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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ONVENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
THEORY
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA
BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES THEORY
A Research Paper
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
by
Iftar Puja Utama
1006540
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION
Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ONVENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
THEORY
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2015
PAGE OF APPROVAL
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES THEORY
A RESEARCH PAPER
By:
Iftar Puja Utama
1006540
Approved by:
Main Supervisor Co-Supervisor
Drs. Ahsin Mohammad, M.Ag. Susi Septaviana R., M.Pd.
NIP. 195408171989031002 NIP. 197609042009122002
Head of English Education Department
Faculty of Language and Literature Education
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ONVENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
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DR. Rd. SafrinaNoorman, M.A.
NIP. 1962072991987032003
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION
I certify that this paper entitled Noun Phrases Translation in Metamorphosis Novella Based on
Venuti’s Translation Strategies is my own work. Statements and ideas from other resources have quoted and cited properly.This paper has never been used as a material for a research in a same
subject and has been approved by the faculty of Language and Literature Education in Indonesia
University of Education as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for SarjanaSastra degree.
Bandung, October 2015
Iftar Puja Utama
Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ONVENUTI’S TRANSLATION STRATEGIES
THEORY
Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT
The research entitledNoun Phrases Translation in Metamorphosis Novella Based
on Venuti’s Translation Strategiesaims to classify types of noun phrases in the
Metamorphosis novella,identify the specific translation strategiesand investigate the
professional translator’sreasons behind the use of that translation strategies via interview. The research uses a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis method in obtaining and analyzing the specific translation strategies (Jacob, 1998; Maxwell, 1996)and alsoquantitative approach to describe the percentage of noun phrases and translation strategies category (Lohr, 1999). The results of the research show that there are nine types of noun phrase found in theMetamorphosis novella and nine translation strategies were applied by the professional translator. The research also shows that there is a correlation between the result of the data analysis with the answer of the professional translator which explains that the professional translator tends to use domestication strategy. Based on interview data, the results indicate that there are severaladvantages and weaknesses of being a translator who tends to use domestication translation strategy. The advantages are: (1) The reader can more easily understand the story of the novella. (2) Although the novel is not a local product but many aspects of local cultures can be included in the novella. (3) The readers will feel that the translation is more natural.On the contrary, the weaknesses of a translator who tends to use domestication translation strategy are: (1) The novella becomes less imaginative. (2) The cultural aspects in the source language are being paled. (3) There will be a huge ‘gap’between the terms in source language and the target language if the translator is not translate it correctly.
Iftar Puja Utama, 2015
NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRAK
Penelitian yang berjudul Noun Phrases Translation in Metamorphosis Novella
Based on Venuti’s Translation Strategies bertujuan untuk mengklasifikasikan jenis frasa nomina dalam novelaMetamorphosis, mengidentifikasi strategi penerjemahannya, dan menyelidiki alasan dibalik penggunaan strategi terjemahandaripenerjemahprofesional melalui wawancara. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode analisis deskriptif dalam memeroleh dan menganalisis strategiterjemahan (Jacob, 1998; Maxwell, 1996) dan juga pendekatan kuantitatif untuk menggambarkan persentase frasa nomina dan kategoridaristrategiterjemahan (Lohr, 1999). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada sembilan jenis frasanominadan sembilan strategi penerjemahan diterapkan oleh penerjemah profesionaldalam novellaMetamorphosis. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa ada korelasi antara hasil analisis data dengan jawaban dari penerjemah profesional yang menjelaskan bahwa penerjemah profesional cenderung menggunakan strategi domestikasi. Berdasarkan datahasildari wawancara, hasil menunjukkan bahwa ada beberapa keuntungan dan kelemahan menjadi penerjemah yang cenderung menggunakan strategi penerjemahan domestikasi. Keuntungan adalah: (1) Pembaca dapat lebih mudah memahami cerita novel tersebut. (2) Meskipun novel ini bukan produk lokal tetapi banyak aspek budaya lokal dapat dimasukkan dalam novel tersebut. (3) Para pembaca akan merasa bahwa terjemahan lebih alami. Sebaliknya, kelemahan dari penerjemah yang cenderung menggunakan strategi terjemahan domestikasi adalah: (1) novel tersebut menjadi kurang imajinatif. (2) aspek budaya dalam bahasa asalakanmemudar. (3) Akan ada 'jarak' antara istilah dalam bahasa sumber dan bahasa target jika penerjemah tidak menerjemahkan dengantepat.
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION
PREFACE
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Research Questions ... 2
1.3 Research Objectives ... 2
1.4 Scope of the Research ... 3
1.5 Significance of the Research ... 3
1.6 Research Methodology ... 3
1.7 Data Collection ... 4
1.8 Data Analysis ... 4
1.9 Clarification of Key Terms ... 4
1.10 Organization of the Paper ... 5
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The Definition of Translation ... 7
2.2 The Process of Translation ... 8
2.3 Translation Strategies ... 11
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2.4.1 Preservation ... 13
2.5.3 Comparison Between English and Indonesian Noun Phrase ... 26
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3.7 Technique of Collecting and Analyzing Data ... 34
4.2 Translation Strategies in Foreignization and Domestication Continuum .. 46
4.2.1 The Analysis of Translation Strategies Used by Professional Transator .. 50
4.2.1.1 Preservation ... 51
4.2.1.7 Translating by More Specific Words ... 56
4.2.1.8 Creation ... 57
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4.3 Translator’s Perspective in Translating Noun Phrases in the Novella ... 58
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ... 61
5.2 Suggestions ... 63
REFERENCES ... 65
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 The Example of Preservation Translation Strategy ... 14
Table 2.2 The Example of Addition Translation Strategy ... 14
Table 2.3 The Example of Naturalization Translation Strategy ... 15
Table 2.4 The Example of Literal Translation Strategy ... 15
Table 2.5 The Example of Cultural Equivalent Strategy ... 16
Table 2.6 The Example of Omission Translation Strategy ... 17
Table 2.7 The Example of Globalization Translation Strategy ... 17
Table 2.8 The Example of Translating by More Specific Words ... 18
Table 2.9 The Example of Creation Translation Strategy ... 19
Table 2.10 The Example of Equivalent Translation Strategy ... 19
Table 4.1 Noun Phrases Category on the Selected Pages ... 38
Table 4.2 The Example of Determiner + Noun ... 41
Table 4.3 The Example of Adjective + Noun ... 41
Table 4.4 The Example of Noun + Noun ... 42
Table 4.5 The Example of Adjective + Noun + Noun ... 42
Table 4.6 The Example of Participle + Noun ... 43
Table 4.7 The Example of Noun + Adverb ... 44
Table 4.8 The Example of Noun + Prepositional Phrase... 44
Table 4.9 The Example of Noun + Participle ... 45
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
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Table 4.11 Translation Strategies Based on Percentage ... 47
Table 4.12 Percentages of Noun Phrases which were Foreignized and Domesticated ... 49
Table 4.13 The Example of Preservation Translation Strategy ... 51
Table 4.14 The Example of Naturalization Translation Strategy ... 52
Table 4.15 The Example of Literal Translation Strategy ... 53
Table 4.16 The Example of Cultural Equivalent Strategy ... 54
Table 4.17 The Example of Omission Translation Strategy ... 55
Table 4.18 The Example of Globalization Translation Strategy ... 55
Table 4.19 The Example of Translating by More Specific Words ... 56
Table 4.20 The Example of Creation Translation Strategy ... 57
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Nida and Taber’s Translation Process ... 9
Figure 2.2 Larson’s Model of Translation Process ... 10
Figure 2.3 The Continuum of Foreignization-Domestication Strategies ... 13
Figure 2.4 Noun Phrases in English Grammar ... 21
Figure 2.5 The Components of Noun Phrase ... 22
Figure 4.1 Categories of Noun Phrases Based on Quantity ... 39
Figure 4.2 Categories of Noun Phrases Based on Percentage ... 40
Figure 4.3 Continuum of Foreignization-Domestication Strategies ... 46
Figure 4.4 Categories of Translation Strategy Based on Quantity ... 48
Figure 4.5 Categories of Translation Strategy Based on Percentage ... 48
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES THEORY
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains the background of the study, reasons for choosing the topic,
research questions, research objectives, scope of the research, significance of the
research, research methodology, data collection, data analysis, clarification of the key
terms, and organization of the paper.
1.1Background of the Study
Translating is a skill in rendering a text from the source language into the target
language in order to find the equivalent words in every statements of the source
language. By translating a text from source language to target language, a good
translator should have good knowledge of both languages. The translator has to
transfer the information as clear as possible without reducing its meaning.
In translating a text, language serves as a tool of communication which connects
the translator and the receptors. However, there are a lot of words or phrases from a
particular language that cannot be literary translated. To minimize the strangeness
translation from foreign text into the target language, Venuti (1995) proposes two
strategies of translation: Domestication and Foreignization. Domestication is an
ethnocentric alleviation of a foreign text to target language cultures while
foreignization is an ethno-deviant compression on those cultural values of target
language to enlist the linguistic and cultural disparity of the foreign text.
There are many novels, novellas and short stories which have been translated
from English into Bahasa Indonesia, some of them are recognized as good literature
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been translated by Eka Kurniawan into Bahasa Indonesia. Eka Kurniawan has been
known as one of the most famous writers and translators in Indonesia while
Metamorphosis’ novella has been known as one of the most influential works in
literature and the novella is studied in many colleges and universities around the
world.
Beside its popularity, Metamorphosis is also known as a novella that contains a
lot of noun phrases which are not easy to translate. Actually, there has been plenty of
research about cultural words translation in translating novels or short stories. One of
them is a work of Novari (2012) that analyzed the cultural words translation of John’s Boyne Novel. However, only a few studies examine the translation strategies in
translating noun phrases which are found in the novella. Therefore, this research is
intended to investigate how the professional translator handles this translation
problem based on Venuti’s translation strategies theory. This research is expected to
give more knowledge to other translators about how professional translator works in
producing a good translation.
1.2Research Questions
The research questions that researcher will respond are:
1. What types of noun phrases found in Metamorphosis novella?
2. What specific strategies are used by the professional translator in translating
noun phrases which are found in Metamorphosis novella?
3. What are the translator’s reasons behind the use of those translation
strategies?
1.3Research Objectives
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1. To find what types of noun phrases found in the novella.
2. To identify the specific strategies used by the professional translator.
3. To investigate the translator’s reasons behind the use of those translation
strategies.
1.4Scope of the Research
There are a lot of aspects that can be analyzed in terms of translation, but this
research only focuses on analyzing the translation strategies which are used by the
professional translator in translating noun phrases on the Metamorphosis novella.
This includes whether the noun phrases in that novella are domesticated or
foreignized. The researcher analyzes the categories of noun phrases and the kinds of
translation strategies theory which had been proposed by Venuti (1995). There are
several reasons about the choice of noun phrase as a subject of the research: (1) the
occurrence of noun phrases in the Metamorphosis novella are very numerous. (2)
There are not many researches about noun phrase translation which also investigate
the professional translator’s reason behind the use of the strategy of translation.
1.5Significance of the research
The researcher hopes that this research would give more explanation about
Venuti’s translation strategies and give more knowledge to other translators about how professional translator works in producing a good translation. This research is
also expected to help solve the problems about noun phrases translation. Hopefully,
the findings of this research could help other translators to observe how a
professional translator works in translating a novella and how the translation
strategies are used by the translator.
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In this research, the researcher uses a qualitative approach and descriptive
analysis method in obtaining and analyzing the specific translation strategies used by
the professional translator. A qualitative approach involves description and analysis;
it emphasizes the importance of looking at variables in the natural setting, meanwhile
descriptive analysis method is important to illustrate the fact, characteristic, and
relationship of the researched elements (Jacob, 1998; Maxwell, 1996). The researcher
also uses quantitative approach to describe the percentage of noun phrases types and
the translation strategies used by the translator in that novella (Lohr, 1999). By using
these methods, the researcher endeavors to classify, analyze, interpret, and describe
the collected data as accurate as possible.
1.7Data Collection
The data are taken from the textual analysis of English and Indonesian version of
Metamorphosis novella. An interview with the professional translator who translated
the novella from English into Bahasa Indonesia is also conducted to elicit the reason
behind the use of specific translation strategies. The English version of the novella is
translated by Ian Johnston (1999) and the Bahasa Indonesia version is translated by
Eka Kurniawan (2000).
1.8Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, there are several steps have been taken. The first step is
identifying the noun phrases in the Metamorphosis novella. The second step is
classifying the noun phrases. The third step is determining the translation strategies of
cultural specific words by employing the continuum of domestication-foreignization
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data from the professional translator about his perspectives in translating the
Metamorphosis novella based on Venuti’s translation strategies theory to strengthen
the conclusion of this research. The last step is making conclusions and suggestions
for further research.
1.9Clarification of the Key Terms
In order to avoid ambiguity and misunderstanding, the researcher clarifies the
following terms:
c. Translation procedures are procedures used to translate words, sentences and a
smaller unit of language (Newmark, 1988:81)
d. Translation strategy is a conscious plan for solving concrete translation
problems in the framework of a concrete translation task. (Krings, 1986:18)
e. Noun phrase is a phrase which has a noun and plays the role of a noun.
f. Foreignization is an ethno-deviant pressure on those values of target language
to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text. (Venuti,
than a novel. Approximately 7,500-20,000 words.
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu Chapter I: Introduction
This chapter contains the background of the study, reasons for choosing the
topic, research questions, research objectives, scope of the research,
significance of the research, research methodology, data collection, data
analysis, clarification of the key terms, and organization of the paper.
Chapter II: Literature Review
This chapter describes the theories from various literature sources which are
relevant to the research that provides a theoretical foundation for conducting
the research problem.
Chapter III: Research Methodology
This chapter elaborates the methodology of the research which form a
systematic steps and procedures of the research.
Chapter IV: Findings and Discussions
This chapter deals with the results of the research. It reports the research
findings and then followed by the discussions of the data.
Chapter V: Conclusions and Suggestions
This chapter is the last chapter of this research which consisted of the research
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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter focuses on the methodology used in the research to investigate the
issue raised in the research questions. It consists of method of the research, research
questions, research objectives, scope of the study, subject of the research, technique
of collecting and analyzing the data and novella synopsis.
3.1 Method of the Research
In conducting the research, the researcher employed a qualitative approach and
descriptive analysis method in obtaining and analyzing the specific translation
strategies used by the professional translator. A qualitative approach involves
description and analysis, it emphasizes the importance of looking at variables in the
natural setting, meanwhile descriptive analysis method is important to illustrate the
fact, characteristic, and relationship of the researched elements (Jacob, 1998;
Maxwell, 1996). The researcher also used quantitative approach to describe the
percentage of noun phrases types and the translation strategies used by the translator
in that novella (Lohr, 1999). By using these methods, the researcher endeavored to
classify, analyze, interpret, and describe the collected data as accurate as possible.
3.2. Research Questions
The research questions that researcher will respond are:
1. What types of noun phrases found in Metamorphosis novella?
2. What specific strategies are used by the professional translator in translating
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NOUN PHRASES TRANSLATION IN “METAMORPHOSIS” NOVELLA BASED ON VENUTI’S TRANSLATION
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3. What are the translator’s reasons behind the use of those translation
strategies?
3.3. Research Objectives
The following items are the research objectives:
1. To find what types of noun phrases found in the novella.
2. To identify the specific strategies used by the professional translator.
3. To investigate the translator’s reasons behind the use of those translation
strategies.
3.4. Scope of the Research
There are a lot of aspects that can be analyzed in terms of translation, but this
research only focuses on analyzing the translation strategies which are used by the
professional translator in translating noun phrases on the Metamorphosis novella.
This includes whether the noun phrases in that novella are domesticated or
foreignized. The researcher analyzes the categories of noun phrases and the kinds of
translation strategies theory which had been proposed by Venuti (1995). There are
several reasons about the choice of noun phrase as a subject of the research: (1) the
occurrence of noun phrases in the Metamorphosis novella are very numerous. (2)
There are not many researches about noun phrase translation which also investigate
the professional translator’s reason behind the use of the strategy of translation.
3. 5 Subject of the Study
The subject of this study is a novella written by Franz Kafka entitled
“Metamorphosis”, the Indonesian version entitled “Metamorfosa” and it was
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target language (TL) is Bahasa Indonesia. There are several reasons why the
researcher chose this novella. Firstly, it was because the “Metamorfosa” novella was
recognized as good literature translation (according to indonovel.com and
intersastra.com). Secondly, the translator, Eka Kurniawan had been known as one of
the most famous writers and translators in Indonesia. Thirdly, Metamorphosis’
novella had been known as one of the most influential works in literature and the
novella was studied in many colleges and universities around the world.
Beside its popularity, Metamorphosis was also known as a novella that contained
a lot of noun phrases which were not easy to translate. Actually, there had been plenty
of research about cultural words translation in translating novels or short stories. One
of them is a work of Novari (2012) that analyzed the cultural words translation of
John’s Boyne Novel. However, only a few studies examined the translation strategies
in translating noun phrases which were found in the novella. Therefore, this research
was intended to investigate how the professional translator handles this translation
problem based on Venuti’s translation strategies theory. This research was expected
to give more knowledge to other translators about how professional translator works
in producing a good translation.
3.6. Novella Synopsis
The plot of the story takes place in three parts. In part one, Gregor is the sole
breadwinner for the Samsa finally, which includes his mother, father, and sister. One
morning he wakes up from uneasy dreams and finds he has turned into a bug. His
boss and his parents are outside his bedroom door trying to get him to answer. They
cannot figure out why he is not at work. Gregor finally opens the bedroom door and
reveals himself to all of them. His boss runs away and his family is terrified. His
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In part two, the family returns to some degree of calm. Gregor stays hidden in his
room, and his sister dutifully and kindly leaves him food and cleans his messes. His
parents ignore him, acting as if he were not there. Gregor listens to them in the
evening and notices how their lives have changed. Preoccupied with money and
financial woes, they do not talk or eat much. His mother finally ventures into his
room, but accidentally catches sight of him and faints. Gregor tries to help, but only
makes a mess of things. His father comes in, blames Gregor for the chaos, and throws
apples at him, wounding him severely and driving him back into his room a second
time.
In part three, the family slowly grows to resent Gregor. Even his sister Grete stops
caring for him very well. The wounds from the apples slow him down until he is
weak and frail. On one occasion, just when Gregor is thinking about how much he
loves his sister, he hears her say she wishes he were gone. He retreats into his room a
third time and dies. In a kind of epilogue to the story that occurs after Gregor's death,
his family is happy. They retreat to the country and plan to buy a new home. Totally
forgetting Gregor, they are full of dreams for a happy future.
(http://pinkmonkey.com/booknotes/monkeynotes/pmMetamorph06.asp)
3.7 Technique of Collecting and Analyzing Data
3.7.1 Technique of Collecting Data
The first step taken by the researcher in order to collect the data was to read the
English and Indonesian version of the novellas. The first data were collected from
novella entitled Metamorphosis retrieved from PlanetEBook.com. It is a
free-to-download website so the researcher free-to-downloaded the novella legally. The English
version of the novella was translated from German to English by Ian Johnston (1999)
and the total length of the novella is 74 pages. The document is in the public domain
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English departments. The second data were collected from novella entitled
Metamorfosa produced by PT. Aksara Indonesia. It is the Indonesian version of the
Metamorphosis novella and was translated from English to Bahasa Indonesia by Eka
Kurniawan (2000).
After reading both novellas, the researcher highlighted all of noun phrases in the
Metamorphosis (the English version) novella. The action taken because of the main
data of this study are all of noun phrases found in the Metamorphosis novella. The
next step was highlighting all translated noun phrases in the Indonesian version of the
novella. It was intended to see the translation strategies which were used by the
professional translator in translating all of those noun phrases from English to Bahasa
Indonesia.
This research employed sampling method; sampling method is a statistical
method that jumbles sample subjects chosen from a larger set or population (Cochran,
1997). This method also called “an equal probability method”, each individual is
chosen randomly and each individual has the same probability of being chosen during
the sampling process (Lohr, 1999).
In order to have a representative data, the researcher decided 15 prime-number
pages of the novella as a sample to be analyzed (Page: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 from chapter I;
Page: 29, 31, 37, 41, 43 from chapter II; Page: 59, 61, 67, 71, and 73 from chapter 3).
It means that the researcher took approximately 20% (total of noun phrases) of the
whole data from the novella.
Those data that the researcher analyzed were much larger than what was being
suggested by Arikunto (1998: 138) which states that “the minimum amount recommended for sampling method is 10% from the whole raw data”. Therefore,
methodically, the strategy that researcher used strengthened the results of this
research. Lastly, after all of it had been done, the last step taken by the researcher was
interviewing the professional translator about his perspectives in translating the
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To answer the research questions, the researcher performed three steps to simplify
the analysis of the data. Those steps were elaborating and classifying all noun phrases
type; identifying the translation strategies used by the translator; interpreting the
interview data from the professional translator about his perspectives in translating
the novella. These steps presented more clearly as follow:
Step 1: Elaborating and Classifying All Noun Phrases Type
1. Elaborating all noun phrases of the selected pages
The researcher highlighted and elaborated all of noun phrases found in the
Metamorphosis novella. The action taken because the main data of this study are
all of noun phrases found in the Metamorphosis novella
2. Classifying all noun phrases type as follow:
After highlited and elaborated all of the noun phrases found in the novella, the
researcher classified all of those noun phrases into several categories:
Type 1: Premodifier + Head
1A. Noun Phrase: Determiner + Noun
1B. Noun Phrase: Adjective + Noun
1C. Noun Phrase: Noun + Noun
1D. Noun Phrase: Adjective + Noun + Noun
1E. Noun Phrase: Participle (V-ed / V-ing) + Noun
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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | \.upi.edu perpustakaan.upi.edu 2A. Noun Phrase: Noun + Adverb
2B. Noun Phrase: Noun + Prepositional Phrase (PP)
2C. Noun Phrase: Noun + Participle (V-ing / V-ed)
Type 3: Pre-Modifier + Head + Post-Modifier
3. Noun Phrase: Pre-Modifier + Head + Post-Modifier
Step 2: Identifying the translation strategies used by the translator
After those noun phrases were classified into several categories, the next step is
identify the translation strategies used by the translator in translating all of noun
phrases in the Metamorphosis novella. There are ten translation strategies which
were proposed by Venuti (1995), they are: preservation, addition, naturalization,
literal translation, cultural equivalent, omission, globalization, translation by more
specific words, creation and equivalent translation.
Step 3: Interpreting the interview data from the professional translator about his perspectives in translating the novella.
After the identification about all of those translation strategies have been done,
the next step is interpreting the interview data from the professional translator to
observe whether the results of this research have a correlation with the answer
from the translator or not.
Sample of Data Analysis:
No. Noun Phrase Determiner Noun
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295 It remained open even when the lodgers came the lodgers
430 They decided to pass that day that day
Table 4.2. The examples of determiner + noun
No Noun Phrases Indonesian Translation Translation
Strategies
175 Her sighs and invocations
to the saints
Permohonan pada para Santa Naturalization
300 The mother, the father and
Gregor unfolded their
serviettes
Ibu, Ayah, dan Gregor
membentangkan serbet mereka
Naturalization
324 The sister with the violin Si adik perempuan dengan biola Naturalization
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CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
The previous chapter explained the results of the study after conducting the
analyses of data and obtaining others necessary information using theoretical
framework as discussed in chapter II. This chapter covers the conclusions of the study
and suggestions for further research. The conclusion is not only taken from findings
and discussions in the previous chapter but also from the whole research. In addition
to answer the research questions, this chapter also concludes the researcher’s
interpretation of the findings in the previous chapter.
5.1Conclusions
As stated in the first chapter, there were three research questions that the
researcher was trying to answer. The first question relates to the types of noun
phrases found in Metamorphosis novella. The second question relates to specific
strategies which are used by the professional translator in translating noun phrases in
Metamorphosis novella. The third question relates to the translator’s reasons behind
the use of those translation strategies.
From the data analysis in the findings and discussions, the results show that there
are nine types of noun phrase found in the English version of Metamorphosis novella.
Those types are Determiner + Noun (53.78%), Adjective + Noun (15.33%), Noun +
Noun (7.78%), Adjective + Noun + Noun (0.67%), Participle (V-ed / V-ing) + Noun
(1.56%), Noun + Adverb (1.33%), Noun + Prepositional Phrase (12.22%), Noun +
Participle (V-ing / V-ed) (2%) and Pre-Modifier + Head + Post-Modifier (5.33%).
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Regarding the translation strategies were applied by the professional translator in
translating noun phrases in the Metamorphosis novella. The results reveal that there
are nine translation strategies were applied by the professional translator in translating
the Metamorphosis novella. There are three noun phrases (0.67%) translated by
Preservation translation strategy, seven noun phrases (1.56%) translated by
Naturalization translation strategy, 185 noun phrases (41.11%) translated by Literal
Translation strategy, 53 noun phrases (11.78%) translated by Cultural Equivalent
translation strategy, 104 noun phrases (23.11%) translated by Omission translation
strategy, 14 noun phrases (3.11%) translated by Globalization translation strategy, 10
noun phrases (2.22%) translated by Translation by More Specific Words strategy, 7
noun phrases (1.56%) translated by Creation translation strategy and 67 noun phrases
(14.89%) translated by Equivalent Translation strategy. These findings answer the
second question of the study.
In order to answer the third question of the study, the researcher made an
interview with the professional translator Eka Kurniawan who translated the
Metamorphosis novella into Indonesian Language. Based on that interview, there are
several information that the researcher can obtain to answer the third question of the
study. Firstly, the translator tends to use domestication strategy because he agrees
with the ideology of domestication translation strategy which believes that a good
translation is appropriate to the tastes and expectations of the reader by changing the
foreign terms into the target language.
Secondly, the professional translator tends to use domestication translation
strategy to put out the local terms rather than absorbing the foreign terms. Thirdly,
although the translator is one of the translators which tend to use domestication
strategy, uniquely, he is also often to use literal translation strategy. The reasons
behind its action are: (1) Literal translation technique is considered as the safest
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translation is between the word-by-word translation and free translation. So
methodically, it is not a too ‘clearly’ translation and it also not a too ‘freely’
translation. (2) The literal translation is a flexible translation because it can adjust the
grammar in the source language. Fourthly, the translator rarely use preservation and
addition ‘techniques’ in his strategy of translating because those translation
techniques are too skewed to bring a lot of terms from the source language that will
automatically retain many foreign terms.
In addition, the professional translator also explains the advantages and
weaknesses of being a translator who tends to use domestication translation strategy.
The advantages are: (1) The reader can more easily understand the story of the
novella. (2) Although the novel is not a local product but many aspects of local
cultures can be included in the novella. (3) The reader will feel that the translation is
more natural.
On the contrary, the weaknesses of a translator who tends to use domestication
translation strategy are: (1) The novella becomes less imaginative. (2) The cultural
aspects in the source language are being paled. (3) When the readers read the original
version of the novella and translation version which is used the domestication
technique as its translation strategy, the reader will find there is a huge 'gap' in
translating several terms from the source language to the target language.
5.2 Suggestions
After conducting the research, the researcher has several suggestions for the
readers who are interested to conduct a research related to this research. First, a
translator must have sufficient knowledge about language characteristics and culture
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that is simply translating each word or phrase; it is a complex process since it tries to
find the equivalence meaning in the target language.
Second, a translator should pay more attention to their strategy of translation
because hierarchically, translating a text from one culture to another culture usually
requires a first-made-choice between two basic translation strategies: domestication
and foreignization. The more a translator understands the strategy of translation, the
better a translator plans to overcome the translation problems.
Third, in line with Eka Kurniawan, every translator must read a lot of literature
works that have been recognized as good literature translation to obtain more
knowledge about translation. If it is possible, the translator also should compare its
literature translation with others to know the quality, advantages and weaknesses of
their skill of translation.
Finally, the researcher hopes that this research can give some contributions for the
educational purposes and provide valuable information for those who are interested in
translation subject. Last but not the least, hopefully, this research also can inspire
other researchers to conduct the same research related to the category of noun phrases
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