i
A STUDY OF IMPOLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY BIANCA PIPER IN THE DUFF MOVIE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Septiani Maria Filia Ditya Student Number: 141214086
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
2018
ASarjana Pendidikan Thesis on
A SIUDY OF IMPOLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY BIANCA PIPER IN mE DUFFMOVIE
By
septiani Maria Filia Ditya
Student~urnber:141214086
Approved by
Advisor,
Lamentia Sumarni, S.Pd., M Trans.St.
JW4
11
Date
06 June 2018
A Sarjana Pendidikan Thesis on
A STUDY OF IMPOLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY BIANCA PIPER IN THEDUFF MOVIE
By
SEPTIANIMARlAFILlA DITYA Student Number: 1412I4086
Defended before the Board of Examiners on 12 July 2018
and Declared Acceptable
Board of Examiners
Chairperson : Yohana Veniranda, S.Pd., M.Hum., M.A., Ph.D. ~l<" - n
Secretary : Christina Lhaksmita Anandari, S.Pd., Ed.M.
Member : LaurentiaSumarni,S.Pd.,M.Trans.St.
Member : Markus Budiraharjo, M.Ed., Ed.D.
Member : Gregorius Punto Aji, S.Pd., M.Hulll.
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Faculty of Teachers Training and Education Sanata Dhanna University
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iv
DEDICATION PAGE
Trust in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding.
(Proverb 1:5)
I dedicated this thesis to my family and everyone who loves and supports me.
STATEMENT OF WORK'S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work or other people, except those citedin the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 12 July 2018 The Writer
~.:
Septiani Maria Filia Ditya 141214086
v
LEMBARPERNYATAANPERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Septiani Maria Filia Ditya Nomor Mahasiswa : 141214086
Derni pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilrniah saya yang beIjudu1:
ASTUDY OF IMPOLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY BIANCA PIPER INTHEDUFFMOVIE
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (hila ada). Dengan dernikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentu media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akadernis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Dernikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 12Juli2018
Yang menyatakan
)Ji:..
Septiani Maria Filla Ditya
VI
vii ABSTRACT`
Ditya, Septiani Maria Filia. (2018). A Study of Impoliteness Strategies Used by Bianca Piper in The DUFF Movie. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Art Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
Impoliteness can always happen in the daily interaction between members of society. This phenomenon has gained more attention in today’s social interaction, even though it has not gained much attention as politeness. In this study, the researcher wants to analyze the use of impoliteness strategies in The DUFF (2015) movie. The reason why the researcher chooses to conduct this study is because the impoliteness strategies are performed many times by the main character of this movie. Moreover, the story of this movie really relates with a high school life nowadays. Friendship, love, bullying are the common story line of this movie.
In this study, the researcher wants to analyze two research questions, they are: 1) What types of impoliteness strategies are used by Bianca Piper in The DUFF (2015) movie?; and 2) What are the types of responses to the impoliteness strategies from other characters? To conduct this study, the researcher used a qualitative research by employing document analysis as the method to answer the research questions in this study. Culpeper’s theory of impoliteness strategies is used to analyze the types of impoliteness strategies and responses to them in this study.
The answer to the first research question was that Bianca Piper performed 44 utterances of impoliteness strategies. They were “positive impoliteness”, consisting of 23 utterances (52.3%) followed by “negative impoliteness” with 9 utterances (20.5%), “bald on record impoliteness” with 7 utterances (15.9%),
“sarcasm or mock politeness” with 4 utterances (9%) and “withhold politeness”
with only 1 utterance (2.3%). In the second research question, the researcher analyses the other character’s responses to the main character’s impoliteness strategies. They were “defensive countering” consisting of 22 utterances (50%) followed by “accepting the face attack” and “no response” which have the same frequency of 8 utterances (18%) and “offensive countering” with 6 utterances (14%).
In conclusion, all of the types of impoliteness strategies and the responses to impoliteness were found in this research. The most frequent impoliteness strategy used by the main character is positive impoliteness. The most frequent responses to the impoliteness strategy used by the other characters is accepting the face attack.
Key words: impoliteness, politeness, speech act, face, the DUFF movie
viii ABSTRAK
Ditya, Septiani Maria Filia. (2018). A Study of Impoliteness Strategies Used by Bianca Piper in The DUFF Movie. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Ketidaksantunan dapat terjadi dalam interaksi diantara anggota masyarakat sehari-hari. Fenomena ini telah mendapat banyak perhatian dalam interaksi social saat ini, meskipun tidak mendapat lebih banyak perhatian seperti kesantunan.
Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti ingin menganalisis mengenai penggunaan strategi ketidaksantunan dalam film The DUFF (2015). Hal ini karena pemeran utama dalam film ini menggunakan banyak strategi ketidaksantunan. Terlebih, cerita dalam film ini sangat nyata menceritakan mengenai kehidupan masa sekolah pada masa kini. Persahabatan, cinta, merundung teman adalah beberapa situasi yang teradi dalam film ini.
Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti ingin menganalisis dua pertanyaan yang dirumuskan sebagai berikut, 1) Tipe strategi ketidaksantunan apa saja yang digunakan oleh tokoh utama dalam film The DUFF (2015)?, dan 2) Tipe tanggapan apa yang digunakan oleh tokoh lain terhadap ketidaksantunan? Peneliti menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan cara menganalis dokumen sebagai metode untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan dalam penelitian ini. Teori dari Culpeper digunakan untuk menganalisis tipe strategi ketidaksantunan dan tanggapan di dalam penelitian ini.
Hasil penelitian dari pertanyaan pertama menunjukkan bahwa Bianca Piper menggunakan 44 perkataan yang memiliki unsur ketidaksantunan. Tipe tersebut antara lain “ketidaksantunan positif” dengan 23 ungkapan (52,3%) diikuti dengan
“ketidaksantunan negatif” dengan 9 ungkapan (20,5%), “ketidaksantunan langsung” dengan 7 ungkapan (15,9%), “kesantunan semu” dengan 4 ungkapan (9%) dan “menahan kesantunan” dengan hanya 1 ungkapan (2,3%). Dalam pertanyaan kedua, hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa tanggapan “menjelaskan untuk pertahanan diri” muncul sebanyak 22 ungkapan (50%) diikuti dengan “menerima ketidaksantunan” dan “tidak menanggapi” sebanyak 8 ungkapan (18%) dan tanggapan “melawan balik” dengan 6 ungkapan (14%)
Jadi, disimpulkan bahwa semua tipe ketidaksantunan menurut teori Culpeper dan tanggapannya terdapat dalam penelitian ini. Tipe ketidaksantunan yang paling sering digunakan adalah “ketidaksantunan positif. Sedangkan tipe tanggapan dari ketidaksantunan yang paling sering digunakan adalah “menerima ketidaksantunan”
Kata kunci: impoliteness, politeness, speech act, face, the DUFF movie
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to give my sincere gratitude to Jesus Christ for His abundant blessings in my life and for strengthening me and guiding me with His love. I would like to give my biggest thanks to my parents, Bapak Kismadi and Ibu Agus Soelistijawati, who always love me unconditionally, and always support me in everything I do. I also would like to give my biggest thanks to my one and only sister, Sara Septiana Filia Ditya, who always cheers me up and gives her love for me in my up and down moment in my life. I really feel so blessed because I have all of you in my life.
My special thanks also goes to my lovely and kind thesis advisor Laurentia Sumarni, S.Pd., M.Trans.St., for giving me motivations and suggestions so I can complete my thesis. I also thank her for inspiring and enlightening during the consultations class.
I also would like to give thanks to my friends, Priska, Linda and Sekar who always let me sleep in their boarding house whenever I need a place to sleep in Jogja and also for always being there for me whenever I need someone to share my stories. I also thank the Unicorn members, Linda, Cabek, Luna, Dara, Nina, who always encourage me to finish what I have started. My gratitude also goes to my 96’s squad friends, especially Chessy, Putri, Gilang, Bambang and Fajar who always motivates me to excel in whatever I do.
x
Last but not least, I would also like to express my gratitude to all of my lovely and awesome classmates in C6 batch 2014, for their unrelenting support.
Septiani Maria Filia Ditya
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
APPROVAL PAGES ... ii
DEDICATION PAGE ... iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... iv
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... vii
ABSTRACT ... vii
ABSTRAK ... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi
LIST OF TABLES ... xiii
LIST OF FIGURES ... xiv
LIST OF APPENDIX ... xv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1
Background of the Study ... 1
Research Questions ... 3
The Significance of the Study ... 4
Definition of Terms ... 4
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 6
A. Theoretical Description ... 6
1. Pragmatics ... 6
2. Face ... 7
3. Speech Act ... 8
4. Politeness ... 10
5. Impoliteness ... 12
6. The DUFF (2015) Movie ... 17
B. Theoretical Framework ... 18
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 19
A. Research Method ... 19
xii
B. Type and Source of Data ... 20
C. Data Gathering Technique ... 20
D. Data Analysis Technique ... 21
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 23
A. Impoliteness Strategies in The DUFF (2015) Movie ... 23
B. Responses to Impoliteness Strategies in The Duff (2015) Movie ... 36
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 45
A. Conclusions ... 45
B. Implications ... 46
C. Recommendations ... 47
REFERENCES ... 49
APPENDIX ... 52
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
3.1 Types of Impoliteness and Responses to Impoliteness Strategies ……... 21 3.2 Types of Impoliteness Strategies in The DUFF (2015) movie ………… 21 3.3 Responses to Impoliteness Strategies in The DUFF (2015) movie ……. 22 4.1 Types of Impoliteness Strategies in The DUFF (2015) movie ………… 24 4.2 Responses to Impoliteness Strategies in The DUFF (2015) movie ……. 37
xiv
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Page
2.1 Summary of types of responses to impoliteness ………. 17
xv
LIST OF APPENDIX
Appendix Page
Appendix 1 ………... 51
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter is divided into four major parts, namely background of the study, the research questions, the significance of the study and the last part is the definition of term. The background of the study describes about the topic and the reasons why the researcher chose this topic. Next section outlines the research questions to be discussed in this research in a form of questions. The significance of the study provides some benefits of this research for English learners, lecturers, and other researchers. The last part, definition of terms, explains the key words that are used in this research.
Background of the Study
As a member of society, human cannot live separately from each other.
According to Poole (1999), language is generally considered to be a form of communication between human beings. Everyday people use language to communicate with others. Moreover, along with the development of technology, people not only communicate directly face to face with each other but they also use technology such as mobile phone to keep in touch with their society. As a result, the interaction between people as members of society tends to be more intense.
They can keep communicating with others even though they are not in the same place. In line with this, language plays an important role in maintaining a good relationship among the members of society.
In order to achieve or maintain the good relationship, people need to pay attention to their language so that it can be used properly and politely. The speakers need to consider about the hearer’s feeling when they express it in speech. Brown (2001) states that “considering people’s feeling, treating others respectfully, including behaving themselves and showing a good manner to others is an essential thing to do, and it is called as politeness”. Politeness or in general sense of speech oriented called public persona or “face” is common in language use.
According to Brown and Levinson (1978:66), face is something that is emotionally invested and that can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be constantly attended to in interaction. It is the way to show people’s self-image or impression in front of others.
Being polite is an essential thing to do because we can establish good social relationships with other people. It can help us to get a good impression from other people, which also help us in getting jobs and making friendship. Politeness phenomena therefore get so many attention in social interaction. However, there is the opposite phenomenon of politeness called impoliteness that has not gained as much attention as politeness, but it has become more frequent in today’s social interaction (Laitinen, 2010).
Impoliteness is generally seen as face-aggravating behavior in a specific context (Locher & Bousfield, 2008). Impoliteness can always happen in the daily interaction between members of society. Especially in the interaction between teenagers. Since they could not maintain their words chosen and just saying what they want to say directly.
In relation to the explanation above, this research is conducted to investigate impoliteness in The DUFF (2015) movie. The researcher chose to investigate this topic because there have not been many similar studies about this phenomena, especially in English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University. The researcher chose to investigate The DUFF (2015) movie because the main character of this movie performed many impoliteness strategies since she has to deal with friendship, love, and bullying which is very similar to nowadays teenagers’ life. Moreover, this movie itself has been nominated on Teen Choice Awards 2015 as the Best Choice Comedy Movie and the three main characters of this movie also have been nominated as the Choice Movie Actor, Choice Movie Actress and Choice Movie Villain 2015.
In this research, the researcher wants to investigate about types of impoliteness strategies used by Bianca Piper in The DUFF (2015) movie and types of responses are resulted from the impoliteness strategies used by Bianca Piper in The DUFF (2015) movie to other characters.
Research Questions
Based on the rationale of the research, two research questions are formulated. They are:
1. What types of impoliteness strategies are used by Bianca Piper in The DUFF (2015) movie?
2. What are the types of responses to the impoliteness strategies from other characters?
The Significance of the Study
This study provides some benefits for the readers, English teachers, and other researchers. They are:
1. For English learners
Through this research, the researcher hopes that English learners can acquire their communicative competence especially in strategic, discourse, and sociolinguistics competence. It is expected that English learners will get deeper knowledge about impoliteness expressions so they can avoid using impoliteness expression in their daily life. Avoiding to use impoliteness expression is important because it can maintain a good relationship in a society.
2. For English teachers
The researcher hopes that by conducting this research, English teachers will get the meaningful and valuable information through this research. It is expected that through this research, English teachers will have deeper knowledge about impoliteness strategies so they can teach their students to behave politely and avoid to behave impolitely.
3. For other researchers
The researcher hopes that this research can help the other researchers to conduct the other research and become the reference to develop better research in the future.
Definition of Terms
The researcher defines some terms related to this research. They are:
1. Politeness
According to Spolsky (1998) politeness refers to the situation that the listeners and the speakers recognize his or her rights. Therefore, politeness is not about the real rules or protocols which are applied in the society, but it is more about people show the behavior which does not harm the listeners. The matter how people apply proper language and perform behavior is related to the theory from Brown &
Levinson (1987)about politeness strategies.
Brown & Levinson (1987) categorize a theory of politeness strategies into four main strategies, namely bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off – record.
2. Impoliteness
Impoliteness is simply the opposite of politeness. According to Locher &
Bousfield (2008, p.3), “impoliteness is a behavior of damaging other people’s face in a particular situation”. Impoliteness is a behavior which is purposely intended to attack someone’s face.
There are five main strategies of impoliteness proposed by Culpeper (2005).
They are: “bald on record impoliteness”, “positive impoliteness”, ”negative impoliteness”, “off record impoliteness”, and “withhold impoliteness”.
6 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher explains the theories that underlie the topic of this research. This chapter is divided into two major parts which are theoretical description and theoretical framework. Theoretical description discusses about the review of the theories that related in this research, while the theoretical framework discusses the implementation of the theories which are used to answer the research problems.
A. Theoretical Description
In theoretical description, the terms to be discussed and elaborated are about pragmatics, face, speech act, politeness, impoliteness and the review of The DUFF (2015) movie.
1. Pragmatics
Language is a means of communication between the members of society.
Since to maintain the communication among the member of society is important thing to do, people need to be aware of their language used in communicate with other people. In this case, the study of pragmatics is needed to learn. Birner (2013:2) states that pragmatics can be defined as the study of language use in the context. In the communication, the hearer has to understand about the context of what the speaker has said, in order to minimalize the misunderstanding among the hearer and
the speaker. Pragmatics focus on the meaning of words in interaction and how the communication between the speaker and the hearer contains more information than the words they use (Cutting, 2002).
Pragmatics is also defined as the link between linguistics and the rest of the humanities and social sciences (Verschueren, 1998). It is mean that the scope of pragmatics is fit into the interdisciplinary fields like sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics and anthropological linguistics. Each of those fields have their own relationship or correlational object to which language is studied.
The concept of pragmatics is significant for this research since the focus in this study is about how language is used for communication in social context.
Likely, Katz (1977) states that pragmatics study deals with the way the speakers apply the language for communication in the social context instead of focusing with the grammar structure (as cited in Levinson, 1983)
2. Face
To maintain a good relationship among the members of society, people need to respect and to be respected by other people. Every people has their own way to present their self-image in the public. Those public self-image that every person tries to protect is called Face (Brown & Levinson, 1987).
According to Goffman (1955) face is the positive public image you seek to establish in social interactions. It is refers to what kind of impression that people like to be seen by other people. Brown & Levinson (1987) define face into two types. They are positive politeness and negative face. Positive face can be defined
as a desire to be admired, liked, and it refers to self-esteem while negative face can be defined as the need to be independent, to have their own freedom to act.
The concept of face is important for the study of impoliteness. Since the study of impoliteness is designed to attack someone’s face, so it can cause social conflict between the members of society. By understanding the concept of face, the speaker is expected to be aware about their words when they talk to the hearer, so the impoliteness can be minimalized.
3. Speech Act
In the communication between members of society, the hearers need to really understand the meaning of the speakers’ words so that it can prevent the ambiguous meaning in social interaction. People use language to accomplish particular actions like declaring, describing, promising, suggesting, congratulating and the other actions according to their needs. Those actions performed in saying something is defined as speech acts (Austin, 1962).
Austin (1962) mentions three acts simultaneously or three different levels of utterance that can be performed by the speaker. They are a locutionary, an illocutionary, and a perlocutionary. The first level of analysis is locutionary act which can be defined as the act of saying something. The second level is illocutionary act which can be defined as the act in saying something. The last is perlocutionary act which can be defined as the act by saying something.
Searle (1976, as cited in Coulthard, 1985, p.24) argues that there are three major the variation of speech acts as mention below:
a) Speech acts can differ in the way the words fit to the worlds.
b) Speech acts can differ in the terms of psychological state they express.
c) Speech acts can differ in terms of point or purpose.
Searle then proposes five macro-classes using those three dimensions in classifying speech acts. They are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and declarations. The explanation can be seen in the following explanations:
a) Representatives
In this category, the utterance is in which the speaker believes to be the case.
For example like ‘claiming’, ‘describing’, ‘insisting’, ‘predicting’ and
‘hypothesizing’.
b) Directives
In this category, the utterances are aimed to make the hearers to do something. The examples are ‘requesting’, ‘commanding’, ‘inviting’, ‘ordering’
and so on.
c) Commisives
This category concerned with the acts in which the utterances commit the speaker to future action. The examples are ‘promising’, ‘offering’, ‘threatening’
and so on.
d) Expressive
In this category, the point is to express the speaker feels in the sincerity condition. The examples are ‘apologizing’, ‘congratulating’, ‘deploring’ and so on.
e) Declarations
The last category consists of utterances that change the world by their very utterance, such as ‘I bet’, ‘I declare’, ‘I resign’, and so on (Cutting, 2002).
4. Politeness
According to Spolsky (1998), politeness refers to the situation that the listeners and the speakers recognize his or her rights. Therefore, politeness is not about the real rules or protocols which are applied in the society, but it is more about how people show their behavior which does not harm the listeners. The matter how people apply proper language and perform behavior is related to the theory from Brown & Levinson (1987) about politeness strategies.
Brown & Levinson (1987) categorize a theory of politeness strategies into four main strategies, namely bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off – record. The following sections discuss the deeper explanation of the strategies.
a. Bald On - Record Strategy
According to Brown & Levinson (1987), bald on record is a strategy to say things in a direct, clear, unambiguous, and concise way. This strategy is commonly used when the speakers and the listeners have known each other well and also when the speakers have significantly more power than the listeners. As the result, this strategy makes the listeners feel a bit uncomfortable.
b. Positive Politeness
Brown & Levinson (1987) state that “Positive politeness is a redress directed to the addressee’s positive face, his or her perennial desire that he or she wants – or the actions, acquisitions, values resulting from them – should be thought as of desirable” (p. 101). In short, positive politeness is used when the speakers want to get closer with the listeners. The speakers produce utterances which are aimed to make the listener’s feel good about himself or herself. In addition, the speakers show their interest or possession in order to satisfy or make the listeners comfortable.
c. Negative Politeness
According to Brown and Levinson (1987) define that negative politeness is
“the heart of respect behavior” (p.129). This strategy is used when the speaker wants to increase the social distance. It aims at the realization of solidarity.
However, this strategy seems to be more polite since this strategy is intended to minimize the imposition of the listeners.
d. Off – Record Politeness
Brown & Levinson (1987) state that “A communicative act is done through off -record strategy if it is done in such a way that it is not possible to attribute only one clear communicative intention to the act” (p. 211). Off record is likely to call as indirect strategy. When the speakers produce off – record, the speaker will communicate in ineffective way because off – record mostly contains more than one intention and about critics or satire. In short, the meaning of the statement is
not directly delivered by the speaker. Therefore, the listeners need to interpret the deeper meaning of the statement.
5. Impoliteness
As a member of society, people need to be aware of their language in order to maintain good relationship among the members. In this case, the knowledge of impoliteness plays an important role to control people’s utterances in their social life.
As mentioned by Culpeper (1996), there are numbers of academics who give their criticism of the impoliteness framework since there is already a category of politeness framework by Brown & Levinson (1987) called ‘bald on record’ which accommodates ‘impolite’ phenomena. Culpeper, Bousfield, & Wichmann, (2003) then delivered the concept of impoliteness that makes it different with politeness.
The key which differentiate between impoliteness and politeness is the speaker’s intention. In politeness, the speaker’s intention is to support the face of the hearer, meanwhile in impoliteness, the speaker’s intention is to attack it.
Locher & Bousfield (2008) mention that impoliteness is behavior that is face-aggravating in a particular context. Culpeper (2005) adds that “impoliteness is a communicative strategies designed to attack face, thereby cause social conflict and disharmony” (p.1546). Then, he offers a revised definition about impoliteness:
Impoliteness comes about when: (1) the speaker communicates face- attack intentionally, or (2) the hearer perceives and/or construct behaviour as intentionally face-attacking, or a combination of (1) and (2) (p.38).
Culpeper (2015) states that “impoliteness involves communicative language or behaviors that are negatively evaluated in a particular context because they violate expectations, desires, or obligations (often concerning the management of identity), and result in offense, that is, specific negative emotional reactions, notably hurt and anger.” Therefore, Culpeper (1996) identifies five super-strategies to explain impoliteness phenomena. The first four of the strategies are developed by Brown & Levinson (1987). Those strategies are:
1) Bald on Record Impoliteness
According to Culpeper (1996) this strategy is designed to attack the addressee’s face directly, clearly, unambiguously and concisely way in circumstances where face is not irrelevant or minimized. The example of this strategy as mentioned by Brown and Levinson, when the speaker is much more powerful than the hearer (e.g. “Stop complaining” said a parent to a child). The other example mentioned by Culpeper, Bousfield, & Wichmann, (2003) when there is a disgruntled driver who told a parking attendant to “Shut up and act like a parking attendant!”. There are two imperative commands in the words “shut up”
and “act like a parking attendant” which indicate the bald on record impoliteness.
The utterance that is told by a disgruntled driver above is deployed baldly with the purpose of aggravating the face of the parking attendant.
2) Positive Impoliteness
Culpeper (2003) states that this strategy is designed to damage address ee’s positive face wants. The speaker uses this strategy in order to be appreciated or approved by the hearer. Culpeper (2003) mentions the example of this strategy
includes “ignore, snub the other”, “exclude the other from the activity”,
“disassociate from the other”, “be disinterested, unconcerned, unsympathetic”, “use inappropriate identity markers”, “use obscure or secretive language”, “seek disagreement”, “make the other feel uncomfortable (e.g. do not avoid silence, joke, or use small talk)”, “use taboo words”, “call the other names”, and many more).
3) Negative Impoliteness
This strategy is designed to damage the addressee’s negative face wants. The speaker uses this strategy because of their desire for freedom in action. The examples stated by Culpeper (2003) include frightening others, being condescending, scorning, and invading the other’s face.
4) Sarcasm or Mock Politeness
This strategy is the opposite of Brown and Levinson’s theory of Off record politeness. The speaker uses this strategy to express the opposite or contrast meaning of their feeling. Culpeper, Bousfield, & Wichmann (2003) provide the example of a driver who receive a ticket from a parking attendant, sarcastically told the latter to “Have a good day!” which actually, the driver did not intentionally want
5) Withhold Politeness
According to Culpeper (2003) this strategy happens when the addressee keeps silent or fails to act where politeness is expected. Withhold politeness occurs when the hearer does not reply or doing nothing in contexts where politeness is expected.
b. Responses to Impoliteness
The addressee has a tendency to response to an utterance that the speaker said to them. But there are some addressee who choose not to give any response to it. Especially when the speaker are attacking their face with their utterance or it can be said as doing impoliteness strategies to them. Harris et al. (1986) mentions that the best way to save face from the verbal attack is to counter-attack. Meanwhile, Labov (1972) has a different statement. He assumes that personal insults are followed by a denial.
The study about the addressee’s response to impoliteness is crucial, since the response to an utterance can reveal much about how that utterance is to be taken.
Culpeper, Bousfield, & Wichmann, (2003) define four types of responses to impoliteness. There are “accepting face attack”, “offensive countering”, “defensive countering” and “no response”.
1) Accepting the Face Attack
In this type, the verbal act that has been said by the speaker to the hearer might be met with an apology. Culpeper (2003) adds that this option involves increased face damage to the responder. Here is the example of accepting the face attack:
A: Just leave me alone! I’m done with you!
B: I’m sorry (accepting the face attack)
In the dialogue above, it can be seen that B is accepting the face attack said by A by saying “I’m sorry”.
2) Defensive Countering
This strategy is used when the addressee primarily counters face attack by defending one’s own face (Culpeper, 2003). The example of this strategy can be seen in the following example:
A: Are you crazy? Oh God, why are you so stupid?
B: I’m not crazy. I just want to do that.
In the dialogue above, B is defending his own face without attacking back A’s face attack.
3) Offensive Countering
The alternative option to respond to face attack is by countering the face attack with face attack. The purpose of this strategy is to block, deflect or manage the face attack. The example of offensive countering can be seen in the dialogue below (Culpeper et al., 2003):
Woman : Oh, shut up you fat pig Man : Go fuck yourself Woman : Go on a diet Man : Go fuck yourself
In the dialogue above, the woman damages the man’s face with bald on record impoliteness in the utterance “oh, shut up you fat pig” to the man. Then the man countering the face attack with other face attack in the utterance “go fuck yourself” to the woman.
4) No response
However, the addressee has another option besides countering the face attack. They can choose not to give any response to the verbal attack and keep silent.
Figure 1. Summary of types of responses to impoliteness 6. The DUFF (2015) Movie
The DUFF (2015) is a teen comedy-romance movie directed by Ari Sandel and written by Josh A. Cagan. This movie is based on the novel with the same tittle written by Kody Keplinger.
This movie is about a high school student named Bianca Piper who has two beautiful and popular best friends named Jess and Casey. She has a crush with a boy in her school named Toby and she has a neighbor which go to the same school with her named Wesley.
She is the least attractive girl among her best friends, Jess and Casey. One day, Wesley tells her about it and he tells her that she is a DUFF, Designated Ugly Fat Friend, which means someone who is less attractive in the group and make the other members of the group look better. At the beginning, she does not really care about what Wesley says because she knows that Wesley always annoys her but then she realizes that it makes sense. When she is walking with Jess and Casey, all of people who meet them just greeting Jess and Casey and not her. She feels mad about it then she decides not to befriend with Jess and Casey anymore and be a free woman so she does not have to be “the DUFF’.
Respond
Do not respond
Counter
Accept
Offensive Defensive Impoliteness
act
The researcher uses The DUFF (2015) movie as a subject to be analyzed in this study because of some reasons. The first reason is because this movie tells about high schools’ life which the storyline is similar to the real life of teenagers nowadays life. The second reason is because the main character of this movie performs many impoliteness strategies in order to handle the conflict between the characters in this movie.
B. Theoretical Framework
This research intends to analyze the use of impoliteness strategies in the utterances produced by the main character in The DUFF (2015) movie and types of responses to the impoliteness strategies from other characters. The theories described above are used to answer two research problems in this study.
The theory of types of impoliteness strategies stated by Culpeper (1996) is used to answer the first research problem. Culpeper (1996) states that there are five types of impoliteness strategies. They are “bald on record impoliteness”, “positive impoliteness”, “negative impoliteness”, “sarcasm or mocking politeness” and
“withhold politeness”. Then to answer the second research question, the researcher uses the theory by Culpeper, Bousfiled, and Wichmann (2003) about types of responses to impoliteness strategies. There are four types of responses, they are
“accepting the face attack”, “defensive countering”, “offensive countering”, and
“no response”.
19 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the researcher presents the methodology employed in this research. There are four parts to be discussed in this chapter. They are research method, type and source of data, data gathering technique and the last is data analysis technique.
A. Research Method
This study aimed to study about the impoliteness strategies used by Bianca Piper in The DUFF (2015) movie. There are two research questions in this study (1) What types of impoliteness strategies are used by Bianca Piper in The DUFF (2015) movie?; and (2) What are the types of responses to the impoliteness strategies from other characters? Since the study is about how language is used in social life, the qualitative research is the appropriate method to be applied in this study. Fraenkel & Wallen (2006) mention that qualitative research is a study which investigate the quality of relationship, activities, situations and materials. By the same token, Sutopo (2002, p.36) states that in qualitative research the data collected are usually in the forms of words, sentences or pictures in which the meaning is more significant than number.
The focus on this study is to analyze the utterances from the main character that contains impoliteness and the other character’s response. Therefore, document analysis is considered as the most appropriate technique used to analyze for this
study. Since the purpose of document analysis is to study human behavior through an analysis of their communication (Fraenkel, Hyun, & Wallen, 2011)
B. Type and Source of Data
The researcher chose The DUFF (2015) movie script as the data source in this study since the movie was very relevant to the topic of study. The movie script was downloaded from www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk. The utterances from the main character and the responses from other characters of this movie were used as the data to answer the first research problem: (1) What types of impoliteness strategies are used by Bianca Piper in The DUFF (2015) movie? and 2) What are the types of responses to the impoliteness strategies from other characters?
C. Data Gathering Technique
In gathering the data of this study, there were some steps researcher did in this study. The first step was watching the movie while doing the deeper observation about the background, the characters and the setting of the movie. This step was important to do in order to get the deeper and clearer understanding of the movie, so later the researcher could do the finding smoothly. The second step was to list the utterances said by Bianca Piper, the main character of The DUFF (2015) movie that contains impoliteness strategies. The responses from other’s character also had to be listed in this step. Next, the researcher analyzed the finding result with the exact times of the selected dialogue of contains impoliteness strategy and the response to it, to make the researcher easier to analyze the data. After listed the data, the researcher watched the movie again to get the deeper comprehension of the utterances.
D. Data Analysis Technique
In analyzing the data, there were some steps researcher do in this study. The first step was listed the scene in the movie which contains the impoliteness strategies were said by Bianca Piper and the response from other characters to the impoliteness strategies in Table 3.1. The utterances that contained impoliteness strategies were be written in the bold type, while the responses from other characters were be written in the italic type.
Table 3.1 Types of Impoliteness and Responses to Impoliteness Strategies
After the utterances were listed, the researcher classified the type of impoliteness and the response to the impoliteness of each utterance. The analysis of the type of impoliteness is within the boundaries made by Culpeper (1996) and the analysis of the response to the impoliteness is within the boundaries made by Culpeper et al., (2003).
After the researcher got all of the data, then the researcher organized the data based on the types of impoliteness and the responses to impoliteness. Table 3.2 was used to summarize the frequency and its percentage of impoliteness strategies said by Bianca Piper. While Table 3.3 showed the frequency and its percentage of the types of responses to impoliteness.
No. Times Utterances Types of
Impoliteness
Responses to Impoliteness
Table 3.2 Types of Impoliteness Strategies in The DUFF (2015) movie
Table 3.3 Responses to Impoliteness Strategies in The DUFF (2015) movie
After all the data were classified, the researcher analyzed and interpreted some samples of the data and drew conclusion from it.
No. Types of Impoliteness Frequency Percentage 1. Bald on Record Impoliteness
2. Positive Impoliteness 3. Negative Impoliteness 4. Sarcasm or Mock Politeness 5. Withhold Politeness
TOTAL
No. Type of Responses Frequency Percentage 1. Accepting FTA
2. Offensive Countering 3. Defensive Countering 4. No Response
TOTAL
23 CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the researcher explains the result and the discussion of the finding. This chapter is divided into two major parts which all of the part elaborates the interpretation of the findings and answer the research problems. The first part answered the first research problem, which is about the types of impoliteness used by Bianca Piper in The DUFF (2015) movie. Then, the second part answered the second research problem, which is about the analysis of the responses used by the other characters to the main character’s impoliteness strategy. All of the research problems in this study were analyzed using Culpeper’s theory.
A. Impoliteness Strategies in The DUFF (2015) Movie
The main character of The DUFF (2015) movie performed many impoliteness strategies to other characters when she talks to them. This part analyzes the type of impoliteness strategies used by Bianca Piper, the main character of The DUFF (2015) movie based on Culpeper’s theory. These types of impoliteness are “bald on record impoliteness”, “positive impoliteness”, “negative impoliteness”, “sarcasm or mock politeness” and “withhold politeness”. The analysis of types of impoliteness strategies in this part were used to answer the first research problem in this study. The researcher found 44 utterances containing impoliteness strategies used by Bianca Piper in this movie. The data of the finding was divided into five types as seen in Table 4.
Table 4.1 Types of Impoliteness in The DUFF (2015) movie
Table 4.1 showed the type of impoliteness strategies used by Bianca Piper in The DUFF ((2015) movie. All of the types of impoliteness strategies were used by the main character in this movie. From the obtained data, the researcher found 44 utterances of impolite strategies occur in The DUFF (2015) movie. Table 4.1 showed the frequency and percentage of each types used by Bianca. The type that got the most frequent was “positive impoliteness” which appears 52.3% of all the totals. It was followed by “negative impoliteness” and “bald on record impoliteness” with 20.5% and 15.9%. The least frequent types that occur in this movie were “sarcasm or mock politeness” and “withhold politeness” with 9% and 2.3%. The researcher discussed some of the utterances of each strategy in the following section.
No. Types of Impoliteness Frequency Percentage
1. Bald on Record Impoliteness 7 15.9%
2. Positive Impoliteness 23 52.3%
3. Negative Impoliteness 9 20.5%
4. Sarcasm or Mock Politeness 4 9%
5. Withhold Politeness 1 2.3%
TOTAL 44 100%
1. Bald on Record Impoliteness
Bald on Record impoliteness strategy is used when the speaker tries to attack the face of the hearer directly without trying to save the hearer’s face. There are 7 utterances spoken by Bianca Piper that contain bald on record impoliteness strategy. The researcher chose some of the utterances to be analyzed.
Excerpt 1 exemplifies the analysis of bald on record impoliteness strategy used by Bianca Piper in The DUFF movie:
Bald on Record impoliteness strategy is used by Bianca in excerpt [1]. The situation happens when Bianca works alone during a science class and she looks so grumpy, then suddenly Wesley approaches her to ask why she looks grumpy. Being asked by Wesley makes Bianca so annoyed at him. It is because some days before, when she has a party in Madison’s house, Wesley told her that she is Jess and Casey’s DUFF. DUFF is abbreviated from Designated Ugly Fat Friend, which means someone who is the least attractive and make the other members in the group look better.
Excerpt [1]
Setting : In the laboratory Times : 00.19.01 – 00.19.10
Situation : During a class but the teacher is going outside for a while, then Wesley approaches Bianca to explain the meaning of DUFF.
Participants : Bianca and Wesley
Wesley : But it’s the word and it stuck. It’s a catchall.
Bianca : Oh my God. Get out of here before I murder you.
Wesley : (Pretending to go back to his seat but approaching Bianca again.) Are you kidding? Okay.
In the dialogue above, it can be seen that Bianca says imperative command that is deployed baldy to Wesley with the purpose of threatening his face. Bianca is using direct statement to Wesley in the utterances “Get out of here”. Moreover, she adds the words “before I murder you” to show that she is being serious to urge Wesley to go away from her. Using imperative command is considered as using bald on record impoliteness strategy.
In excerpt [2], the situation happens when Bianca is mad at her best friends, Jess and Casey, because she thinks that she is being friended up by them. In the dialogue above, we can see that Bianca clearly ordered Jess and Casey to go outside the library. She uses the directive act by requesting Jess and Casey to do what she wants, which is to go outside. Bald on record impoliteness occurs when Bianca says
“outside” to Jess and Casey. It is considered as an impolite strategy because she does not try to save the hearer’s face by softening her words when she answers Casey’s question but says it very directly. Furthermore, she says the word “outside”
with a rising intonation which indicates that she is being serious with her words.
Excerpt [2]
Settin : In the Library Times : 00.22.07 – 00.22.11
Situation : Bianca is mad at Jess and Casey Participants : Bianca, Jess, and Casey
Casey : Is there a problem?
Bianca : Outside.
Jess and Casey: (following Bianca to go outside)
Another example of bald on record strategy can be seen in the excerpt [3].
The situation in the dialogue above still relates with excerpt [2].
In excerpt [3], Bianca tries to attack Jess and Casey’s face by using the imperative word “don’t” which is considered as a directive act. When the speaker uses a directive act, he or she tries to ask the hearer to do something. In this situation, Bianca clearly asks Jess and Casey not to be creeping on her Pinterest.
Moreover, she uses the word “whores” to her best friends. The word “whores”
indicates that Bianca tries to attack Jess and Casey’s face directly. “Whore” is considered as an impolite word, according to Oxford Dictionary, “whore” is an offensive word used to refer to a woman who has sex with a lot of men. Instead of saying it politely to her best friends, she decides to choose the offensive word
“whore” to make her best friends lose their face.
2. Positive Impoliteness
Positive impoliteness is designed to damage the addressee’s positive face wants. People use this strategy in order to be appreciated or approved by other people. Culpeper (1996) mentions some examples of using this strategy, such as
Excerpt [3]
Setting : In the library Time : 00.23.39 – 00.23.55
Situation : Bianca is mad at Jess and Casey.
Participants : Bianca, Jess, and Casey
Bianca : I’m a free woman. And don’t you dare be creeping on my Pinterest, whores!
Jess & Casey : (stay still while looking at Bianca’s leaving them)
ignoring the other, excluding the other from an activity, being disinterested, being unsympathetic, seeking disagreement, and many more.
In this research, positive impoliteness is the most frequent strategy deployed by the main character in this movie. The researcher found 23 utterances that contain positive impoliteness in The DUFF (2015) movie. Some of the utterances are chosen to be analyzed. Here are the examples of the positive impoliteness said by Bianca Piper in The DUFF movie:
In excerpt [4], the situation happens when Bianca is having some “me-time”
in her locker then suddenly Wesley approaches her. Positive impoliteness can be seen when Bianca said “who wants to know?” to Wesley’s question about her best friends. Instead of answering his question by saying where Jess and Casey’s at is at that time, Bianca chooses to make Wesley feels uncomfortable and does not seems to really care about what Wesley has asked. Bianca tries to damage Wesley’s positive face wants by showing her disinterest in Wesley’s question. According to Culpeper’s theory, ‘being disinterested’ and ‘making others feel uncomfortable’ are considered as positive impoliteness.
Excerpt [4]
Setting : In front of the locker room Times : 00.08.36 – 00.08.41
Situation : Bianca is opening her locker when Wesley suddenly comes Participants : Bianca and Wesley
Wesley : Super. Where are your girls at?
Bianca : Who wants to know?
Wesley : The only man in your life.
The other example of positive impoliteness can be seen in excerpt [5]. The conversation happens when Bianca is very mad with Wesley because he said that she is “the DUFF”. The positive impoliteness happens when Bianca says “dick face” to Wesley. “Dick face” is considered as a taboo word because it is usually used to curse someone. The use of taboo words can indicate the expression of a speaker’s emotional state. Using taboo words to the others is considered as using positive impoliteness strategy according to Culpeper’s theory.
Excerpt [5]
Setting : In the laboratory Times : 00.18.32 – 00.18.45
Situation : Wesley is approaching Bianca when she works alone in the laboratory
Participants : Bianca and Wesley
Bianca : You called me fat and ugly, Wesley.
Wesley : What? No, I didn’t. I called you the DUFF.
Bianca : Yeah, excuse me. It’s just that stands for Designated Ugly Fat Friend, dick face.
Wesley : You can’t take it literally, okay?
Excerpt [6]
Setting : In Bianca’s house Times : 01.19.42 – 01.20.02
Situation : Wesley comes to Bianca’s house after she left a voice message to him.
Participants : Bianca and Wesley
Wesley : Are you mad at me right now? I thought we were friends.
Bianca : Come on, were not friends. You know people like you don’t hang out with people like me, you know? That’s just the way it is.
Football guys, they date hot chicks. And people like me don’t date anybody. I don’t know why I thought it could be different.
Wesley : What are you talking about?
Another example of positive impoliteness is performed in the dialogue between Wesley and Bianca above. It can be seen that Wesley thinks that he and Bianca are friends, but Bianca avoids those agreement. Bianca just says “Come on, we’re not friends” to show that she does not agree with Wesley’s statement. She explicitly avoids Wesley’s attempt to bring about the agreement that they are friends. As stated by Culpeper (2003) avoid the agreement is including in the positive impoliteness.
3. Negative Impoliteness
Negative impoliteness strategy is used to damage the addressee’s negative face wants. The desire for freedom of action is one of the reasons why people use this strategy. Frightening, being condescending, scorning or ridiculing are some of the examples of negative impoliteness according to Culpeper’s theory.
The researcher found 9 utterances that contain negative impoliteness strategy in this movie. Some of the utterances are chosen to be analyzed in this research. Here are some of the examples of negative impoliteness found in this movie:
Excerpt [7]
Setting : In the school
Times : 00.03.58 – 00.04.13
Situation : Madison and Caitlyn are approaching Bianca, Jess and Casey to give the party invitation to Jess and Casey.
Participants : Bianca, Jess, Casey, Madison, and Caitlyn
Madison : Girls, party at my place. I'm sure you've heard of it. (Giving the invitation card to Jess) Can you make sure you get an insert shot of them opening it? (Talking to Caitlyn to make sure she record the situation)
Negative impoliteness can be found in the conversation between Madison and Bianca in excerpt [7]. On the dialogue above, Madison is giving her party invitation card to Jess then Bianca looks at the date of the party that it will be help on Wednesday, which is on school night. From Bianca’s utterance, it can be seen that she has employed negative impoliteness because she damages Madison’s face.
Bianca damages Madison’s face because she attempts to belittle her and challenge her to draw upon the further discussion. In the utterance “Wow, wait, you’re having a party on a Wednesday? On a school night?” said by Bianca indicates that she tries to belittle Madison implicitly. The deeper meaning of her utterance means
“Are you sure you can do a party on a Wednesday?” which means that Bianca is doubting Madison’s ability to held a party on a Wednesday which is on a school night.
Excerpt [8]
Setting : In Bianca’s room Times : 00.09.39 – 00.09.54
Situation : Jess and Casey are helping Bianca to choose the dress for the party
Participants : Bianca, Jess, and Casey
Jess : B, it’s a party. You should wear something cute. Here. Lots of options for your. How about this? (Showing off a camisole to Bianca) Pretty.
Bianca : What the hell is this? Underwear?
Jess : No, it’s a camisole. No? Not for you? Okay.
Caitlyn : Yep, on it.
Madison : Oh, yeah, I’m doing a video about the party for my YouTube channel.
Bianca : Wow, wait, you’re having a party on a Wednesday? On a school night?
Madison : Yeah, I can do that.
Another example of negative impoliteness can be seen in excerpt [8]. When Jess kindly gives suggestion to Bianca about what she should wear in the party, Bianca only replies with direct directive words “What the hell is this? Underwear?”
to Jess. Bianca’s answer clearly shows that she wants to damage Jess’s negative face by condescending her. She wants to tell Jess that she does not like and does not want to wear the camisole that Jess suggest her to wear, but she does not say it directly. Condescending other people is one of the examples of Culpeper’s negative impoliteness strategies.
The next example of negative impoliteness can be seen in the conversation between Bianca, Jess and Casey above. In the dialogue above, Bianca is being mad at Jess and Casey because she feels betrayed by them. She thought that Jess and Casey are using her to make themselves look better, just like what Wesley has said.
Here, we can see that Bianca interrupts Casey’s utterances when she tried to fix out the misunderstanding about them. She hinders Casey’s linguistically by denying
Excerpt [9]
Setting : In the library Times : 00.22.44 – 00.23.03
Situation : Bianca is being mad at Jess and Casey Participants : Bianca, Jess and Casey
Casey : Okay, just because you think one of us is better looking than you..
Bianca : Oh, my God. There it is, there it is. You know what? No, no, no. I’m glad you said that, because it makes what I’m about to do a whole lot easier. Yeah, go ahead and check them.
(Getting her phone and unfriending Jess and Casey in Facebook) Jess & Casey : (checking their phone)
her turn to speak. Based on Culpeper’s theory, it is considered as negative impoliteness. She even uses repetition like in the words “There it is, there it is. You know what? No, no, no.” According to Culpeper, using repetition can boost impoliteness upon the hearer.
4. Sarcasm or Mock Politeness
Sarcasm or Mock Politeness is the strategy to express the social disharmony.
In this strategy, the use of politeness is obviously insincere. In this study, sarcasm is the least frequent type of impoliteness strategies used by Bianca Piper.
Excerpt [10] is the example of Sarcasm or Mock Politeness used by Bianca in The DUFF movie:
Sarcasm or Mock Politeness can be seen in excerpt [10]. The situation happens when Bianca is approaching Wesley in canteen but suddenly one of Wesley’s friends, who is sitting next to him, scorns Bianca about her ‘scandalous video’. Bianca’s utterance in “Are you gonna do anything?” shows that she waits
Excerpt [10]
Setting : In the canteen Times : 00.50.00 – 00.50.33
Situation : Bianca is searching for Wesley to ask him about the video of her.
Participants : Bianca, Wesley and Wesley’s friends
Bianca : Are you gonna do anything?
Wesley : Boobs look good. New bra.
Bianca : Thanks a lot. (Throwing the foods in front of him) Wesley : (stay still)
Bianca : (leaving those place)
for Wesley to give reaction about his friend who keeps bullying her but he does not say anything. Instead of saving Bianca’s face in front of his friend, Wesley just says
“Boobs look good. New bra?” to her which absolutely makes Bianca even angrier at him. Then, Bianca uses sarcastic words to Wesley by saying “Thanks a lot” which she actually does not mean it. Her reaction by throwing the foods to Wesley and leaving him right after that also supports the idea that she really does not mean to give thanks to him.
Another sarcasm or mock politeness strategy can be seen in excerpt [11].
The situation happens when Bianca is having dinner with Toby in Toby’s house.
Firstly, Bianca thinks that Toby is interested with her but then she realizes that he is only using her to make him to get closer with her best friends, Jess and Casey.
Bianca feels betrayed and disappointed by him. That is why in Bianca’s utterances above, she shows her anger to him sarcastically. In the utterance “because it was piece of shit and so are you” demonstrates Bianca’s anger to Toby. “It” here refers to the song that is made by Toby and Bianca’s already listens to it. Bianca compares Toby’s song with a piece of shit which means she really thinks that his song is a bad thing and it is as bad as Toby himself. After she aggravates Toby’s face by
Excerpt [11]
Setting : In front of Toby’s house Times : 01.17.51 – 01.17.58
Situation : Bianca is getting ready to go back after at her home.
Participants : Bianca and Toby
Bianca : Yeah, I’m not surprised, because it was a piece of shit. And so are you. Have a nice night.
Toby : (didn’t say anything while looking at Bianca’s back confusedly)
saying that Toby is a bad thing, she continues to attack his face by saying “have a nice night”.
5. Withhold Politeness
Withhold politeness occurs when the hearer does not reply or doing nothing in contexts where politeness is expected. This strategy happens when the addressee keeps silent or fails to act where politeness is expected (Culpeper, 2003).
Withhold Politeness is shown in excerpt [12]. The situation happens when Wesley comes to Bianca’s house to explain to Bianca that he is not the one who spreads the ‘scandalous video’ of her in the internet. Meanwhile, at the first time, Bianca is already mad at him because she thinks that he is the one who makes the video go viral. That is why when Wesley comes to her house, Bianca directly punches him at his face in front her house. Her hand becomes messed up after she punches him, but she realizes that her hand is not the only one who messes up, Wesley’s hand too. Then Wesley tells her “Well, you’re not the only one running around punching people today”. It means he is also punching someone before
Excerpt [12]
Setting : In Bianca’s house Times : 00.51.33 – 00.51.58
Situation : Wesley comes to Bianca’s house to tell her that he is not the one who spread the video of her.
Participants : Bianca and Wesley
Bianca : Why is your hand messed up?
Wesley : Well, you’re not the only one running around punching people today.
Bianca : (giving her hot water bag for pain relief to Wesley) Wesley : Thanks.
because he tries to defend her. Even though Wesley is not saying it directly, but Bianca knows what Wesley’s utterance means is. Instead of saying ‘thank you’ to him, who has defended her, she chooses not to say anything and just gives his hot water bag for pain relief to him. Bianca’s action in this scene is considered as withhold politeness. As Culpeper (2005:42) gives the example that “failing to thank someone for a present may be taken as deliberate impoliteness”.
B. Responses to Impoliteness Strategies in The DUFF (2015) Movie
In this part, the researcher answers the second research question of this study. It is about what are the types of responses to the impoliteness strategies from other characters.
This section analyzed the response of other characters to impoliteness strategies used by the main character in the DUFF movie. As mentioned by Culpeper, Bousfield, & Wichmann (2003), there are four types of responses to impoliteness. They are “accepting face attack”, “defensive countering” and
“offensive countering” and “no response”. The response of other characters to impoliteness strategies is the effect of the impoliteness strategies used by the main character of the movie. There were 44 responses performed in this movie based.
The frequency and percentage of each response can be seen in the table 4.2:
