Volume 10, Number 3 (April 2023):4325-4340, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2023.103.4325
ISSN: 2339-076X (p); 2502-2458 (e), www.jdmlm.ub.ac.idOpen Access 4325 Research Article
The effect of limestone dust and different doses of mycorrhizal biological fertilizer on the growth of coffee seedlings in former quarry limestone mines
Tedi Yunanto
*, Suparno, Kartika Alicia Syarief
Bandung Polytechnic of Energy and Mining, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jl. Jend. Sudirman No. 623, Bandung, Indonesia
*corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract Article history:
Received 20 September 2022 Accepted 18 December 2022 Published 1 April 2023
Reclamation (revegetation) activities must be carried out upon the completion of mining. Limestone dust can affect the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil. To increase the growth rate of non-wood product species such as coffee, biological fertilizers of mycorrhiza are introduced to the reclamation site. The goal of this study is to examine the effects of limestone dust covering former mines and different doses of mycorrhizal biological fertilizers on the growth of coffee seedlings. The research was conducted using the randomized complete block design method. Research areas were divided into groups/blocks consisting of soil without limestone dust, dust-covered 0-2.5 cm, and dust- covered 0-5 cm. The groups were treated with the addition of 10 g, 15 g and 20 g mycorrhizal biological fertilizers with five replications each. NPK inorganic fertilizer was given every one month to all treatments. The parameters observed from the growth of coffee seedlings were plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves. Based on the results, limestone dust influenced soil conditions such as silt, clay, pH, organic C, bulk density, and C/N ratio. In addition, limestone dust affected the plant height and number of leaves of coffee seedlings compared to those grown in an area without dust. Differences in the amount of mycorrhizal biologic fertilizers were significant (p<0.05) and tended to increase for the parameters of height and diameter of coffee seedlings. However, the difference in the dose of mycorrhizal biological fertilizers has been shown to significantly (p<0.05) decrease the number of leaves.
Keywords:
coffee
limestone dust mycorrhizal fertilizer seedling growth soil
To cite this article: Yunanto, T., Suparno, and Syarief, K.A. 2023. The effect of limestone dust and different doses of mycorrhizal biological fertilizer on the growth of coffee seedlings in former quarry limestone mines. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 10(3):4325-4340, doi:10.15243/jdmlm.2023.103.4325.
Introduction
Indonesia has an abundant mineral resource potential, including non-metallic minerals and rocks such as limestone. Limestone mining in the Padalarang area, West Bandung Regency, West Java Province, is one of the sources of both regional and national income (state budget). Undeniably, in addition to having a positive
impact, limestone mining activities also have a negative impact on the surrounding environment. Mining and processing activities of limestone can cause respiratory diseases and cover houses, plants, soil, etc. (Sutrisno and Azhari, 2020). In addition, limestone mining activities will also result in a decrease in the quality of water, soil, degradation of forests and availability of water (Lamare and Singh, 2016; Busira, 2021). In order to create
Open Access 4326 sustainable development, mining activities must strive
for an economic, social, and environmental balance (Goodland, 2012; Hartono et al., 2020). The sustainability of natural resources forms the basis of implementing environmentally conscious development for the survival of a nation and country for future generations (Moomen et al., 2020).
In general, limestone mining activities are carried out by the open-pit method. Mining activities with open- pit methods can result in environmental damage, including landscape alteration, pit lake (void) formation, decreased biodiversity of flora and fauna, and changes in physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (Howladar, 2016; Sonter et al., 2018; Benidire et al., 2020; Sakellari et al., 2021; Mulenga, 2022). Soil coverage by mining dust resulting from mining and rock processing activities can affect the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil (Yunanto et al., 2022). Ridwan and Sari (2016) reported that the use of limestone powder could increase soil stability or expansive soil strength (physical properties). Changes to the physical properties of the soil will affect other soil properties, such as the chemical and biological properties of the soil (Usharani et al., 2019).
The form of post-mining in the forest areas must include revegetation. The revegetation activity can be carried out using wood and/or non-wood product species. Therefore, soil is a very important element in the reclamation activities of former mines (Sopialena et al., 2017; Nadalia and Pulunggono, 2020). Changes in soil properties due to limestone dust from mining and processing will affect soil conditions and plant growth (Kankara and Galadanchi, 2020). Thus, it is necessary to make improvements, such as by providing various soil- fixing materials (ameliorants) (Agus et al., 2019).
Ameliorants that can be used to improve the quality of soil after limestone mining are non-organic ameliorants, organic ameliorants, and biological ameliorants (Sulakhudin et al., 2017; Purnamayani et al., 2019;
Ghaida et al., 2020).
Soil is an important element, especially for plants' growth and development. Changes in soil properties due to limestone dust coverage directly or indirectly will affect soil conditions so as to disrupt plant growth. The implementation of biological fertilizers such as mycorrhiza can increase plant growth, especially in degraded land conditions such as former limestone mines (Ghaida et al., 2020). The use of mycorrhizal fungi as biological fertilizers has the opportunity to save the cost of fertilization and can reduce environmental pollution due to the excessive use of synthetic fertilizers (Daras et al., 2015). Furthermore, Ginting et al. (2018) stated that the inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi is able to improve the chemical properties of the soil by increasing the pH value of the soil through metabolic activity and
the release of amino acids that are able to increase the Al element.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the coverage of former mines by limestone dust and the effect of different doses of mycorrhizal biological fertilizer on coffee seedling growth.
Materials and Methods Study site
The research was conducted at the limestone mining company PT Akarna Marindo located in West Bandung Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia (Figure 1). In addition to mining, PT Akarna Marindo carries out processing activities in the form of the comminution of limestone using crushers. The company is located in one of the forest areas owned by the state-owned forestry company PT Perum Perhutani. Because it is located in a forest area, the form of reclamation carried out is the revegetation of wood products and/or non-wood product species.
Study design
The study was conducted using a randomized complete block design. The research area was divided into three groups, namely: without limestone dust (0 cm), covered with 0-2.5 cm, and covered with 0-5 cm. The dust for this research was taken from the residue of mining and processing (generally containing CaO and CaCO3).
Coffee seedlings were planted in each group with a spacing of 4 m x 4 m (plot size/group 8 m x 16 m). The group was randomly given the addition of commercial mycorrhizal biological fertilizers of 10 g, 15 g, and 20 g with five replications each (Figure 2). The commercial mycorrhizal biological fertilizers contain five species of endomycorrhizae, 33 spores per gram endomycorrhizae, and 300 live propagules per gram. Planting holes were made with a size of 40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm and given poultry manure and humic acid six months before planting coffee crops (Figure 3). NPK inorganic fertilizer was given every one month to all treatments with an interval of addition of NPK fertilizer of 10 g seedlings-1 in the first month, 20 g seedlings-1 in the second month, 30 g seedlings-1 in the third month, 40 g seedlings-1 in the fourth month and 50 g seedlings-1 in the fifth month.
Soil sampling
Soil samples were taken before coffee seedlings were planted using soil rings to analyze the physical properties and a soil auger at a depth of 0-30 cm to analyze chemical and biological properties. The physical properties of the soil being analyzed were texture (sand, silt, clay), conductivity, and bulk density. The soil chemical properties being analyzed were pH, cation exchange
Open Access 4327 capacity (CEC), organic C, total N, available P, and
exchangeable K. The parameters analyzed for soil biological properties were soil respiration and the quantity of soil microorganisms. The soil samples were
analyzed in the soil laboratory of Padjajaran University, Bandung City, West Java Province, Indonesia. The methods for the analysis of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil are presented in Table 1.
Figure 1. Location of study area of PT Akarna Marindo.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 2. Randomized complete block design: (a) no dust, (b) covered with 2.5 cm, and (c) covered with 5 cm.
Open Access 4328 Figure 3. Coffee seedlings and the fertilization process using poultry manure and humic acid.
Table 1. Parameter and method of soil analysis.
Soil properties Parameter Method
Physical properties Electrical conductivity Conductivity meter Soil texture: sand, silt, and clay Hydrometer
Bulk density Soil ring
Chemical properties pH: H2O and CaCl2 SNI 03-6787-2002
Organic Carbon (OC) SNI 13-4720-1998 (Walkley and Black)
Total N SNI 13-4721-1998 (Kjeldahl)
Ratio of C/N Calculation of the ratio of organic to nitrogen P2O5 availability (Bray I/II)
Exchangeable K+ Buffer extract NH4OAc 1.0 N pH 7.0 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) Buffer extract NH4OAc 1.0 N pH 7.0 Biological properties Soil respiration Using 0.5 N KOH solution to absorb CO2
Total soil microorganism Total Plate Count method
Data analysis
The responses observed from coffee seedling growth were plant height, plant diameter and number of leaves.
Those growth responses were measured every month for five months. The measurement results of these three growth responses were then analyzed statistically using the Statistica Ver. 12 and R-software programs to determine whether there was an effect of the block and the treatment given.
Results and Discussion Soil properties
In general, the physical properties of the soil in both areas without and with limestone dust (2.5 cm and 5 cm thick) had a higher percentage of clay compared to sand and silt (Table 2). However, the maximum value of clay percentage in the areas with 2.5 cm (63% clay) and 5 cm (64% clay) of limestone dust was higher than in the areas without limestone dust (57% clay). The mean bulk density value of the area with limestone dust was 1.88 g cm-3 (2.5 cm) and 1.73 g cm-3 (5 cm) higher
compared to the area without limestone dust
(1.56 g cm-3). This result is similar to research conducted by Lamare and Singh (2020), which stated that the value of soil bulk density in the area close to the cement factory is higher than in farther areas. This is caused by the settling of limestone dust on the ground surface so that the soil and dust form a hard, crystalline cement-like material. Such materials eventually form a hard layer of crust on the ground surface.
The mean value of electrical conductivity of the area without dust (0.32 dS m-1) was higher than the area with dust, both for 2.5 cm (0.24 dS m-1) and 5 cm (0.25 dS m-1). The electrical conductivity value affects the absorption of water and nutrients by roots for plant growth. High levels of dissolved salts in the soil can cause osmosis and hydrolysis reactions in plant roots.
However, the value of electrical conductivity is different from the research of Lamare and Singh (2020) and Jadoon et al. (2016), who reported that the closer the soil is to the cement plant, the higher the value of calcium ions and electrical conductivity. This is likely due to the addition of poultry manure (Ozlu and Kumar, 2018).
Dust-free soil enabled poultry manure to react directly with the soil compared to soil covered with the dust of both 2.5 cm and 5 cm.
Open Access 4329 Table 2. Physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil.
Block (Dust)
Values Parameters
pH Organic C (%)
Total N (%)
C/N Ratio
P2O5
(ppm)
Exchange- able K (cmol kg-1)
Electrical Conductivity
(dS m-1)
CEC (cmol kg-1)
Soil Respiration (mg CO2-C kg-1 day-1)
Bulk Density (g cm-3)
Total Bacteria
(x 109 CFU g-1)
Sand (%)
Silt (%)
Clay (%)
0 cm
Mean 8.14 0.45 0.06 8.00 9.50 1.31 0.32 33.82 18.43 1.56 6.05 17.47 39.76 42.59
Minimum 7.90 0.20 0.00 0.00 2.69 0.10 0.20 24.59 14.00 0.59 2.60 13.00 27.00 29.00
Maximum 8.35 0.81 0.13 17.00 25.30 3.12 0.54 43.56 23.53 2.06 9.90 23.00 58.00 57.00
Standard
Deviation ±0.12 ±0.19 ±0.03 ±4.32 ±5.47 ±0.94 ±0.09 ±5.78 ±3.10 ±0.35 ±1.84 ±2.76 ±8.02 ±8.15
2.5 cm
Mean 8.19 0.75 0.07 19.94 8.53 0.41 0.24 28.79 16.25 1.88 4.99 19.53 38.53 42.00
Minimum 7.90 0.46 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.09 0.13 16.07 14.00 1.57 2.40 13.00 21.00 11.00
Maximum 8.50 1.30 0.30 55.00 20.02 1.21 0.41 37.17 19.49 2.66 8.40 29.00 72.00 63.00
Standard
Deviation ±0.15 ±0.20 ±0.09 ±17.21 ±5.25 ±0.31 ±0.06 ±5.31 ±1.77 ±0.25 ±2.05 ±5.16 ±17.72 ±18.34
5 cm
Mean 8.15 0.78 0.07 15.24 8.58 0.68 0.25 33.84 15.69 1.73 3.08 21.06 32.29 46.65
Minimum 7.87 0.26 0.00 0.00 1.99 0.15 0.17 22.07 1.39 1.53 1.60 5.00 13.00 13.00
Maximum 8.57 1.34 0.29 34.00 22.25 2.78 0.35 53.92 26.70 1.94 8.70 30.00 77.00 64.00
Standard
Deviation ±0.16 ±0.30 ±0.07 ±8.93 ±5.64 ±0.70 ±0.04 ±6.74 ±5.16 ±0.11 ±1.58 ±7.38 ±18.30 ±15.87
Open Access 4330 All study areas, both without dust and with dust (2.5 cm
and 5 cm), had a mean pH value above pH>8.0.
Drapanauskaite et al. (2022) reported that the use of dust pellets from a lime processing kiln (equivalent to 2,000 kg ha-1 of Ca element) increased the pH of soil KCl by
~0.55 pH units. Furthermore, Lamare and Singh (2020) found that due to the continuous deposition of cement dust, the pH of the soil was found to be slightly more basic in the area near the cement factory. Agricultural lime is a natural mineral that contains Ca compounds that are able to neutralize soil acidity. These minerals include calcium carbonate (CaCO3), hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2), calcium oxide (CaO), and slag lime (CaSiO3). The addition of lime, such as limestone, can help reduce soil acidity by neutralizing the acid reaction in the soil.
Furthermore, the carbonate component reacts with hydrogen ions present in the soil solution and increases the soil pH (Mahmud and Chong, 2022). This is the most commonly used long-term soil acidity improvement technique. The mean value of P2O5 in the area without dust (9.50 ppm) was higher than in the area with dust at 2.5 cm (8.53 ppm) and 5 cm (8.58 ppm). The dust-free area had a higher mean value of P2O5 than the area with dust caused by poultry manure. Poultry manure is an excellent organic fertilizer because it contains high levels of N, P, K and other essential nutrients (Deryqe et al., 2016; Asfaw, 2022). Muktamar et al. (2020) stated that the use of poultry manure is more effective in increasing the CEC value compared to vermicompost and cattle manure. Poultry manure increases P2O5 and CEC values in the dust-free area compared to the dusty area. This is because limestone dust in the study area hardens when it rains, thus creating a barrier for the soil underneath. The study area with dust of both 2.5 cm (organic C = 0.75%) and 5 cm (organic C = 0.78%) had a higher mean value of organic C compared to the area
without dust (organic C = 0.45%). This can also be seen in the mean value of the C/N ratio, where the C/N ratio in areas with dust (2.5 cm dust = 19.94 and 5 cm dust = 15.24) was higher compared to the area without dust, namely C/N ratio = 8.0. This result is different from that found by Lamare and Singh (2020) and Swiercz et al.
(2021), which stated that limestone dust could reduce the value of organic carbon in the soil. Cement dust has basic properties, and when it comes into contact with soil, it will synthesize and decompose soil organic matter.
However, the total number of microbes in the area without dust was higher (6.05 x 109 CFU g-1) when compared to the area with dust 2.5 cm (3.08 x 109 CFU g-1) and 5 cm (4.99 x 109 CFU g-1). Soil organic carbon has the biological function of providing energy that stimulates the activities of soil organisms/soil biota (fungi, bacteria, mites, earthworms, ants, and nettles), which results in improvements in soil structure stability and water-holding capacity (Siringoringo, 2014).
Plant height
The mean height of coffee seedlings in the first-month measurement (July) was 16.35 cm. The measurements in the second and subsequent months were: August = 18.56 cm, September = 23.36 cm, October = 29.95 cm, and November = 36.95 cm. In the fifth month measurement (November), the maximum coffee seedling height was recorded at 58.00 cm, while the minimum was at 24.00 cm (Figure 4). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results showed that parameters of time (July, August, September, October, and November), treatment (10 g, 15 g, and 20 g) and group (without dust, 2.5 cm dust, and 5 cm dust) have a significant effect (p<0.05). Figure 5 shows the mean height of coffee seedlings based on the difference between treatment and block (dust).
Figure 4. The measurement of the height of coffee seedlings over five months.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
July August September October November
Height (cm)
Mean Q1 Median Q3 Max. Min.
Open Access 4331 Further test results with the Tukey test (Figure 6) show
that the treatment of mycorrhizal biological fertilizers with 15 g and 20 g did not result in a significant height difference in coffee seedlings even though the mean value at the 15 g treatment height was higher (26.37 cm)
compared to the 20 g treatment (25.58 cm). Meanwhile, the treatment with 10 g of mycorrhizal biological fertilizer showed a significant difference from the 15 g and 20 g treatments (lower mean value of height; 23.09 cm).
Figure 5. The height of coffee seedlings against different treatments and blocks.
Figure 6. Tukey test of the height of coffee seedlings against different treatments (the same letters indicate results that are not significantly different).
Meanwhile, the Tukey test results (Figure 7) on the effect of the thickness of limestone dust (0 cm, 2.5 cm, and 5 cm) on coffee seedling height showed that the thickness of limestone dust (0 cm, 2.5 cm, and 5 cm) did not result in a significant difference in coffee seedling height even though the mean height of 2.5 cm thick limestone dust
was higher (24.08 cm) compared to the block without limestone dust (23.79 cm). Meanwhile, blocks with a 5 cm thickness of limestone dust were significantly different from 0 cm and 2.5 cm and showed a higher height mean value, namely 27.03 cm. Moreira et al.
(2019) stated that coffee plants inoculated with 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10 g 15 g 20 g 10 g 15 g 20 g 10 g 15 g 20 g
0 cm 2.5 cm 5 cm
Height (cm)
Block/Dust
a
b b
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10 g 15 g 20 g
Mean Height (cm)
Mycorrhizal Biological Fertilizer
Open Access 4332 mycorrhizal fungi showed an increase in plant height. In
addition to height, Araújo et al. (2020) stated that the use of mycorrhizas can increase the leaf area and the biomass of coffee plants. Furthermore, Suparno et al. (2015)
stated that the use of mycorrhizal fungi also increases the height of both coffee and coconut plants. However, this is very dependent on the type of mycorrhiza used and the condition of the P element in the soil.
Figure 7. Tukey test of the height of coffee seedlings against different blocks (the same letters indicate results that are not significantly different).
Plant roots that have been infected with mycorrhizal fungi will form intraradical hyphae (IH) and extraradical hyphae (EH). The spread of EH is very important because it functions to transport water and other valuable elements that cannot reach the plant roots (Islam et al., 2022). The use of mycorrhizas can increase the productivity of plants and create stable ecosystems, especially in degraded areas such as post-mining areas (Asmelash et al., 2016). Mycorrhizas can accelerate early seedling growth in post-mining areas (Prayudyaningsih et al., 2019; Kholifani et al., 2020).
Adding limestone can increase the height of coffee seedlings (Riyani et al., 2020). In addition, Kosanova et al. (2012) stated that the use of limestone has a positive influence on the increase in the height of Norwegian spruce. Limestone contains calcium that is able to neutralize the adverse effects of aluminum and soil acidity. Ca affects the availability of nutrients such as N and P. Calcinations increase the availability of N and K elements, which are urgently needed by plants' apical growth (Wijanarko et al., 2016). Height is a product of the primary growth that occurs due to apical meristem cell division on the tip and plant shoots that will form new tissues and organs in the vegetative phase. It indicates that height is strongly influenced by nutrient content that plays a role during the division of plant shoot cells.
Plant diameter
The mean of stem diameter in the first-month measurement (July; W1) was 2.52 mm, then the measurements for the second and subsequent months up
to the fifth month were: August (W2) = 3.30 mm, September (W3) = 3.82 mm, October (W4) = 4.85 mm, and November (W5) = 5.86 mm, respectively. In the fifth month of measurement, the maximum diameter was recorded at 8.50 mm, while the minimum was at 4.00 mm (Figure 8).
ANOVA analysis showed that there was no interaction between time (July, August, September, October, and November), treatment (20 g, 15 g, and 10 g) and block (without dust, 2.5 cm dust, and 5 cm dust) at a 5% rate of level confidence. ANOVA's results showed that time (July, August, September, October, and November) and treatment (20 g, 15 g, and 10 g) had a significant effect (p<0.05), while blocks (without dust, 2.5 cm of dust, and 5 cm of dust) had no significant effect. Figure 9 shows the mean height of coffee seedlings based on the difference between treatment and block (dust). Treatments had a significant effect;
therefore, a further test was performed with the Tukey Test (Figure 10).
The Tukey test results showed that the treatment with 10 g and 15 g of mycorrhiza biological fertilizer showed no significant difference in the diameter of coffee seedlings even though the 15 g treatment was greater (3.94 mm) compared to the 10 g treatment (3.78 mm), while the treatment with 20 g of mycorrhiza biological fertilizer was significantly different from the 10 g and 15 g treatments (higher diameter mean value;
4.53 mm). Biological fertilizers, mycorrhizas, and soil ameliorants play an important role in improving post- mining land and supporting plant growth (Ghaida et al., 2020).
b
a a
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
5 cm 2.5 cm 0 cm
Mean Height (cm)
Block/Dust
Open Access 4333 Figure 8. Measurement of the stem diameter of coffee seedlings over five months.
Figure 9. The stem diameter of coffee seedlings against different treatments and blocks.
Figure 10. Tukey test of the stem diameter of coffee seedlings against different treatments (the same letters indicate results that are not significantly different).
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
July August September October November
Diameter (mm)
Mean Q1 Median Q3 Max. Min.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
10 g 15 g 20 g 10 g 15 g 20 g 10 g 15 g 20 g
0 cm 2.5 cm 5 cm
Mean Diameter (mm)
Block/Dust
b b
a
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
10 g 15 g 20 g
Mean Diameter (mm)
Mycorrhizal Biological Fertilizer
Open Access 4334 Some of the benefits of using mycorrhizas include
providing resistance to pathogen attacks; reducing abiotic stress; and increasing nutrient absorption for growth (Jung et al., 2012; Augé et al., 2016;
Neueunkamp et al., 2019). In addition, the colonization of mycorrhizal fungi on plant roots increases plants' tolerance to drought (Abdelmoneim et al., 2013). One important element for growth is P. The P element is more extractable from symbiotic plants with mycorrhizal fungi (Prayogo et al., 2021).
The results of the field evaluation conducted by Posada and Sieverding (2014) showed that mycorrhizal fungi could increase the growth and productivity of coffee plants by up to 62% by increasing the absorption of K and P. Several studies showed a positive effect of the addition of mycorrhizal biological fertilizers, including increased diameter growth in limestone post- mining land for Leucaena leucocephala seedlings (Ghaida et al., 2020), Tectona grandis seedlings (Prayudyaningsih and Sari, 2016), and Alstonia scholaris, Acacia mangium, and Mutingia calabura (Prayudyaningsih, 2014; Wasis et al., 2019), as well as the increased diameter for Ochroma bicolor seedlings in silica post-mining land (Budi et al., 2020). Diameter
growth is a secondary growth that occurs due to lateral meristem tissue activity in cambium cells. The activity of these cells forms xylem tissue inward while forming phloem tissue outward, which is critical in plant growth (Schuetz et al., 2013).
Number of leaves
In general, the number of leaves shows an increase every month. However, in September, there was a decrease due to the dry season and the absence of seed watering. The mean number of leaves in the first measurement (July, W1) was 6, then the measurements for the second and subsequent months until the fifth-month measurement, respectively, were: August (W2) = 7, September (W3) = 6, October (W4) = 16, and November (W5) = 23. In the fifth month measurement (W5), the maximum leaf count was 61, while the minimum leaf count was 4 (Figure 11).
The results of ANOVA analysis showed an interaction between time (July, August, September, October, and November), treatment (20 g, 15 g, and 10 g) and block (without dust, 2.5 cm of dust, and 5 cm of dust) had a significant effect (p<0.05). Therefore, further tests were carried out with the Tukey Test.
Figure 11. Measurement of the number of leaves over five months.
Figure 12 shows the mean height of coffee seedlings based on the difference between treatment and block (dust). The results of the Tukey test on the treatment of mycorrhizal biological fertilizers with 10 g and 15 g did not show a significant difference in the number of leaves of the coffee seedlings. A higher number of leaves in the 10 g treatment was observed (10) compared to the 15 g treatment (9.5). Treatment with 20 g (8) of mycorrhizal biological fertilizer showed a significantly different result from the 10 g (10) treatment but not significantly different from the 15 g (9.5) treatment (Figure 13). The
results of the Tukey test showed that the difference in the thickness of limestone dust (block) of limestone (2.5 cm and 5 cm) leads to an insignificant difference in the number of leaves of coffee seedlings, although the mean number of leaves of seedlings in the 2.5 cm thickness of limestone dust was greater (10.4) compared to the ones in the 5 cm limestone dust block (10.2). Meanwhile, the block without limestone dust (7.2) has a lower mean number of leaves and thus is significantly different from both the blocks with 5 cm and 2.5 cm of limestone dust (Figure 14).
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
July August September October November
Number of Leaves (n)
Mean Q1 Median Q3 Max. Min.
Open Access 4335 Figure 12. The leaf number of coffee seedlings against different treatments and blocks.
Figure 13. Tukey test of the number of leaves of coffee seedlings against different treatments (the same letters indicate results that are not significantly different).
Figure 14. Tukey test of the number of leaves of coffee seedling against different block (the same letters indicate results that are not significantly different).
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
10 g 15 g 20 g 10 g 15 g 20 g 10 g 15 g 20 g
0 cm 2.5 cm 5 cm
Mean Number of Leaves (n)
Block/Dust
a ab
b
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
10 g 15 g 20 g
Mean Number of Leaves (n)
Mycorrhizal Biological Fertilizer
a a
b
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
5 cm 2.5 cm 0 cm
Mean Number of Leaves (n)
Block/Dust
Open Access 4336 Based on the treatments, the number of leaves tends to
decrease as the amount of mycorrhizal biological fertilizer increases. The higher number of leaves on coffee seedlings in blocks with limestone dust is clearly observed compared to those in the area without dust.
Tallei et al. (2016) stated that the use of mycorrhizas can increase the number of leaves of Arachis pintoi, Agave tequilana (Montoya-Martinez et al., 2019), and coffee (Daras et al., 2013; Parapasan and Gusta, 2014; Retama- Ortiz et al., 2017; Hartatie and Donianto, 2021). Several studies, however, found that mycorrhiza has no effect on the number of leaves in coffee seedlings (Rini et al., 2014; Sugiarti and Taryana, 2017; Khumaira et al., 2020). The results showed that there was a decrease in the number of leaves along with an increase in mycorrhizal biofertilizers. This is likely due to the abscission process. The area of the study field was not regularly watered, and rain was the only water source.
This condition is likely to cause a condition of abiotic stress, which is drought. Drought conditions will cause an abscission process. Henderson and Davies (1990) reported that there was an increase in the rose-leaf abscission process with mycorrhiza during drought compared to without mycorrhiza.
It was observed that there were a higher number of leaves in the area with dust than in the area without dust.
Field conditions showed that the area with limestone dust was filled with the blooming of other plants (weeds and undergrowth) around coffee seedlings. This condition causes shade to cover the coffee seedlings in both areas with 2.5 cm and 5 cm of limestone dust. Plants that live in the shade have a greater number of leaves and buds.
Chekol and Negash (2017) found that coffee plants (Coffea arabica L.) have a higher number of leaves in conditions shaded by certain plants. Coffee is a group of plants that require indirect light exposure (C3); thus, it is grown in mixed systems (agroforestry), starting from simple mixed systems to complex multi-stratum resembling forests (Sobari et al., 2012). The level of shade required by coffee plants varies according to the phase and the requirements of coffee plant growth. In the nursery or young age phase, a higher level of shade is needed than in the adult phase or the generative growth phase. In addition, Souza et al. (2017) stated that shade plants had significantly higher values of stem diameter and leaf number for the species Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.). Conversely, the absence of shade (high light intensity) increases the air temperature.
This situation tends to cause plants to suffer from water shortages due to increased evapotranspiration and reduced CO2 flow into the leaves, which subsequently inhibits their assimilation process. If this situation continues, this will inhibit the plant's growth. Plants' growth will be further disturbed if their leaves are burned by the heat of the sun, thus increasing leaf loss and
reducing the ability of the leaves to produce assimilates for their growth (Sobari et al., 2012; Melke and Fetene, 2014).
Effect of soil condition and limestone dust on growth parameters
The results of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) show that the variables of soil properties that have the greatest contribution to coffee seedling growth are clay and silt. But total respiration and P2O5 have the least impact on coffee seedling growth in terms of height, diameter, and number of leaves (Figure 15a). In general, blocks (limestone dust) of both 2.5 cm and 5 cm affect the growth of coffee seeds, especially in the height and number of leaves. Limestone dust thicknesses of both 2.5 cm and 5 cm affect almost all coffee seedlings compared to an area without dust (Figure 15b). All soil properties parameters in dusty areas of both 2.5 cm and 5 cm thick have an effect on coffee seedling growth, while for an area without dust, there are several soil properties parameters that have no effect on coffee seedling growth, including silt, clay, pH, organic C, bulk density, and C/N Ratio (Figure 15c).
In general, the area of post-mining has less fertile soil. Mining and processing of limestone has produced dust covering the ground both in the mining area and outside the mine. Limestone dust can have negative impacts, including covering settlements, causing acute respiratory infections, covering soil, covering crops, etc.
However, the results showed that the growth parameters of coffee seeds in dusty areas with a thickness of 2.5 cm and 5 cm have a better height and number of leaves compared to areas without 0 cm of dust. One advantage of limestone dust is that it raises the pH of the soil.
The use of limestone can increase the pH value of the soil. Thus, the nutrients needed for plants' growth can be absorbed properly (Budi et al., 2020). Mutammimah et al. (2020) show that increasing soil pH value can increase the availability of nutrients such as organic C, N-total, and P-available that previously could not be absorbed by plants. Furthermore, the addition of mycorrhizal fungi and limestone can increase some growth parameters of the various plants grown in post- mining land (Prayudyaningsih, 2014; Prayudyaningsih and Sari, 2016; Wasis et al., 2019; Budi et al., 2020;
Ghaida et al., 2020). With the application of limestone, the exchangeable aluminum is neutralized, thus increasing the saturation of the base (V%). The pH value of the soil is increased as a result of the partial neutralization of adsorbed hydrogen (Junior et al., 2020).
Conclusion
Despite having a negative impact on the environment and health, in a certain amount, limestone dust can be
Open Access 4337 beneficial for plant growth. Limestone dust can raise soil
pH, increasing the availability of nutrients required for plant growth. The implementation of biological fertilizers of mycorrhiza can increase the growth of coffee seedlings in height, diameter and number of
leaves. Further research needs to be done by comparing mycorrhiza-added coffee seedlings with those without the addition of mycorrhizal biological fertilizers, as well as the percentage of mycorrhizal fungal infections against coffee root seeds.
(a) (b)
(c )
Figure 15. PCA results on soil condition (a), individual seedlings' growth against block (b), and integration of soil condition on individual seedlings' growth against block (c).
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia for funding this project and PT Akarna Marindo, the limestone mining company, for their support and assistance during the research.
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