View of BINARY OPPOSITION AS THE CHARACTERIZATION IN CASEY WATSON’S A BOY WITHOUT HOPE

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts



ƒ„Ž‡ͳͶǤ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•…‡‡Ͷ•Ž‹†‡ʹ

‹‰‹ˆ‹‡” ‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†

‹•—ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ - ͷ †‘…–‘”•Ȁ—”•‡• ƒ”‡

’”ƒ›‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹‘‡

‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ”‘‘

- Œ—”‡†ˆƒ…‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡

‘•‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‡Š‡ƒ†

- ͷ †‘…–‘”•Ȁ—”•‡• ‹

Šƒœƒ–•—‹–ƒ”‡‰‡––‹‰

”‡ƒ†›–‘™‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹

- ͷƒ†—Ž–•‡™‡ƒ”‹‰

™Š‹–‡ƒ†„Ž—‡…Ž‘–Š‡•

ƒ”‡’”‘•–”ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ”‘‘

- ͵ƒ†—Ž–•‡ȋʹ—•‡‡Ȍǡ

Šƒ˜‡•…ƒ”•‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•

- ͷƒ†—Ž–•‡‹Šƒœƒ–

•—‹–‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Šƒ••

ƒ†ˆƒ…‡•Š‹‡Ž†•

...

...ةلاصو اقوش ضرأ ىلع الل نااسني لا

‘‘–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ǣŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–‡”’”‡–•Ž‹†‡ʹƒ•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–•–”—‰‰Ž‡‘ˆ

–Š‡ Š‡”‘‡•‹ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡š‹•–‹‰…ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡‘•– ’”‘‹‡– ”‘Ž‡ ‹

–Š‹•‘—–„”‡ƒ‹•ƒŽŽ†‘…–‘”•ƒ†—”•‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡™‘”‹‰ƒŽŽ†ƒ›–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡

„‡•–•‡”˜‹…‡ǤŠ‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡‹•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡™‘—†•‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•†—‡–‘—•‡

‘ˆ‡†‹…ƒŽƒ••ƒŽŽ†ƒ›Ž‘‰ǤŠ‡†‘…–‘”•ƒ†—”•‡•ƒŽ•‘’”ƒ›‡†ƒ†ƒ•‡†–‘

ŽŽƒŠ–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•™‘—Ž†‡†•‘‘ǡƒ†„›ŽŽƒŠ̵•’‡”‹••‹‘–Š‡›…‘—Ž†Š‡ƒŽ

’‡‘’Ž‡•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘Ǥ

‹‰—”‡ͳͶǤŽ‹†‡͵ 



ƒ„Ž‡ͳͷǤ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•…‡‡Ͷ•Ž‹†‡͵

‹‰‹ˆ‹‡” ‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†

‹•—ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡

‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡•–ƒ†‹‰‘

–Š‡Š‘—•‡„ƒŽ…‘›

…Žƒ’’‹‰–‘•ƒ›–Šƒ›‘—

™‹–ŠƒŠƒ’’›•‹Ž‡

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡

•–ƒ†‹‰‘–Š‡‹”„ƒŽ…‘‹‡•

…Žƒ’’‹‰–Š‡‹”Šƒ†•

Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒ—†‹‘•‘—†

”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›ǡ•ƒ›‹‰

....الل نااسني لا

‘‘–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ǣ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–‡”’”‡––Šƒ–•Ž‹†‡͵ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆŠ‘’‡ƒ•

™‡ŽŽƒ•Š‹‰Š‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡–‘–Š‡Š‡”‘‡•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘—‰Š–ƒŽŽ†ƒ›‹‰Š–Ǥ–Š‡

’‹…–—”‡ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ …‘˜‡›‹‰ ‡–Š—•‹ƒ• –‘ –Š‡ Š‡”‘‡• ‘ˆ  –‘ ‡‡’

ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”ƒ†Š‡”‡…‡–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘–‘…‘Ž•Ǥ›‘–ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰ŽŽƒŠǡ

‘—” Š‘’‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ ‹ ˜ƒ‹Ǥ ‡ —•– „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •—’’‘”–

‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”‹ƒ›ˆ‘”™‹ŽŽ„‡‘—”™ƒ›–‘‡†‹–ƒŽŽǤ



Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts





ƒ„Ž‡ͳͶǤ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•…‡‡Ͷ•Ž‹†‡ʹ

‹‰‹ˆ‹‡” ‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†

‹•—ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ - ͷ †‘…–‘”•Ȁ—”•‡• ƒ”‡

’”ƒ›‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹‘‡

‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ”‘‘

- Œ—”‡†ˆƒ…‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡

‘•‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‡Š‡ƒ†

- ͷ †‘…–‘”•Ȁ—”•‡• ‹

Šƒœƒ–•—‹–ƒ”‡‰‡––‹‰

”‡ƒ†›–‘™‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹

- ͷƒ†—Ž–•‡™‡ƒ”‹‰

™Š‹–‡ƒ†„Ž—‡…Ž‘–Š‡•

ƒ”‡’”‘•–”ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ”‘‘

- ͵ƒ†—Ž–•‡ȋʹ—•‡‡Ȍǡ

Šƒ˜‡•…ƒ”•‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•

- ͷƒ†—Ž–•‡‹Šƒœƒ–

•—‹–‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Šƒ••

ƒ†ˆƒ…‡•Š‹‡Ž†•

...

...ةلاصو اقوش ضرأ ىلع الل نااسني لا

‘‘–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ǣŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–‡”’”‡–•Ž‹†‡ʹƒ•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–•–”—‰‰Ž‡‘ˆ

–Š‡ Š‡”‘‡•‹ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡š‹•–‹‰…ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡‘•– ’”‘‹‡– ”‘Ž‡ ‹

–Š‹•‘—–„”‡ƒ‹•ƒŽŽ†‘…–‘”•ƒ†—”•‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡™‘”‹‰ƒŽŽ†ƒ›–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡

„‡•–•‡”˜‹…‡ǤŠ‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡‹•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡™‘—†•‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•†—‡–‘—•‡

‘ˆ‡†‹…ƒŽƒ••ƒŽŽ†ƒ›Ž‘‰ǤŠ‡†‘…–‘”•ƒ†—”•‡•ƒŽ•‘’”ƒ›‡†ƒ†ƒ•‡†–‘

ŽŽƒŠ–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•™‘—Ž†‡†•‘‘ǡƒ†„›ŽŽƒŠ̵•’‡”‹••‹‘–Š‡›…‘—Ž†Š‡ƒŽ

’‡‘’Ž‡•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘Ǥ

‹‰—”‡ͳͶǤŽ‹†‡͵ 



ƒ„Ž‡ͳͷǤ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•…‡‡Ͷ•Ž‹†‡͵

‹‰‹ˆ‹‡” ‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†

‹•—ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡

‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡•–ƒ†‹‰‘

–Š‡Š‘—•‡„ƒŽ…‘›

…Žƒ’’‹‰–‘•ƒ›–Šƒ›‘—

™‹–ŠƒŠƒ’’›•‹Ž‡

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡

•–ƒ†‹‰‘–Š‡‹”„ƒŽ…‘‹‡•

…Žƒ’’‹‰–Š‡‹”Šƒ†•

Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒ—†‹‘•‘—†

”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›ǡ•ƒ›‹‰

....الل نااسني لا

‘‘–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ǣ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–‡”’”‡––Šƒ–•Ž‹†‡͵ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆŠ‘’‡ƒ•

™‡ŽŽƒ•Š‹‰Š‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡–‘–Š‡Š‡”‘‡•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘—‰Š–ƒŽŽ†ƒ›‹‰Š–Ǥ–Š‡

’‹…–—”‡ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ …‘˜‡›‹‰ ‡–Š—•‹ƒ• –‘ –Š‡ Š‡”‘‡• ‘ˆ  –‘ ‡‡’

ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”ƒ†Š‡”‡…‡–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘–‘…‘Ž•Ǥ›‘–ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰ŽŽƒŠǡ

‘—” Š‘’‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ ‹ ˜ƒ‹Ǥ ‡ —•– „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •—’’‘”–

‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”‹ƒ›ˆ‘”™‹ŽŽ„‡‘—”™ƒ›–‘‡†‹–ƒŽŽǤ

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts



لودج ّيساسكفأ ماسقأ : 1

/سكيفرف Prefiks /سكيفنإ

Infiks /سكيفوس

Sufiks / سكيفنوك

Konfiks

1 يم .

عن 2 م .

عبطن 3 أ .

لخد 4 ت .

عبت 1

س .

لئا 2 ش .

برا 3 ط .

رها 4 َس .

َرَ فا 1

ح .

ّيّس 2 و .

ْتبج 3 ط .

ْتحر 4 ص .

َتقد 1

ا .

ْتلمتح 2 م .

سولم 3 م .

ةدعق 4 م .

عوطق

باتك في تدجو تيلا ّيساسكفلأ ماسقأ ةعبرأ كانه نأ فرعيف لودج لىإ رظنب

يه احيضو تاملكلا سفن نايبلو ةّيمرضلحا ةمّدقلما

.يلي امك

هتشقانمو ثحبلا ليلتح :نيعي يلي مك هتشقانمو ثحبلا ليلتح تناكف ةروكذلما تناايبلا كلت نمو 1 . سكيفرف

1 عراضلما لعف ةغيص نم وه ُعَنَْيم ةملك ."ِءاَلما َمْسا ُعَنَْيم َلا" ةلملجا فى دَُتج )ُعَنَْيم( ةملك )

ةملك لصأ نمو ُلَعْفَ ي نزو ىلع دّرلمجا ّيثلاثلا فى ءيا ةديازلا فرح دَُتج َثم ،َعَنَم ىضالما لعف

BINARY OPPOSITION AS THE

CHARACTERIZATION IN CASEY WATSON’S A BOY WITHOUT HOPE

Muzakki Afifuddin, Azka Auliana

UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang Email: muzakki@uin-malang.ac.id

Abstract: This study aims at examining the characterization of two main characters in Casey Watson’s A Boy without Hope (2018) through the theory of binary opposition. Binary opposition is one of the theories of structuralism developed by Levi Strauss, which roots from the theory of semiotics introduced by Saussure. Aside from discovering the differences in the way the main characters are characterized, this study uses the plot of the story to discover whether the binary opposing characterization is maintained along the plot of the story. This study thus finds that binary opposition plays a significant role in character development throughout the plot of the story. However, this study limits its action only in observing the relationship between characterization and plot of the story, therefore, explorations on the paradigmatic viewpoints of the story and certain correlation among other intrinsic aspects and extrinsic aspects are suggested.

Keywords: Binary opposition, literary criticism, structuralism

INTRODUCTION

Characterization is one of the most essential foundations for writers in developing their story. As a writing technique, most writers attempt to create characters as unique individuals, not as stereotypes. Gioia and Kennedy (1995) define a character as presumably an imagined person who inhabits a story, although this definition raises certain exceptions. In George Stewart’s Storm, the protagonist is the wind; in George Orwell’s Animal Farm, the characters are animals. The characterization involves infusing human personalities, motivation, roundness, and dynamics of the personality.

manities across Histories and ectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts





ƒ„Ž‡ͳͶǤ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•…‡‡Ͷ•Ž‹†‡ʹ

‹‰‹ˆ‹‡” ‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†

‹•—ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ - ͷ †‘…–‘”•Ȁ—”•‡• ƒ”‡

’”ƒ›‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹‘‡

‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ”‘‘

- Œ—”‡†ˆƒ…‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡

‘•‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‡Š‡ƒ†

- ͷ †‘…–‘”•Ȁ—”•‡• ‹

Šƒœƒ–•—‹–ƒ”‡‰‡––‹‰

”‡ƒ†›–‘™‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹

- ͷƒ†—Ž–•‡™‡ƒ”‹‰

™Š‹–‡ƒ†„Ž—‡…Ž‘–Š‡•

ƒ”‡’”‘•–”ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ”‘‘

- ͵ƒ†—Ž–•‡ȋʹ—•‡‡Ȍǡ

Šƒ˜‡•…ƒ”•‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•

- ͷƒ†—Ž–•‡‹Šƒœƒ–

•—‹–‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Šƒ••

ƒ†ˆƒ…‡•Š‹‡Ž†•

...

...ةلاصو اقوش ضرأ ىلع الل نااسني لا

‘‘–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ǣŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–‡”’”‡–•Ž‹†‡ʹƒ•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–•–”—‰‰Ž‡‘ˆ

–Š‡ Š‡”‘‡•‹ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡š‹•–‹‰…ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡‘•– ’”‘‹‡– ”‘Ž‡ ‹

–Š‹•‘—–„”‡ƒ‹•ƒŽŽ†‘…–‘”•ƒ†—”•‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡™‘”‹‰ƒŽŽ†ƒ›–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡

„‡•–•‡”˜‹…‡ǤŠ‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡‹•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡™‘—†•‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•†—‡–‘—•‡

‘ˆ‡†‹…ƒŽƒ••ƒŽŽ†ƒ›Ž‘‰ǤŠ‡†‘…–‘”•ƒ†—”•‡•ƒŽ•‘’”ƒ›‡†ƒ†ƒ•‡†–‘

ŽŽƒŠ–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•™‘—Ž†‡†•‘‘ǡƒ†„›ŽŽƒŠ̵•’‡”‹••‹‘–Š‡›…‘—Ž†Š‡ƒŽ

’‡‘’Ž‡•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘Ǥ

‹‰—”‡ͳͶǤŽ‹†‡͵ 



ƒ„Ž‡ͳͷǤ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•…‡‡Ͷ•Ž‹†‡͵

‹‰‹ˆ‹‡” ‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†

‹•—ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡

‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡•–ƒ†‹‰‘

–Š‡Š‘—•‡„ƒŽ…‘›

…Žƒ’’‹‰–‘•ƒ›–Šƒ›‘—

™‹–ŠƒŠƒ’’›•‹Ž‡

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡

•–ƒ†‹‰‘–Š‡‹”„ƒŽ…‘‹‡•

…Žƒ’’‹‰–Š‡‹”Šƒ†•

Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒ—†‹‘•‘—†

”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›ǡ•ƒ›‹‰

....الل نااسني لا

‘‘–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ǣ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–‡”’”‡––Šƒ–•Ž‹†‡͵ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆŠ‘’‡ƒ•

™‡ŽŽƒ•Š‹‰Š‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡–‘–Š‡Š‡”‘‡•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘—‰Š–ƒŽŽ†ƒ›‹‰Š–Ǥ–Š‡

’‹…–—”‡ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ …‘˜‡›‹‰ ‡–Š—•‹ƒ• –‘ –Š‡ Š‡”‘‡• ‘ˆ  –‘ ‡‡’

ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”ƒ†Š‡”‡…‡–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘–‘…‘Ž•Ǥ›‘–ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰ŽŽƒŠǡ

‘—” Š‘’‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ ‹ ˜ƒ‹Ǥ ‡ —•– „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •—’’‘”–

‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”‹ƒ›ˆ‘”™‹ŽŽ„‡‘—”™ƒ›–‘‡†‹–ƒŽŽǤ ^{e, L}

iterature and Mediaon Language, Literature and Media





ƒ„Ž‡ͳͶǤ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•…‡‡Ͷ•Ž‹†‡ʹ

‹‰‹ˆ‹‡” ‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†

‹•—ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ - ͷ †‘…–‘”•Ȁ—”•‡• ƒ”‡

’”ƒ›‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹‘‡

‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ”‘‘

- Œ—”‡†ˆƒ…‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡

‘•‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‡Š‡ƒ†

- ͷ †‘…–‘”•Ȁ—”•‡• ‹

Šƒœƒ–•—‹–ƒ”‡‰‡––‹‰

”‡ƒ†›–‘™‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹

- ͷƒ†—Ž–•‡™‡ƒ”‹‰

™Š‹–‡ƒ†„Ž—‡…Ž‘–Š‡•

ƒ”‡’”‘•–”ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ”‘‘

- ͵ƒ†—Ž–•‡ȋʹ—•‡‡Ȍǡ

Šƒ˜‡•…ƒ”•‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•

- ͷƒ†—Ž–•‡‹Šƒœƒ–

•—‹–‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Šƒ••

ƒ†ˆƒ…‡•Š‹‡Ž†•

...

...ةلاصو اقوش ضرأ ىلع الل نااسني لا

‘‘–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ǣŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–‡”’”‡–•Ž‹†‡ʹƒ•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–•–”—‰‰Ž‡‘ˆ

–Š‡ Š‡”‘‡•‹ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡š‹•–‹‰…ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡‘•– ’”‘‹‡– ”‘Ž‡ ‹

–Š‹•‘—–„”‡ƒ‹•ƒŽŽ†‘…–‘”•ƒ†—”•‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡™‘”‹‰ƒŽŽ†ƒ›–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡

„‡•–•‡”˜‹…‡ǤŠ‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡‹•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡™‘—†•‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•†—‡–‘—•‡

‘ˆ‡†‹…ƒŽƒ••ƒŽŽ†ƒ›Ž‘‰ǤŠ‡†‘…–‘”•ƒ†—”•‡•ƒŽ•‘’”ƒ›‡†ƒ†ƒ•‡†–‘

ŽŽƒŠ–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•™‘—Ž†‡†•‘‘ǡƒ†„›ŽŽƒŠ̵•’‡”‹••‹‘–Š‡›…‘—Ž†Š‡ƒŽ

’‡‘’Ž‡•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘Ǥ

‹‰—”‡ͳͶǤŽ‹†‡͵ 



ƒ„Ž‡ͳͷǤ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•…‡‡Ͷ•Ž‹†‡͵

‹‰‹ˆ‹‡” ‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†

‹•—ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡

‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡•–ƒ†‹‰‘

–Š‡Š‘—•‡„ƒŽ…‘›

…Žƒ’’‹‰–‘•ƒ›–Šƒ›‘—

™‹–ŠƒŠƒ’’›•‹Ž‡

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡

•–ƒ†‹‰‘–Š‡‹”„ƒŽ…‘‹‡•

…Žƒ’’‹‰–Š‡‹”Šƒ†•

Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒ—†‹‘•‘—†

”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›ǡ•ƒ›‹‰

....الل نااسني لا

‘‘–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ǣ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–‡”’”‡––Šƒ–•Ž‹†‡͵ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆŠ‘’‡ƒ•

™‡ŽŽƒ•Š‹‰Š‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡–‘–Š‡Š‡”‘‡•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘—‰Š–ƒŽŽ†ƒ›‹‰Š–Ǥ–Š‡

’‹…–—”‡ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ …‘˜‡›‹‰ ‡–Š—•‹ƒ• –‘ –Š‡ Š‡”‘‡• ‘ˆ  –‘ ‡‡’

ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”ƒ†Š‡”‡…‡–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘–‘…‘Ž•Ǥ›‘–ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰ŽŽƒŠǡ

‘—” Š‘’‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ ‹ ˜ƒ‹Ǥ ‡ —•– „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •—’’‘”–

‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”‹ƒ›ˆ‘”™‹ŽŽ„‡‘—”™ƒ›–‘‡†‹–ƒŽŽǤ





The Moral Messages: Myth Analysis as a Second Level Meaning



‘Žƒ†ƒ”–Š‡•̵•‡‹‘–‹…–Š‡‘”›ǡ›–ŠŠƒ•ˆ‘—”’‘‹–•‘ˆ˜‹‡™Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ

›–Š ‹• ƒ •‘…‹ƒŽ ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘ …”‡ƒ–‡† „› ‡˜‡–• –Šƒ– ‡š‹•– ‹ –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ

‡…‘†ǡ›–Š‹•ƒ•‘…‹ƒŽǡ…—Ž–—”ƒŽǡ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ†Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–›–Šƒ–„‡…‘‡•

ƒ ƒ–—”ƒŽ –Š‹‰ ƒ† …ƒ „‡ ƒ†‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽǤ Š‹”†ǡ …‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ›–Š• ƒ”‡

†‹•…‘–‹—‘—•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ†‹•…‘—”•‡ƒ†‘–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ

ƒŽ‘‰ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡™‹–Šƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”†ˆ‘”ƒ–Ǥ ‘—”–Šǡ›–Š‹•ƒ•’‡‡…Š–Šƒ–‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ

–Š‡•…‘’‡‘ˆ•‡‹‘Ž‘‰›ȋ‡–‹ƒ™ƒǡʹͲͳͶǡ’ǤͺͶȌ

Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‡••ƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‹• ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡– ”‡ˆŽ‡…–• –Š‡ …—””‡– •‘…‹ƒŽ

…‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†…‘—‹–›‹†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Šƒ‡™‘—–„”‡ƒǡǦͳͻǡ

ƒ††‡•…”‹„‡••‡˜‡”ƒŽ•‘…‹ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ†‡ˆˆ‘”––‘‡†–Š‹•

‡™ †‹•‡ƒ•‡ ‘—–„”‡ƒǤ  –Š‡ •‡…‘† •–ƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ Š‡Ž’ –Š‡

ƒ—†‹‡…‡ ‹ ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ‡••ƒ‰‡• …‘–ƒ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡– ƒ†

‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡…‡̵•ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”•‡‡‹‰‹–ǤŠ‡…‘‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•‹

‡ƒ…Š •…‡‡ „‡…‘‡ ƒ ‡™ ƒ”‡” ˆ‘” ›–Šǡ •‘ ™‡ …ƒ ‹–‡”’”‡– –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ

‡••‡‰‡ˆ”‘›–ŠǤ

Scene 1

Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹‡”•‹•…‡‡‘‡‹†‹…ƒ–‡–Š‡‡š‹•–‡…‡‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽƒ†‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘•–Šƒ–‡š‹•–‹•‘…‹‡–›ǤŠ‡‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‹•–Šƒ––Š‡•’”‡ƒ†‘ˆ‹•

˜‡”› ‡ƒ•› –‘ Šƒ’’‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ˆ”‘

 ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‹• –Šƒ– ™‡ †‘ ‘– ‘™ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡

ƒ”‘—† —• ƒ”‡ •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‹•‡ƒ•‡ ‘” ‘–ǡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ •›’–‘• ‘ˆ

 †‘ ‘–ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ƒˆ–‡” …‘–ƒ…–‹‰ ‹–Ǥ‹–Š –Š‹•‹…‹†‡–ǡ‹– ‹•

–”—‡ –Šƒ– ™‡ —•– ‘„‡› –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–̵• ƒ†˜‹…‡ ƒ• —…Š ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ †‘

‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ˆ”‘ Š‘‡ ƒ† ‡‡’ ‘—” †‹•–ƒ…‡ ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ…Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”

Šƒ†ǡ™‡—•–•—’’‘”–ƒ†‰‹˜‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‡‡”‰›–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”•ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡ƒ‘–Š‡”

™ƒ›–‘•–ƒ›Š‡ƒŽ–Š›ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‹•˜‹”—•‹•–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹‘—”‹—‹–›ƒ†

ˆƒ‹–ŠǤ

‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹‘†™‹ŽŽ•–”‡‰–Š‡‘—”ˆƒ‹–Š–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡˜‹‡™‘ˆƒŽŽ‡˜‡–•

…‘–‹—‘—•Ž›ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡„‡Š‹†™Šƒ–™‡•‡‡ƒ•‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡”‡—•–„‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡

˜ƒŽ—‡•–Šƒ–™‡…ƒ–ƒ‡ǤŠƒ–™ƒ›ǡ„‡‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡…Ž‘•‡•–’‡‘’Ž‡™‹ŽŽƒ‡—•

Šƒ’’›ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›™‹–Šˆƒ‹Ž›ǤŠ‡‡š‹•–‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‡’‹†‡‹…‰‹˜‡•‡˜‡”›ˆƒ‹Ž›

‘”‡–‹‡–‘‡Œ‘›–‹‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ

Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ •‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‘—–„”‡ƒ ‹• ‰‡––‹‰ ‘”‡ –‹‡ –‘ •’‡†

–‹‡•™‹–Šˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ ‘”ƒ‘‡–™‡ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡‘”‡”‡•––‹‡„‡…ƒ—•‡™‡•–‘’

ies across Histories and ectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts





ƒ„Ž‡ͳͶǤ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•…‡‡Ͷ•Ž‹†‡ʹ

‹‰‹ˆ‹‡” ‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†

‹•—ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ - ͷ †‘…–‘”•Ȁ—”•‡• ƒ”‡

’”ƒ›‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹‘‡

‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ”‘‘

- Œ—”‡†ˆƒ…‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡

‘•‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‡Š‡ƒ†

- ͷ †‘…–‘”•Ȁ—”•‡• ‹

Šƒœƒ–•—‹–ƒ”‡‰‡––‹‰

”‡ƒ†›–‘™‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹

- ͷƒ†—Ž–•‡™‡ƒ”‹‰

™Š‹–‡ƒ†„Ž—‡…Ž‘–Š‡•

ƒ”‡’”‘•–”ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ”‘‘

- ͵ƒ†—Ž–•‡ȋʹ—•‡‡Ȍǡ

Šƒ˜‡•…ƒ”•‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•

- ͷƒ†—Ž–•‡‹Šƒœƒ–

•—‹–‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Šƒ••

ƒ†ˆƒ…‡•Š‹‡Ž†•

...

...ةلاصو اقوش ضرأ ىلع الل نااسني لا

‘‘–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ǣŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–‡”’”‡–•Ž‹†‡ʹƒ•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–•–”—‰‰Ž‡‘ˆ

–Š‡ Š‡”‘‡•‹ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡š‹•–‹‰…ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡‘•– ’”‘‹‡– ”‘Ž‡ ‹

–Š‹•‘—–„”‡ƒ‹•ƒŽŽ†‘…–‘”•ƒ†—”•‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡™‘”‹‰ƒŽŽ†ƒ›–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡

„‡•–•‡”˜‹…‡ǤŠ‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡‹•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡™‘—†•‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•†—‡–‘—•‡

‘ˆ‡†‹…ƒŽƒ••ƒŽŽ†ƒ›Ž‘‰ǤŠ‡†‘…–‘”•ƒ†—”•‡•ƒŽ•‘’”ƒ›‡†ƒ†ƒ•‡†–‘

ŽŽƒŠ–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•™‘—Ž†‡†•‘‘ǡƒ†„›ŽŽƒŠ̵•’‡”‹••‹‘–Š‡›…‘—Ž†Š‡ƒŽ

’‡‘’Ž‡•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘Ǥ

‹‰—”‡ͳͶǤŽ‹†‡͵ 



ƒ„Ž‡ͳͷǤ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•…‡‡Ͷ•Ž‹†‡͵

‹‰‹ˆ‹‡” ‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†

‹•—ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡

‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡•–ƒ†‹‰‘

–Š‡Š‘—•‡„ƒŽ…‘›

…Žƒ’’‹‰–‘•ƒ›–Šƒ›‘—

™‹–ŠƒŠƒ’’›•‹Ž‡

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡

•–ƒ†‹‰‘–Š‡‹”„ƒŽ…‘‹‡•

…Žƒ’’‹‰–Š‡‹”Šƒ†•

Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒ—†‹‘•‘—†

”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›ǡ•ƒ›‹‰

....الل نااسني لا

‘‘–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ǣ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–‡”’”‡––Šƒ–•Ž‹†‡͵ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆŠ‘’‡ƒ•

™‡ŽŽƒ•Š‹‰Š‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡–‘–Š‡Š‡”‘‡•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘—‰Š–ƒŽŽ†ƒ›‹‰Š–Ǥ–Š‡

’‹…–—”‡ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ …‘˜‡›‹‰ ‡–Š—•‹ƒ• –‘ –Š‡ Š‡”‘‡• ‘ˆ  –‘ ‡‡’

ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”ƒ†Š‡”‡…‡–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘–‘…‘Ž•Ǥ›‘–ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰ŽŽƒŠǡ

‘—” Š‘’‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ ‹ ˜ƒ‹Ǥ ‡ —•– „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •—’’‘”– on Language, Literature and Media , Literature and Media





ƒ„Ž‡ͳͶǤ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•…‡‡Ͷ•Ž‹†‡ʹ

‹‰‹ˆ‹‡” ‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†

‹•—ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ - ͷ †‘…–‘”•Ȁ—”•‡• ƒ”‡

’”ƒ›‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹‘‡

‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ”‘‘

- Œ—”‡†ˆƒ…‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡

‘•‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‡Š‡ƒ†

- ͷ †‘…–‘”•Ȁ—”•‡• ‹

Šƒœƒ–•—‹–ƒ”‡‰‡––‹‰

”‡ƒ†›–‘™‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹

- ͷƒ†—Ž–•‡™‡ƒ”‹‰

™Š‹–‡ƒ†„Ž—‡…Ž‘–Š‡•

ƒ”‡’”‘•–”ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ”‘‘

- ͵ƒ†—Ž–•‡ȋʹ—•‡‡Ȍǡ

Šƒ˜‡•…ƒ”•‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•

- ͷƒ†—Ž–•‡‹Šƒœƒ–

•—‹–‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Šƒ••

ƒ†ˆƒ…‡•Š‹‡Ž†•

...

...ةلاصو اقوش ضرأ ىلع الل نااسني لا

‘‘–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ǣŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–‡”’”‡–•Ž‹†‡ʹƒ•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–•–”—‰‰Ž‡‘ˆ

–Š‡ Š‡”‘‡•‹ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡š‹•–‹‰…ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡‘•– ’”‘‹‡– ”‘Ž‡ ‹

–Š‹•‘—–„”‡ƒ‹•ƒŽŽ†‘…–‘”•ƒ†—”•‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡™‘”‹‰ƒŽŽ†ƒ›–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡

„‡•–•‡”˜‹…‡ǤŠ‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡‹•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡™‘—†•‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•†—‡–‘—•‡

‘ˆ‡†‹…ƒŽƒ••ƒŽŽ†ƒ›Ž‘‰ǤŠ‡†‘…–‘”•ƒ†—”•‡•ƒŽ•‘’”ƒ›‡†ƒ†ƒ•‡†–‘

ŽŽƒŠ–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•™‘—Ž†‡†•‘‘ǡƒ†„›ŽŽƒŠ̵•’‡”‹••‹‘–Š‡›…‘—Ž†Š‡ƒŽ

’‡‘’Ž‡•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘Ǥ

‹‰—”‡ͳͶǤŽ‹†‡͵ 



ƒ„Ž‡ͳͷǤ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•…‡‡Ͷ•Ž‹†‡͵

‹‰‹ˆ‹‡” ‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†

‹•—ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡

‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡•–ƒ†‹‰‘

–Š‡Š‘—•‡„ƒŽ…‘›

…Žƒ’’‹‰–‘•ƒ›–Šƒ›‘—

™‹–ŠƒŠƒ’’›•‹Ž‡

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡

•–ƒ†‹‰‘–Š‡‹”„ƒŽ…‘‹‡•

…Žƒ’’‹‰–Š‡‹”Šƒ†•

Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒ—†‹‘•‘—†

”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›ǡ•ƒ›‹‰

....الل نااسني لا

‘‘–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ǣ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–‡”’”‡––Šƒ–•Ž‹†‡͵ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆŠ‘’‡ƒ•

™‡ŽŽƒ•Š‹‰Š‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡–‘–Š‡Š‡”‘‡•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘—‰Š–ƒŽŽ†ƒ›‹‰Š–Ǥ–Š‡

’‹…–—”‡ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ …‘˜‡›‹‰ ‡–Š—•‹ƒ• –‘ –Š‡ Š‡”‘‡• ‘ˆ  –‘ ‡‡’

ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”ƒ†Š‡”‡…‡–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘–‘…‘Ž•Ǥ›‘–ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰ŽŽƒŠǡ

‘—” Š‘’‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ ‹ ˜ƒ‹Ǥ ‡ —•– „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •—’’‘”–





The Moral Messages: Myth Analysis as a Second Level Meaning



‘Žƒ†ƒ”–Š‡•̵•‡‹‘–‹…–Š‡‘”›ǡ›–ŠŠƒ•ˆ‘—”’‘‹–•‘ˆ˜‹‡™Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ

›–Š ‹• ƒ •‘…‹ƒŽ ”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘ …”‡ƒ–‡† „› ‡˜‡–• –Šƒ– ‡š‹•– ‹ –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ

‡…‘†ǡ›–Š‹•ƒ•‘…‹ƒŽǡ…—Ž–—”ƒŽǡ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ†Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹–›–Šƒ–„‡…‘‡•

ƒ ƒ–—”ƒŽ –Š‹‰ ƒ† …ƒ „‡ ƒ†‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽǤ Š‹”†ǡ …‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ›–Š• ƒ”‡

†‹•…‘–‹—‘—•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ†‹•…‘—”•‡ƒ†‘–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ

ƒŽ‘‰ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡™‹–Šƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”†ˆ‘”ƒ–Ǥ ‘—”–Šǡ›–Š‹•ƒ•’‡‡…Š–Šƒ–‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ

–Š‡•…‘’‡‘ˆ•‡‹‘Ž‘‰›ȋ‡–‹ƒ™ƒǡʹͲͳͶǡ’ǤͺͶȌ

Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‡••ƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‹• ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡– ”‡ˆŽ‡…–• –Š‡ …—””‡– •‘…‹ƒŽ

…‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†…‘—‹–›‹†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Šƒ‡™‘—–„”‡ƒǡǦͳͻǡ

ƒ††‡•…”‹„‡••‡˜‡”ƒŽ•‘…‹ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ•ƒ•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ†‡ˆˆ‘”––‘‡†–Š‹•

‡™ †‹•‡ƒ•‡ ‘—–„”‡ƒǤ  –Š‡ •‡…‘† •–ƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ Š‡Ž’ –Š‡

ƒ—†‹‡…‡ ‹ ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ‡••ƒ‰‡• …‘–ƒ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡– ƒ†

‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡…‡̵•ƒ’’”‡…‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”•‡‡‹‰‹–ǤŠ‡…‘‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•‹

‡ƒ…Š •…‡‡ „‡…‘‡ ƒ ‡™ ƒ”‡” ˆ‘” ›–Šǡ •‘ ™‡ …ƒ ‹–‡”’”‡– –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ

‡••‡‰‡ˆ”‘›–ŠǤ

Scene 1

Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹‡”•‹•…‡‡‘‡‹†‹…ƒ–‡–Š‡‡š‹•–‡…‡‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽƒ†‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘•–Šƒ–‡š‹•–‹•‘…‹‡–›ǤŠ‡‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‹•–Šƒ––Š‡•’”‡ƒ†‘ˆ‹•

˜‡”› ‡ƒ•› –‘ Šƒ’’‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ˆ”‘

 ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‹• –Šƒ– ™‡ †‘ ‘– ‘™ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡

ƒ”‘—† —• ƒ”‡ •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‹•‡ƒ•‡ ‘” ‘–ǡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ •›’–‘• ‘ˆ

 †‘ ‘–ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ƒˆ–‡” …‘–ƒ…–‹‰ ‹–Ǥ‹–Š –Š‹•‹…‹†‡–ǡ‹– ‹•

–”—‡ –Šƒ– ™‡ —•– ‘„‡› –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–̵• ƒ†˜‹…‡ ƒ• —…Š ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ †‘

‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ˆ”‘ Š‘‡ ƒ† ‡‡’ ‘—” †‹•–ƒ…‡ ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ…Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”

Šƒ†ǡ™‡—•–•—’’‘”–ƒ†‰‹˜‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‡‡”‰›–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”•ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡ƒ‘–Š‡”

™ƒ›–‘•–ƒ›Š‡ƒŽ–Š›ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‹•˜‹”—•‹•–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹‘—”‹—‹–›ƒ†

ˆƒ‹–ŠǤ

‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹‘†™‹ŽŽ•–”‡‰–Š‡‘—”ˆƒ‹–Š–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡˜‹‡™‘ˆƒŽŽ‡˜‡–•

…‘–‹—‘—•Ž›ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡„‡Š‹†™Šƒ–™‡•‡‡ƒ•‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡”‡—•–„‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡

˜ƒŽ—‡•–Šƒ–™‡…ƒ–ƒ‡ǤŠƒ–™ƒ›ǡ„‡‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡…Ž‘•‡•–’‡‘’Ž‡™‹ŽŽƒ‡—•

Šƒ’’›ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›™‹–Šˆƒ‹Ž›ǤŠ‡‡š‹•–‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‡’‹†‡‹…‰‹˜‡•‡˜‡”›ˆƒ‹Ž›

‘”‡–‹‡–‘‡Œ‘›–‹‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ

Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ •‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‘—–„”‡ƒ ‹• ‰‡––‹‰ ‘”‡ –‹‡ –‘ •’‡† on Language, Literature and Media _e, Literature and Media





لودج ّيساسكفأ ماسقأ : 1

/سكيفرف Prefiks /سكيفنإ

Infiks /سكيفوس

Sufiks / سكيفنوك

Konfiks

1 يم .

عن 2 م .

عبطن 3 أ .

لخد 4 ت .

عبت 1

س .

لئا 2 ش .

برا 3 ط .

رها 4 َس .

َرَ فا 1

ح .

ّيّس 2 و .

ْتبج 3 ط .

ْتحر 4 ص .

َتقد 1

ا .

ْتلمتح 2 م .

سولم 3 م .

ةدعق 4 م .

عوطق

باتك في تدجو تيلا ّيساسكفلأ ماسقأ ةعبرأ كانه نأ فرعيف لودج لىإ رظنب

يه احيضو تاملكلا سفن نايبلو ةّيمرضلحا ةمّدقلما

.يلي امك

هتشقانمو ثحبلا ليلتح :نيعي يلي مك هتشقانمو ثحبلا ليلتح تناكف ةروكذلما تناايبلا كلت نمو 1 . سكيفرف

1 عراضلما لعف ةغيص نم وه ُعَنَْيم ةملك ."ِءاَلما َمْسا ُعَنَْيم َلا" ةلملجا فى دَُتج )ُعَنَْيم( ةملك )

ةملك لصأ نمو ُلَعْفَ ي نزو ىلع دّرلمجا ّيثلاثلا فى ءيا ةديازلا فرح دَُتج َثم ،َعَنَم ىضالما لعف





ءانب نم وهو .ُعَنَْيم راصف بئاغ ثّنؤم درفم عقاول عراضلما لعف ةغيص ىلع ّلدتل هلّوأ .حيحصلا 2 مسا ةغيص نم وه ٍعَبَطْنُم ةملك ."ٍعَبَطْنُم ٍءَناِإ ِفى" ةلملجا فى دتج )عَبَطْنُم( ةملك )

املخا ديزلما يثلاثلا ناكلما دتج ّثم ،َعَبَطْنِا ىضالما لعف ةملك لصأ نمو ٌلَعَفْ نُم نزو ىلع ّيس

ءانب نم وهو .ٌعَبَطْنُم راصف ناكلما مسا ةغيص ىلع ّلدتل ةزمهلل لادب هلّوأ فى ميم ةديازلا فرح .حيحصلا 3 غيص نم وه َلَحْدَأ ةملك ."ُئِّضَوَ تُلما َلَخْدَأ ْوَلَ ف" ةلملجا فى دتج )َلَخْدَأ( ةملك )

لعف ة

،َلَخّد دّرلمجا ّيثلاثلا ىضالما لعف ةملك لصأ نمو َلَعْ فَأ نزو ىلع ّيعبارلا ديزلما ّيثلاثلا ىضالما نم وهو .َلَخْدَأ راصف ّيعبارلا ديزلما ّيثلاثلا لعف ىلع َلدتل هلّوأ فى ةزهم ةديارلا فرح دتج ّثم .حيحصلا ءانب 4 ُ ت ْنَأَو" ةلملجا فى دَُتج )عِبْتُ ت( ةملك )

عراضلما لعف ةغيص نم وه ُعِبْتُ ت ةملك ."ُةَأْرَلما َعِبْت

ةديازلا فرح دَُتج َثم ،َعَبْ تَأ ىضالما لعف ةملك لصأ نمو ُلِعْفُ ت نزو ىلع ّيعبارلا ديزلما ّيثلاثلا .ُعِبْتُ ت راصف ةبئاغ ثّنؤم درفم عقاول عراضلما لعف ةغيص ىلع ّلدتل ةزملها نع لادب هلّوأ فى ءتا ب نم وهو .حيحصلا ءان

2 . سكيفوس

1 مسا ةغيص نم وه ٌلِئاَس ةملك ."ٌلِئاَس اََله َمَد َلا" ةلملجا فى دتج )ٌلِئاَس( ةملك )

ةديازلا فرح دتج ّثم ،َلاَس ىضالما لعف ةملك لصأ نمو ٌلِعاَف نزو ىلع دّرلمجا يثلاثلا لعافلا مسا ةغيص ىلع ّلدتل )لعفلا ينعو لعفلا ءاف ينب( هطسو فى فلا كلت فى لعفلا ينعو لعافلا

.ٌلِئاَس راصف ّيئايلا لاثلما ءانب نم اّنهلأ دّرلمجا ّيثلاثلا لعافلا مسلا ةزملهبا َّيَّغُ ي ةملكلا 2 مسا ةغيص نم وه ٌبِراَش ةملك ."َبِراَّشلا ُّصُقَ يَو" ةلملجا فى دتج )بِراَّشلا( ةملك )

Such dynamics are seen in a book entitled A Boy without Hope written by Casey Watson. The book tells how Casey Watson engaged herself in conflicts with a boy named Miller Green and how they resolved their conflicts. This book is a memoir since the writer wrote a story about herself in a certain period of her lifetime. Even though this book is a non-fiction, it is also considered a novel since according to Peck and Coyle (1993). It has a plot that shows the process of resolving certain problems, and some parts of the story are also made up to encourage readers’ engagement towards the story. The writer can present an accurate picture of life and make more that the story is being told. Thus, the persons in the story were real. However, since the story is written in the form of a novel, this study identifies Casey Watson and Miller Green as characters that undergo the process of characterization in the writing.

Casey Watson’s A Boy without Hope tells a story about a boy who grew up lacking affection from his nuclear family. Experiencing traumatic childhood such as being abused and neglected by his family left a deep wound to Miller's mental condition. Upon finding Miller on a railway track, alone and unclothed, Casey wanted to help him and foster him in her foster care house. Casey felt that she had a duty to foster mentally disturbed kids who considered difficult and hopeless at first impression. When Casey first met Miller and found out the reality about his distressful childhood, she felt doubt that this kid could ever heal and love at all.

On the other hand, Miller seemed to have no idea how to build meaningful relationship full of affection and compassion because of his abusive parents.

When Casey decided to count herself in to help recovering Miller’s trauma, she assured herself that she was more than capable of controlling Miller and thus healed him from his pain. However, Miller’s change of behavior was not as Casey had expected.

The way Casey Watson developed her story inadvertently shows opposite personalities between the main characters’ personalities. Such opposite characterization encouraged us, the researchers, to observe whether such opposition continues up to the end of the story. Using the theory of binary opposition, this study examines the characterization of two main characters in Casey Watson's A Boy without Hope. Furthermore, this paper limited the discussion to the way the main characters' personalities in Casey Watson’s A Boy without Hope are characterized and developed throughout the plot of the story within the perspective of the theory of binary opposition. Concerning the techniques of characterization, it is going to be suggested in further studies.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Structuralism began in France in the 1950s in the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908 – 2009) and Roland Barthes (1915 – 80). However, the root

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts



ƒ„Ž‡ͳͶǤ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•…‡‡Ͷ•Ž‹†‡ʹ

‹‰‹ˆ‹‡” ‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†

‹•—ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ - ͷ †‘…–‘”•Ȁ—”•‡• ƒ”‡

’”ƒ›‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹‘‡

‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ”‘‘

- Œ—”‡†ˆƒ…‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡

‘•‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‡Š‡ƒ†

- ͷ †‘…–‘”•Ȁ—”•‡• ‹

Šƒœƒ–•—‹–ƒ”‡‰‡––‹‰

”‡ƒ†›–‘™‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹

- ͷƒ†—Ž–•‡™‡ƒ”‹‰

™Š‹–‡ƒ†„Ž—‡…Ž‘–Š‡•

ƒ”‡’”‘•–”ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ”‘‘

- ͵ƒ†—Ž–•‡ȋʹ—•‡‡Ȍǡ

Šƒ˜‡•…ƒ”•‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•

- ͷƒ†—Ž–•‡‹Šƒœƒ–

•—‹–‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Šƒ••

ƒ†ˆƒ…‡•Š‹‡Ž†•

...

...ةلاصو اقوش ضرأ ىلع الل نااسني لا

‘‘–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ǣŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–‡”’”‡–•Ž‹†‡ʹƒ•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–•–”—‰‰Ž‡‘ˆ

–Š‡ Š‡”‘‡•‹ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡š‹•–‹‰…ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡‘•– ’”‘‹‡– ”‘Ž‡ ‹

–Š‹•‘—–„”‡ƒ‹•ƒŽŽ†‘…–‘”•ƒ†—”•‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡™‘”‹‰ƒŽŽ†ƒ›–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡

„‡•–•‡”˜‹…‡ǤŠ‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡‹•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡™‘—†•‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•†—‡–‘—•‡

‘ˆ‡†‹…ƒŽƒ••ƒŽŽ†ƒ›Ž‘‰ǤŠ‡†‘…–‘”•ƒ†—”•‡•ƒŽ•‘’”ƒ›‡†ƒ†ƒ•‡†–‘

ŽŽƒŠ–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•™‘—Ž†‡†•‘‘ǡƒ†„›ŽŽƒŠ̵•’‡”‹••‹‘–Š‡›…‘—Ž†Š‡ƒŽ

’‡‘’Ž‡•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘Ǥ

‹‰—”‡ͳͶǤŽ‹†‡͵ 



ƒ„Ž‡ͳͷǤ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•…‡‡Ͷ•Ž‹†‡͵

‹‰‹ˆ‹‡” ‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†

‹•—ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡

‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡•–ƒ†‹‰‘

–Š‡Š‘—•‡„ƒŽ…‘›

…Žƒ’’‹‰–‘•ƒ›–Šƒ›‘—

™‹–ŠƒŠƒ’’›•‹Ž‡

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡

•–ƒ†‹‰‘–Š‡‹”„ƒŽ…‘‹‡•

…Žƒ’’‹‰–Š‡‹”Šƒ†•

Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒ—†‹‘•‘—†

”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›ǡ•ƒ›‹‰

....الل نااسني لا

‘‘–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ǣ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–‡”’”‡––Šƒ–•Ž‹†‡͵ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆŠ‘’‡ƒ•

™‡ŽŽƒ•Š‹‰Š‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡–‘–Š‡Š‡”‘‡•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘—‰Š–ƒŽŽ†ƒ›‹‰Š–Ǥ–Š‡

’‹…–—”‡ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ …‘˜‡›‹‰ ‡–Š—•‹ƒ• –‘ –Š‡ Š‡”‘‡• ‘ˆ  –‘ ‡‡’

ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”ƒ†Š‡”‡…‡–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘–‘…‘Ž•Ǥ›‘–ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰ŽŽƒŠǡ

‘—” Š‘’‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ ‹ ˜ƒ‹Ǥ ‡ —•– „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •—’’‘”–

‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”‹ƒ›ˆ‘”™‹ŽŽ„‡‘—”™ƒ›–‘‡†‹–ƒŽŽǤ



Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts





ƒ„Ž‡ͳͶǤ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•…‡‡Ͷ•Ž‹†‡ʹ

‹‰‹ˆ‹‡” ‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†

‹•—ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ - ͷ †‘…–‘”•Ȁ—”•‡• ƒ”‡

’”ƒ›‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹‘‡

‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ”‘‘

- Œ—”‡†ˆƒ…‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡

‘•‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‡Š‡ƒ†

- ͷ †‘…–‘”•Ȁ—”•‡• ‹

Šƒœƒ–•—‹–ƒ”‡‰‡––‹‰

”‡ƒ†›–‘™‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹

- ͷƒ†—Ž–•‡™‡ƒ”‹‰

™Š‹–‡ƒ†„Ž—‡…Ž‘–Š‡•

ƒ”‡’”‘•–”ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ”‘‘

- ͵ƒ†—Ž–•‡ȋʹ—•‡‡Ȍǡ

Šƒ˜‡•…ƒ”•‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•

- ͷƒ†—Ž–•‡‹Šƒœƒ–

•—‹–‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Šƒ••

ƒ†ˆƒ…‡•Š‹‡Ž†•

...

...ةلاصو اقوش ضرأ ىلع الل نااسني لا

‘‘–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ǣŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–‡”’”‡–•Ž‹†‡ʹƒ•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–•–”—‰‰Ž‡‘ˆ

–Š‡ Š‡”‘‡•‹ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ‡š‹•–‹‰…ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡‘•– ’”‘‹‡– ”‘Ž‡ ‹

–Š‹•‘—–„”‡ƒ‹•ƒŽŽ†‘…–‘”•ƒ†—”•‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡™‘”‹‰ƒŽŽ†ƒ›–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡

„‡•–•‡”˜‹…‡ǤŠ‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡‹•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡™‘—†•‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ…‡•†—‡–‘—•‡

‘ˆ‡†‹…ƒŽƒ••ƒŽŽ†ƒ›Ž‘‰ǤŠ‡†‘…–‘”•ƒ†—”•‡•ƒŽ•‘’”ƒ›‡†ƒ†ƒ•‡†–‘

ŽŽƒŠ–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•™‘—Ž†‡†•‘‘ǡƒ†„›ŽŽƒŠ̵•’‡”‹••‹‘–Š‡›…‘—Ž†Š‡ƒŽ

’‡‘’Ž‡•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘Ǥ

‹‰—”‡ͳͶǤŽ‹†‡͵ 



ƒ„Ž‡ͳͷǤ‡‘–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ‹‰•…‡‡Ͷ•Ž‹†‡͵

‹‰‹ˆ‹‡” ‹‰‹ˆ‹‡†

‹•—ƒŽ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡

‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡•–ƒ†‹‰‘

–Š‡Š‘—•‡„ƒŽ…‘›

…Žƒ’’‹‰–‘•ƒ›–Šƒ›‘—

™‹–ŠƒŠƒ’’›•‹Ž‡

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡

•–ƒ†‹‰‘–Š‡‹”„ƒŽ…‘‹‡•

…Žƒ’’‹‰–Š‡‹”Šƒ†•

Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒ—†‹‘•‘—†

”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Ž›ǡ•ƒ›‹‰

....الل نااسني لا

‘‘–ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ‹‰ǣ‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–‡”’”‡––Šƒ–•Ž‹†‡͵ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆŠ‘’‡ƒ•

™‡ŽŽƒ•Š‹‰Š‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡–‘–Š‡Š‡”‘‡•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘—‰Š–ƒŽŽ†ƒ›‹‰Š–Ǥ–Š‡

’‹…–—”‡ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ …‘˜‡›‹‰ ‡–Š—•‹ƒ• –‘ –Š‡ Š‡”‘‡• ‘ˆ  –‘ ‡‡’

ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”ƒ†Š‡”‡…‡–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘–‘…‘Ž•Ǥ›‘–ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰ŽŽƒŠǡ

‘—” Š‘’‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ ‹ ˜ƒ‹Ǥ ‡ —•– „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– …‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •—’’‘”–

‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”‹ƒ›ˆ‘”™‹ŽŽ„‡‘—”™ƒ›–‘‡†‹–ƒŽŽǤ

Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts Humanities across Histories and Trajectories in the Glocal Contexts



لودج ّيساسكفأ ماسقأ : 1

/سكيفرف Prefiks /سكيفنإ

Infiks /سكيفوس

Sufiks / سكيفنوك

Konfiks

1 يم .

عن 2 م .

عبطن 3 أ .

لخد 4 ت .

عبت 1

س .

لئا 2 ش .

برا 3 ط .

رها 4 َس .

َرَ فا 1

ح .

ّيّس 2 و .

ْتبج 3 ط .

ْتحر 4 ص .

َتقد 1

ا .

ْتلمتح 2 م .

سولم 3 م .

ةدعق 4 م .

عوطق

باتك في تدجو تيلا ّيساسكفلأ ماسقأ ةعبرأ كانه نأ فرعيف لودج لىإ رظنب

يه احيضو تاملكلا سفن نايبلو ةّيمرضلحا ةمّدقلما

.يلي امك

هتشقانمو ثحبلا ليلتح :نيعي يلي مك هتشقانمو ثحبلا ليلتح تناكف ةروكذلما تناايبلا كلت نمو 1 . سكيفرف

1 عراضلما لعف ةغيص نم وه ُعَنَْيم ةملك ."ِءاَلما َمْسا ُعَنَْيم َلا" ةلملجا فى دَُتج )ُعَنَْيم( ةملك )

ةملك لصأ نمو ُلَعْفَ ي نزو ىلع دّرلمجا ّيثلاثلا فى ءيا ةديازلا فرح دَُتج َثم ،َعَنَم ىضالما لعف

the theory of semiology or semiotics. Culler (2000) summarizes that instead of describing experience, the goal (of structuralism) is to identify the underlying structures that make it possible. Because of its interest in how meaning is produced, structuralism often treated the reader as the site of underlying codes that make meaning possible and as the agent of meaning. Furthermore, Barry (2017, 2020) argues that the essence of structuralism is the belief that things cannot be understood in isolation. Things have to be seen in the context of larger structures they are part of. The structures in question here are those imposed by the way of perceiving the world and organizing experience.

The anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss applied the structuralist outlook in the interpretation of myth. In interpreting an individual myth, he would place the individual story within the context of the whole cycle of tales connected with the origins of the myth. On this, the story and the cycle it is part of are reconstituted in terms of basic oppositions/binary oppositions: animal/human, relation/stranger, husband/son, and so on (Rivkin & Ryan, 2017). Concrete details of the story are seen in the context of larger structure. The larger structure is then seen as an overall network of basic ‘dyadic pairs’ which have obvious symbolic, thematic, and archetypal resonance, such as the contrast between life and art, male and female, town and country, telling and showing, etc. Thus, the theory of literary structuralism is a theoretical approach to literary texts that emphasizes the overall relationship between various elements of the text. Eagleton (1996, 2011) emphasizes that the relations between the various items of the story may be ones of parallelism, opposition, inversion, equivalence, and so on; and as long as this structure of internal relations remains intact, the individual units are replaceable. Thus, these items or elements only get their meaning in the relation, either the association relation or the oppositional relation. The studied relations can be related to micro texts (words, sentences), a wider whole (stanzas, chapters), and intertextual (other works in certain period).

METHOD

This study was conducted after reading a book entitled A Boy without Hope written by Casey Watson. This 229-pages book was originally published on October 25, 2018, by Harpers Collins publisher in the United Kingdom. The data source of this study is in the form of an electronic publishing or e-pub. As a literary criticism, this study was intended to identify and classify the different ways of characterization between the two main characters: Casey and Miller. As a literary criticism, this study approached the text objectively by only focusing on the text without considering the author, the universe, and the readers (Abrams, 1971). Among the objective theories, structuralism was selected to be utilized in this study since the theory envelops the theory of binary opposition.

After discovering the data related to the characterization of the main