split, fragmented; phren = mind). He chose this name because he believed that schizophrenia was an inability to think clearly and to link together “associative threads” during the process of thought and
speech (Andreasen, 2001: 195).
The signs and symptoms of schizophrenia are diverse. There are three categories: positive, negative, and cognitive. Positive symptoms are psychotic behaviors not generally seen in normal people. People with positive symptoms may “lose touch” with some aspects of reality. According to Andreasen (2001:
197), people usually are recognized as being mentally ill because their positive symptoms are clear indicators that they suffer from a srious problem that impairs their sense of reality. Symptoms include:
1. Hallucinations (disorder of perception) 2. Delusions (inferential thinking)
3. Thought disorders (unusual or dysfunctional ways of thinking) 4. Movement disorders (agitated body movements)
1. “Flat affect” (reduced expression of emotions via facial expression or
voice tone)
2. Reduced feelings of pleasure in everyday life 3. Difficulty beginning and sustaining activities 4. Reduced speaking
For some patients of schizophrenia, the cognitive symptoms are subtle, but for others, they are more severe and patients may notice changes in their memory or other aspects of thinking. Symptoms include:
1. Poor “executive functioning” (the ability to understand information and
use it to make decisions)
2. Trouble focusing or paying attention
3. Problems with “working memory” (the ability to use information
immediately after learning it) (National Institute of Mental Health, 2016).
2.2.1 Formal Thought Disorder
Formal thought disorder or often called FTD is one of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia that talk about abnormal speech production running without feedback control (Hinzen and Joana, 2015). FTD denotes to it is ‘disorganized thinking’, which is typically inferred from the individual’s speech.
topic), clanging (chaining together similar-sounding words as if distracted by them), and other kinds of incoherence and unintelligibility.
2.2.2 Andreasen’s 18-point scale
The Thought, Language and Communication or TLC is standard account of schizophrenic language to provide a base for later research and clinical practice by Andreasen (cited in Covington et al, 2005).
The scale comprises 18 symptoms: 1. Poverty of speech
2. Poverty of content (word vagueness)
3. Pressure of speech (excessive speed or emphasis) 4. Distractibility (by stimuli in the environment) 5. Tangentiality (partly irrelevant replies) 6. Loss of goal
7. Derailment (loss of goal in gradual steps)
8. Circumstantiality (numerous digressions on the way to the goal) 9. Illogicality
10.Incoherence (word salad, severely disrupted structure) 11.Neologisms (novel made-up words)
12.Word approximations (coined substitutes for existing words, such as handshoe: glove)
15.Perseveration 16.Echolalia
17.Blocking (sudden stoppage)
18.Self-reference (talking about oneself excessively)
Chaika who had researched 45 patients of schizophrenia based on Thought, Language and Communication scale reported that derailment, loss of goal, poverty of content, and tangentiality were the most common of the 18 thought-disorder symptoms; poverty of speech, pressure of speech, illogicality, and perseveration were moderately common; self-reference and incoherence were moderately uncommon; and the remaining thought-disorder symptoms were rare (Covington et al: 2005).
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter presents the method that the researcher used for this study. It includes research design, data source, data, data collection, research instrument, and data analysis.
3.1Research Design
The researcher applied qualitative content analysis. Qualitative content analysis is one of the numerous research methods used to analyze text data (Shannon, 2005). Research by using qualitative content analysis focuses on the characteristics of language as communication with attention to the content or contextual meaning of the text. The purpose of content analysis is to provide knowledge and understanding of the phenomena under study (Downe-Wamboldt, 1992 cited by Shannon, 2005).
writer presented description about type of violation of maxim, process of violation and the reason. She explained with her own interpretation and used the theory of Grice’s maxim and classification of symptoms by Nancy Andreasen.
3.2Data Collection - Data and data source
The data source of this study was ‘A Beautiful Mind’ movie. It was
production in December 21, 2001. The duration of this movie is 02:15:18. The script was downloaded from website in internet
http://www.imsdb.com/scripts/BeautifulMind.html. Meanwhile, the data
were utterances and the conversation of John Nash. The data were utterances which contain violation of maxim because existence of schizophrenia’s symptoms.
- Instruments
The main instrument of this research was the researcher herself. It is because the writer collected the data by watching the movie, reading the movie script, transcribing the utterance and analyzing the symptoms and linguistic features.
- Techniques of data collection
To gain the data, the researcher had some steps as described in the following:
The movie of ‘A Beautiful Mind’ downloaded on internet and the script on
http://www.imsdb.com/scripts/BeautifulMind.html.
b. Watching and scrutinizing the script of the movie.
When the writer watched the movie, she read the script and checked the utterance of John Nash.
c. Selecting the data
In this step, the writer only focuses on John Nash’s utterance and
conversation. The writer gave symbol to mark the utterances which
contain violation of conversational maxim. Later, the data were processed in next data analysis.
The symbol to mark the data of violation:
3.3Data analysis
In analyzing the data, the writer did several step: 1. Identifying data
The writer identified the selected data that indicate the violation of maxim. The process identifying the selected data was focus on the process
and causes of violation. The process and causes was marked as shown below:
The symbol of process violating performed by John Nash in ‘A Beautiful Mind’ movie
The symbol of causes for maxim violating performed by John Nash in ‘A Beautiful Mind’ movie
TTTTttt
1. Poverty of speech : S1 2. Poverty of content : S2 3. Pressure of speech : S3 4. Distractibility : S4 5. Tangentiality : S5 6. Derailment : S6 7. Circumstantiality : S7 8. Illogicality : S8 9. Incoherence : S9 10. Neologisms : S10 11. Word approximations : S11 12. Stilted speech : S12
13. Clanging : S13
14. Perseveration : S14 15. Echolalia : S15 16. Blocking : S16 17. Self-reference : S17 18. Loss of goal : S18 CC : Circumlocution
UIN : Uninformative TTM : Talk too much TTS : Talk too short
REP : Repeat certain words LIE : Lies
SAR : Sarcastic statement DIS : Distort Information UN : Unmatched with the topic CH : Changes conversation abruptly AV : Avoid talking something HS : Hides something
AMB : Ambiguous language
SLAG : Uses slang or language in front of people who do not understand
2. Classifying the data
The writer classified the identified of data which contain process and causes of violation. The writer used the tables to classify the data. Table 1. The process of violation the maxim performed by John Nash in ‘A Beautiful Mind’ movie
Table 2. The causes of violation the maxim performed by John Nash in ‘A Beautiful Mind’ movie
Later, the writer described the classified data to answer the research problems. 3. Explaining classified data
After classifying the data, the writer analyzed each data. The writer explained how the way person of schizophrenia (John Nash) violated the maxim. Then, the writer analyzed and explained more the causes of violation according the symptoms of schizophrenia.
4. Drawing conclusion
Finally, the writer drew conclusion based on the result of analyzing.
Violation Strategies
Maxim of Quantity TTS, CC , TTM, REP
Maxim of Quality …..
Maxim of Manner …..
Maxim of Relation …..
Violation Symptom
Maxim of Quantity S1, S2, S5, S9, S12,
Maxim of Quality …..
Maxim of Manner …..
[image:31.595.119.510.243.584.2]CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
This chapter embodies two parts, findings and discussion. In the first part, the findings of the research presented the process of violating maxim and the causes of violating maxim performed by John Nash. Some excerpts are provided to get understanding of violation process and causes which conducted with symptoms of schizophrenia. In the second part, the discussion of schizophrenia relates to religion aspect.
4.1 The Findings
This section provides the data that have been got by the writer to answer the problem of research. The finding show that John Nash character, person with schizophrenic disorder as main character in ‘A Beautiful Mind Movie’ indeed
violated the maxim of Cooperative Principle. In ‘A Beautiful Mind’ movie, the
writer found 28 utterances in the form of turn-taking between John Nash and other character.
The writer gives some excerpts to make clear explanation of each violating the Grice’s maxim. The excerpts had been written sequential from subchapter 1 to
4.1.1. The process of Grice’s maxim violating performed by John Nash in ‘A Beautiful Mind’ movie.
There are four maxim have violated by John Nash character. They are maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of manner, and maxim of relation.
1) Violation of maxim quantity
The writer finds utterances that do violation of maxim Quantity. Those utterances disobey the rule of quantity maxim. Violation of maxim quantity occur when John Nash does circumlocution, talks too much and talks too short. The result of data can be seen as follow:
Excerpt 1
Girl : “I’m wondering Prof. Nash, if I can ask you to dinner. You do eat, don’t you?”
John Nash : “Oh, on occasion, yeah. Table for one. Prometheus alone chained to the rock with the bird circling overhead, you know how it is. No, I expect that you wouldn’t…you wouldn’t know.”
(Datum QN/08/CC/S9)
That conversation occurred between girl and John Nash. The girl interested to John Nash. She offered dinner to John Nash for first dating. The girl said “I’m wondering Prof. Nash, if I can ask you to dinner. You
do eat, don’t you?” John Nash startled because he never did dating with
Prometheus alone chained to the rock with the bird circling overhead, you
know how it is. No, I expect that you wouldn’t…you wouldn’t know”.
John Nash’s utterance shows the violation of maxim quantity. He
disobeys the rule maxim of quantity. John Nash does circumlocution by talking of many words. The utterance of “Oh, on occasion, yeah” it is sufficient to answer the question of the girl. However, John Nash talks about Prometheus after he says “on occasion, yeah”. Prometheus is a famous character in Greek mythology what was known for being chained to a rock. He should does not add that Prometheus.
Excerpt 2
Girl : “Maybe you want to buy me a drink?”
John Nash : “I don’t exactly know what I’m required to say in order for you to have intercourse with me, but could we assume that I said all that? Essentially we’re taking about fluid exchange, right? So, could we just go straight to the sex?”
(Datum QN/04/TTM/S2.S12)
The conversation occurred between the main characters of John Nash and girl in arcade. Neils asked John to talk with the girl in his side. John was happy and he convinced his friends that he can get that girl. When John Nash came to girl, the girl started to ask “Maybe you want to
buy me a drink?” John Nash said the aim of the conversation directly “I don’t exactly know what I’m required to say in order for you to have
we’re taking about fluid exchange, right? So, could we just go straight to
the sex?”.
By the dialogue, John Nash is not being cooperative to girl. He does not answer the question but he talks too much about his aim of chat to do sex with that girl. John Nash is very enthusiastic to get that girl, so he does not care the request of the girl and says what actually he wants of their chat. In this conversation John Nash violates the maxim of quantity because he talks too much.
Excerpt 3
Charles : “Hmmm, are you? Right. Is my roommate a dick?” John Nash : “Hmmm”
(Datum QN/01/TTS/S1) The conversation happened in John’s room at Princeton University.
Charles is John’s roommate who studied English literature, but he is
imaginary friend. His existence only on mind of John Nash. Charles told his cocktail party to John Nash when John Nash was studying, but he did not care with Charles’ story. Then, Charles was annoyed to attitude of
John Nash, he started to ask “Hmmm, are you? Right. Is my roommate a dick?” The questioning of Charles made John Nash was startled and confused, so he only answered “Hmmm”.
In this case, John’s answer violates the maxim of quantity because
he give less answer of “hmmm” which is not clear. The short answer could
2) Violation of maxim quality
Violation of maxim quality take place when the speaker lies or says something that is believed to be false, makes ironic or sarcastic statement, denies something, and distorts information. The writer finds the conversation of John Nash that does violation of maxim quality by lying.
Excerpt 4
Doctor : “I find that highly unlikely, you made a mistake.” John Nash : “My work is non-military in application”
Doctor : “Which work is that, John?” John Nash : “I don’t know anything.”
(Datum QL/15/LIE/S1)
John entered in Mac Arthur psychiatric hospital. The doctor interviewed John Nash. He wanted to know what the delusional of John Nash. When John Nash said that his work is non-military in application, the doctor asked “Which work is that, John?”but John Nash answered “I don’t know anything.”
In this case, John Nash violates the maxim of quality. He lies to doctor if he does not know anything. John Nash does not make his contribution be true. By saying “I don’t know anything” he does not want to give the information about his
job as code breaker to doctor.
3) Violation of maxim manner
finds an utterance of John Nash that does violation of manner by using slang in front of people who do not understand.
Excerpt 5
Girl : “What are you doing?”
John Nash : “I’m attempting to isolate patterned re-occurrences within periodicals over time… and you?
Girl : “You talk funny, Mr.Nash”
(Datum MM/28/SLAG/S12) This conversation was happened between John Nash and Marcee. Marcee is niece of Charles, she is not real same as Charles. It was first meeting between John Nash and Marcee. When Marcee came to John Nash, John Nash was breaking code in magazine. Marcee looked at John and she asked “What are you
doing?” John Nash answered “I’m attempting to isolate patterned re-occurrences
within periodicals over time”. He could not explain his activity clearly to girl was
eight years old.
In this case John Nash violates the maxim of manner. He explains to girl by using language of science. The girl is difficult to get understand. John Nash uses standard words for university student or people who know the sciences. The girl could not understand, so finally he said that John Nash talk funny.
4) Violation of maxim relation
relation by changing the topic abruptly, giving answer and respond unmatched with the topic, and avoiding talk something.
Excerpt 6
John Nash : “It is Martin, isn't it?” Hansen : “Why, yes, John, it is”
John Nash : “I imagine you're getting quite used to miscalculation. I've read your pre-prints...Both of them. The one on Nazi ciphers, and the other one on non-linear equations, and I am supremely confident that there is not a single seminal or innovative idea in either one of them. Enjoy your punch.”
(Datum MR/17/CH/S6) The conversation was happened between John Nash and Martin in the garden of Princeton University. Initially, John Nash met a group of promising math and science graduate students such as Sol, Ainsley and Bender. Then Hansen came and gave the glass to John Nash. He thought that John Nash was waiter and it made John Nash was offense. Hansen apologized to John Nash but John Nash was still offense. Then John Nash started to ask Martin “It is Martin, isn't it?” Hansen answered “Why, yes, John, it is”. John Nash continued “I
imagine you're getting quite used to miscalculation. I've read your
pre-prints...Both of them. The one on Nazi ciphers, and the other one on non-linear
equations, and I am supremely confident that there is not a single seminal or
innovative idea in either one of them…Enjoy your punch.” John Nash said that
with sarcastic statement to Hansen. When he said that, he suddenly changed the topic. It made his friends confused.
discussion. It makes the John’s friend is confuse because he change the topic and
gone.
Excerpt 7
Toby : “I believe I can prove that Galois extensions are covering space. That everything is connected. That it’s all part of the same subject.”
John Nash : “When was the last time you eat?” Toby : “Excuse me? Oh… uh”
John Nash : “My wife, she loves mayonnaise.” (He gives bread with mayonnaise to Toby) Toby : “Oh, thank you”
(Datum MR/27/UN/S5) The conversation above occurred in the library when Toby as student of university was curious to John Nash who solved the Reimann in windowpane. Toby interested to talk more with John Nash because he was developing the theory. Toby gave their paper to John Nash. He read his paper and asked “When was the last time you eat?” Toby confused, he just said “Excuse me? Oh… uh”.
Then John Nash gave his bread to Toby. Actually John Nash only wanted to break the ice.
In this case, John Nash violates the maxim of relation because his respond is unmatched with the topic. Toby talks his theory about Galois extension but John Nash asks time of eat to him. This respond make Toby is confused and do not understand. John Nash’s contribution should relate clearly to the purpose of
the exchange, it should be relevant. Excerpt 8
Alicia : “What is wrong with you?”
John Nash : “You have to go to your sister’s. I left the car out the back. You take Commonwealth.”
The conversation above occurred between Alicia and John Nash. John Nash was fear because he saw the agents of soviet and William Parcher were peering over in front of his house. John Nash turned off the all lamps in his house. This condition made Alicia distracted. She asked “What is wrong with you?” John
answered “You have to go to your sister’s. I left the car out the back. You take Commonwealth.”
The respond of John shows that John Nash avoids talk his occurrence.
The findings above are summed up in table:
No. Code Data Process Causes
1. QN/08/CC/S9
Girl : “I’m wondering Prof. Nash, if I can ask you to dinner. You do eat, don’t you?”
John Nash: “Oh, on occasion, yeah. Table for one. Prometheus alone chained to the rock with the bird circling overhead, you know how it is. No, I expect that you wouldn’t…you wouldn’t know.”
CC S9
2. QN/04/TTM/S2.S12
Girl: “Maybe you want to buy me a drink?”
John Nash: “I don’t exactly know what I’m required to say in order for you to have intercourse with me, but could we assume that I said all that? Essentially we’re taking about fluid exchange, right? So, could we just go straight to the sex?”
TTM S2.S12
3. QN/01/TTS/S1
Charles: “Hmmm, are you? Right. Is my roommate a dick?”
John Nash: “Hmmm”
TTS S1
4. QL/15/LIE/S1
Doctor: “I find that highly unlikely, you made a mistake.”
John Nash: “My work is non-military in application”
Doctor : “Which work is that, John?”
John Nash: “I don’t know anything.”
LIE S1
5. MM/28/SLAG/S12
Girl: “What are you doing?”
John Nash: “I’m attempting to isolate patterned re-occurrences
within periodicals over time… and you?
Girl : “You talk funny, Mr.Nash”
6. MR/17/CH/S6
John Nash: “It is Martin, isn't it?”
Hansen: “Why, yes, John, it is” John Nash: “I imagine you're getting quite used to miscalculation. I've read your pre-prints...Both of them. The one on Nazi ciphers, and the other one on non-linear equations, and I am supremely confident that there is not a single seminal or innovative idea in either one of them. Enjoy your punch.”
CH S6
7. MR/27/UN/S5
Toby: “I believe I can prove that Galois extensions are covering space. That everything is connected. That it’s all part of the same subject.”
John Nash: “When was the last time you eat?”
Toby: “Excuse me? Oh… uh”
John Nash: “My wife, she loves mayonnaise.”(He gives bread with mayonnaise to Toby)
Toby : “Oh, thank you”
UN S5
8. MR/22/AV/S5
Alicia : “What is wrong with you?”
John Nash : “You have to go to your sister’s. I left the car out the back. You take Commonwealth.”
4.1.2. The causes of violation the Grice’s maxim in ‘A Beautiful Mind’ movie
To identity the second problem of research, the 18 symptoms of schizophrenia by Nancy Andreasen is used. In this research, the writer finds 8 symptoms of 18 symptoms. They are poverty of speech, poverty of content, pressure of speech, tangentiality, derailment, circumstantiality, incoherence, stilted speech and clanging. That symptoms which influence why violation is happened. The causes of violation the maxim of quantity are poverty of speech, poverty of content, pressure of speech and word approximations. Then, the cause of violation the maxim of quality is poverty of speech. Next, the cause of violation the maxim of manner is stilted speech. Last, the causes of violation the maxim of relation are tangentiality, derailment, and circumstantiality.
a. Poverty of speech
Excerpt 9
Alicia : “Are you ready to go now?”
John Nash: “Oh, yes I am. Yes, indeed, and yes please.”
Alicia : “Thank you so much. Thank you… What is it? What’s wrong?”
John Nash: “Nothing”
(Datum QL.QN/16/LIE/S1)
This conversation was happened between Alicia and John Nash in auditorium. John Nash won the Noble Memorial Prize in Economics for his revolutionary work on game theory in Stockholm, Sweden. When they wanted to go, John Nash was seeing his imagery friends. He saw Charles, Marcee and Parcher was standing to one side and was watching him. Alicia saw that John Nash looked at other side, she started to ask “What is it? What’s wrong?” John
answered with limited answer “Nothing” he said that to make Alicia was not
anxious, because he knew that they were not real. They only on John Nash mind. By saying ‘nothing’ it shows that John Nash has tendency to speak when prompted and limited answer. He thinks that the word of ‘nothing’ is sufficient to
make all fine.
b. Poverty of content
Excerpt 10
Man : “Come on, John. Let’s have some tea. It’s a big day.” John Nash : “M-Most…Most commercially available brands of tea
are not suitable to my palate. There are some Northen Indian teas which are dense enough… I enjoy the flavor that they have…I have not been in this room for some many years. I wonder what tea they served.”
(Datum QN/13/TTM/S2) The excerpt (2) is taken from conversation between John Nash and a man. A man came to Princeton University to meet John Nash. He was governor. He gave information that John Nash would have won the Noble prize. He invited John Nash to drinking tea in the one of the rooms in Princeton University. He invited John Nash “Come on, John. Let’s have
some tea. It’s a big day”, John answered pleasantly “M-Most…Most
commercially available brands of tea are not suitable to my palate. There
are some Northen Indian teas which are dense enough… I enjoy the flavor
that they have…I have not been in this room for some many years. I
wonder what tea they served.”
c. Pressure of Speech
Pressure of speech is speech disorder wherein person accelerate his speech or frenetic pace that conveys urgency seemingly inappropriate to the situation. Usually listener difficult to interrupt the pressure of speech and the speech sometime is incoherent.
Excerpt 11
John Nash : “I’ve been working on manifold embedding. My bargaining stratagems are starting to show some promise. I you could just arrange another meeting. If you’d be kind enough, with Professor Einsten. I’ve repeatedly asked you for that.
Professor : “Now John”
John Nash : “I’d be able to show him my revisions on his…” Professor : “John”
(Datum QN/05/TTM/S3) The conversation above occurred between John Nash and Professor. Professor reminded John Nash about attending for class and his paper. John Nash explained that he had did manifold embedding which had great potential in the future. He convinced Professor to arrange another meeting. He said “I’ve been working on manifold embedding. My bargaining stratagems are starting to show some promise. I you could just arrange
another meeting. If you’d be kind enough, with Professor Einsten. I’ve
repeatedly asked you for that.”
He talks quickly until Professor difficult to interrupt his speech. It can be shown from the utterance of professor to interrupt John Nash’s speech.
He said “Now John” and John did not stop. Then when professor
d. Tangentiality
Tangentiality is one of the symptoms wherein a person has tendency to speak about topic unrelated to the main topic of relation (Colman, 2006). This symptom can detect when person is completely unable to participate in a discussion. From example, when a mother asks about her bag, the daughter may then begin to discuss something completely different such as sciences or religious beliefs.
Excerpt 12
Charles : “When did you last eat? You know food?”
John Nash : “You have no respect for cognitive reverie, you know that?”
(Datum MR/20/UN/S5) The conversation above happened between John Nash and Charles. John Nash was stressing for two days because he could not find his original idea for paper whereas Hansen had published his paper. Then, Charles remembered him to eat , he asked “when did you last eat? You know food?” but John Nash answered “You have no respect for cognitive
reverie”. The answering of John Nash did not relate to his last time for eat
or food but about the respect for cognitive reverie. The topics are unrelated. Cognitive refers to the mind or intellect and reverie is thinking intently about something. By saying “You have no respect for cognitive reverie” John Nash shows that he is unable to participate on that
e. Derailment
Derailment (also known as loose association or speech move) is a peculiar change of topic in otherwise logical speech. It can be seen when the person of schizophrenia constant jumping around from one topic to another. The topics often seem clearly but indirectly unrelated.
Excerpt 13
John Nash : So, we see that the…the zeroes of the Reimann zeta function, correspond to singularities in space-time, singularities in space-time…and conventional number theory…it breaks down in the face of relativistic exploration. Sometimes our expectations are betrayed by the numbers. Variables are impossible to assign any rational value.
Doctor : “Professor Nash”
f. Circumstantiality
Circumstantiality is a disturbance in the thought process, in which one gives an excessive amount of detail (circumstances). It can be seen when the person of schizophrenia avoid making a direct statement. Excerpt 14
Doctor : “Who are you talking to? Tell me who you see.” John Nash : “How do you say, ‘Charles Herman’ in Russia?
How do you say it in Russia”
Doctor : “There’s no one there, John. There’s no one there.” (Datum MR/24/UN/S7) The conversation above occurred between Doctor and John Nash. When doctor asked, “who are you talking to? Tell me who you see.” John Nash answered with seeing to Charles. He answered “How do you say, ‘Charles Herman’ in Russia? How do you say it in Russia”.
John Nash did not give direct answer, he made excessive detail of Charles. In this case, he violated the maxim of quantity because he did circumlocution.
g. Stilted Speech
Stilted speech is speech disorder wherein the people of schizophrenia often use flowery, excessive and pompous words or phrase in their speech. Excerpt 15
Charles : “So, what’s your story? You the poor kid that never got to go to Exeter or Andover?
John Nash : “Despite my privileged upbringing, I’m actually quite well-balanced. I have a chip on both shoulders.”
The conversation above happened between Charles and John Nash. John Nash showed his one of the symptoms of schizophrenia unconsciously in this conversation. He used stilted speech when he was telling to Charles. It was shown in his utterance. He used words of “privileged upbringing”. Privileged upbringing is term for person who has been raised in great wealth, often with an excellent education. He uses that word to show who he is.
h. Clanging
Clanging is a manner of speaking in which words are chosen for their related sounds rather than actual meaning. It is may be heard as alliteration.
Excerpt 16
Hansen : “Nash is going to stun us all with his genius. Which is another way of saying he doesn’t have the nerve to compete. (Hansen raps game board with his knuckles) You scared?”
John Nash : “Terrified. Mortified. Petrified. Stupefied. No starch. Pressed and folded.”
(Datum QN/02/CC/S13)
The conversation above occurred between Hansen and John Nash. Hansen invited John Nash to fight in game board. John Nash was agree, but he did not answer ‘yes’. He said “Terrified. Mortified. Petrified.
scare to death. Petrified is a feel of person who is confused that they feel stupid. Pressed is a condition where the clothes to be flat without wrinkles.
The findings above are summed up in table:
No. Code Data Process Causes
1. QL.QN/16/LIE/S1
Alicia : “Are you ready to go now?”
John Nash: “Oh, yes I am. Yes, indeed, and yes please.”
Alicia: “Thank you so much. Thank you… What is it? What’s wrong?”
John Nash: “Nothing”
LIE S1
2. QN/13/TTM/S2
Man : “Come on, John. Let’s have some tea. It’s a big day.”
JohnNash: “M-Most…Most commercially available brands of tea are not suitable to my palate. There are some Northen Indian teas which are dense enough… I enjoy the flavor that they have…I have not been in this room for some many years. I wonder what tea they served.”
TTM S2
3. QN/05/TTM/S3
John Nash : “I’ve been working on manifold embedding. My bargaining stratagems are starting to show some promise. I you could just arrange another meeting. If you’d be kind enough, with Professor Einsten. I’ve repeatedly asked you for that. Professor : “Now John”
John Nash: “I’d be able to show him my revisions on his…” Professor: “John”
4. MR/20/UN/S5
Charles : “When did you last eat? You know food?”
John Nash : “You have no
respect for cognitive reverie, you know that?”
UN S5
5. MR/23/CH/S6
John Nash : So, we see that the…the zeroes of the Reimann zeta function, correspond to singularities in space-time, singularities in space-time…and conventional number theory…it breaks down in the face of relativistic exploration. Sometimes our expectations are betrayed by the numbers. Variables are impossible to assign any rational value.
Doctor : “Professor Nash”
CH S6
6. MR/24/UN/S7
Doctor : “Who are you talking to? Tell me who you see.”
John Nash: “How do you say, ‘Charles Herman’ in Russia? How do you say it in Russia” Doctor : “There’s no one there, John. There’s no one there.”
UN S7
7. MR/19/UN/S12
Charles : “So, what’s your story? You the poor kid that never got to go to Exeter or Andover? John Nash : “Despite my
privileged upbringing, I’m actually quite well-balanced. I have a chip on both shoulders.”
8. QN/02/CC/S13
Hansen: “Nash is going to stun us all with his genius. Which is another way of saying he doesn’t have the nerve to compete. (Hansen raps game board with his knuckles) You scared?”
John Nash: “Terrified. Mortified. Petrified. Stupefied. No starch. Pressed and folded.”
CC S13
4.2. Discussion
The findings reveal that John Nash violates the all maxims because he has many symptoms of schizophrenia. It is prove that Grice’s maxims
Apart from the result above, the writer finds topic related to Islamic value. In the shariah of Islam: when it is none existent it necessitates non existence, but when is existence, it does not necessitate existence. By the conditions upon which the correctness of one’s prayer
depends on. The conditions of prayer are Islam, sanity, reaching the age of Maturity, lack of/uplifting ritual impurity, removal of filth, covering the awrah, entrance of the proper time, facing the qiblah and the intention. (‘The condition, Pillar and Requirements of the Prayer’, 2003). The
condition insane person is included in one of the nine condition of prayer. The pen is raised for the insane person, which means that he/she is not held accountable for his deeds until he returns to his senses. The messenger Muhammad alaihisalam said “The pen has been raised from three: the one who is sleeping, until he awakens; the insane person, until
he returns to his senses; and the child, until he reaches puberty.”
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
The John Nash character in ‘A Beautiful Mind ‘ movie has a schizophrenia
disorder. Schizophrenia is one of the serious mental illness. His disorder makes him difficult to build a good communication. From this research, the writer finds out proves that John Nash violated the Grice’s maxim. The data found 28
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