AMBIGUITY IN SHORT STORIES BY AHMAD TOHARI AS TRANSLATED BY ROSEMARY KESAULY THESIS

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AMBIGUITY IN SHORT STORIES BY AHMAD TOHARI AS TRANSLATED BY ROSEMARY KESAULY

THESIS

Submitted to the Board Examiner in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for Literature Degree

at English Literature Department

by MAYA FITRI

NIM AI50312

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI

2019

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MOTTO

﴾۲﴿

This is the Book about which there is no doubt, a guidance for those conscious of Allah¹. (QS. Al-Baqarah:02)

Kitab (Al Quran) ini tidak ada keraguan padanya; petunjuk bagi mereka yang bertakwa². (QS. Al-Baqarah:02)

1 The Noble Quran. Quran.com https://quran.com/2. Accessed on October 10^th 2019 on 18:02 pm.

2 Al Quran Digital Online.(2019). Quran Terjemahan. https://tafsirweb.com/37561-surat- al-baqarah-ayat-1-5.html. . Accessed on October 10^th 2019 on 18:02 pm.

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DEDICATION

In the name of Allah SWT, most gracious merciful and the prophet Muhammad SAW, the inspiration of Muslim‟s life.

I would like to dedicate this thesis to : Allah SWT, the most Merciful

Prophet Muhammad SAW, who brought us from the darkness to the lightness

My beloved father, Ismail Alm, no words can explain how much I miss you, thank you for become super hero in our family, we love you, rest in peace my lovely

Father

My beloved mother, Baina thank you for your love and your prayer for me.

My grandmother and my grandfather thank you for your love My beloved sisters, Nirwana and Suhaida thank you for your support My beloved brothers, Asmun Qodri and Ibnu Mulkan thank you for everything

My beloved nephews Cherry Nadia Sofwa and Zian kahfa Apriangga My beloved friends GWC SQUAD for your support and always there in every

conditions big love for all of you.

My dearest classmates BSI B for your kindess, love, support, and everything My beloved family. Thank you for everyting

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillahirabbil’aalamiin.

All praises be to Allah SWT, the most beneficant and the most merciful that shows me the right path, Islam and let me flow easily in acomplishing the thesis entitled “ Ambiguity in Short Stories by Ahmad Tohari Translated by Rosemary Kesauly” , which is submitted to fulfill the requirements for bachelor degree (S1) in English Literature, Adab and Humanities, Islamic State University, Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi. Sholawat and salam be upon prophet Muhammad SAW who has brought us from the darkness to the lightness.

Then i would like to thank those who have assisted me in writing this thesis. My sincere gratitude goes to :

1. The Rector of Islamic State University, Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi, Prof. Dr. H. Suaidi Asy‟ari, MA, Ph.D. The Vise of Rector, Dr. H.

Hidayat, M.Pd,. and Dr. H. Fadilla, MP.d,. who allowed me to study in the university.

2. The Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, Prof. Dr. Maisah, M.Pd.I,. The Deputy of Dean, Dr. Alfian, M.Ed., Dr. H. M. Fadhil, M.Ag., and Dr.

Raudhoh, MP.d,I.

3. The Head of English Literature Department , Ulfatmi Azlan, S.S,. MA and the secretary Dian Muhlisa, MA who have given the great supervised.

4. My Supervisors Dr. Alfian, S.Pd, M.Ed and Adang Ridwan S.S, M.Pd.

who have continuously guide me throughout the process of accomplishing this thesis.

5. All of my lecture who have give me knowledge and experiences during meeting in the class until now, especially Ms. Ulfatmi Azlan, MA who always support and remind me and givenme adviced to finishing my thesis when I feel confused.

6. All of officials in Adab and Humanities Faculty who have managed my administrations and requirements as long as my study until graduation.

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ABSTRACT

Fitri, Maya. 2019 : Ambiguity in Short Stories by Ahmad Tohari Translated by Rosemary Kesauly. English Literature Department.

Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Sulthan Thahs Saifuddin Jambi.

Supervisior I : Dr. Alfian, S,Pd M.Ed

Supervisior II : Adang Ridwan, S.S. M.Pd

This study is deals with the ambiguity that occurs in the the Short Stories by Ahmad Tohari Translated by Rosemary Kesauly. Ambiguity is linguistic condition which can arise in a variaty of ways, ambiguity arise in spoken and writen form. The aims of this research are: (1) to identify the kinds of ambiguity found in Ahmad Tohari‟s Short Stories, and (2) to figure out the causal factors of ambiguity. On this research, the writer applies the theory of ambiguity by Stephen Ullmann. This research is qualitative reseach that conducted by descriptive method. This research uses documents for technique of collecting the data content analysis technique in analyzing the data. The writer found that there were two kinds of ambiguity in Ahmad Tohari‟s Short Stories the are lexical and grammatical ambiguity, and there were two causal factors factors of ambiguity they are polysemy and homonymy, and also the writer interpret the ambiguity word and sentences with lexical and grammatical interpretations.

Keywords: Ambiguity, Lexical, Grammtical.

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ABSTRAK

Fitri, Maya. 2019 Ambiguity di dalam cerita pendek oleh Ahmad Tohari diterjemahkan oleh Rosemary Kesauly. Jusuran Sastra Inggris. Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negri Sultan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.

Pembimbing I : Dr. Alfian, S,Pd M.Ed

Pembimbing II : Adang Ridwan, S.S. M.Pd

Penelitianm ini membahas ambiguity yang terdapat di dalam cerita pendek oleh Ahmad Tohari diterjemahkan oleh Rosemary Kesauly. Ambiuity adalah kondisi linguistik atau bahasa yang dapat muncul dalam berbagai cara, ambiguiti muncul dalam bentuk lisan dan tulisan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) untuk mengenal jenis-jenis ambiguity yang di temukan di dalam cerita pendek dari Ahmad Tohari, (2) untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor penyebab ambiguity. Pada penelitian ini, penulis penerapkan teori ambiguity dari Stephen Ullman. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yang di lakukan dengan metode deskriptif.

Penelitian ini menggunakan dokumen dan catatan untuk teknik pengumpulan data, dan menggunakan analisis konten dalam menganalisis data. Penulis menemukan bahwa ada dua jenis-jenis ambiguiti di dalam cerita pendek dari Ahmad Tohari yaitu leksikal dan gramatikal ambiguity, dan menemukan dua faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan ambiguiti, yaitu polisemi dan homonim, dan juga menulis menjelaskan kata-kata dan kalimat ambiguity penafsiran leksikal dan gramatikal.

Kata Kunci: Ambiguity, leksikal, gramatikal

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TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE OF TITTL... .. i

APPROVAL... .. ii

LETTER OF RATIFICATION... .. iii

ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT... .. iv

MOTTO... .. v

DEDICATION... vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENT... vii

ABSTRACT... viii

ABSTRAK... ix

TABLE OF CONTENT... x

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Problem...……….... 1

B. Formulation of Problem...……….. 4

C. Limitation of the Problem ...……….. 4

D. Purpose of the Research... ………... 4

E. Significance of the Research... ………... 4

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Semantic Theory...……….... 5

B. Ambiguity.………...……….. 6

1. Definition of Ambiguity...……….………… 6

2. Kinds of Ambiguity...………..……... 7

3. Causal Factors of Ambiguity...………..……… 9

C. Review of Related Literature...………... 13

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CHAPTER III: METHOD OF THE RESEARCH

A. Design of the Research...………... 16

B. Source of Data...……….... 17

C. The Technique of Data Collection...………... 17

D. Technique of Data Analysis...………...……….. 18

CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND DISCUSSION A. Findings... 20

B. Anslysis... 20

1. Kinds ambiguty in short stories by Ahmad Tohari As Translated by Rosemary Kesauly... 20

2. Causal factors of ambiguity in short stories by Ahmad Tohari as translated by Rosemary Kesauly.... 27

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion... 39

B. Suggestion... 40

REFERENCES APPENDIX I APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Problem

People live in the world where constanly face ambiguous information.They are still have to make decisions decoding the input accordance to relevant situations context. Ambiguity is an expression is ambiguous if the expressioon has more than one meaning.³ Ambiguity is also a kind of linguistics phenomenon which deserves a careful observation. Ambiguity needs to be thought deeply, to be exposed and eliminated. It means that ambiguity brings specific communicational effect. The sentence may be structural in a case of word order but it may lead the readers to have more than one interpretation.⁴ It means that ambiguity occurs everywhere, either spoken or written sources.

There are many sentences in written article or texts such as letters, novels, books, newspapers and short stories that are potentially ambiguous and caused the readers confused in determining the message. Even there are some of the readers who interpret the wrong message of those ambiguous sentences. It is important for the readers to know the way in resolving the ambiguous sentences because it can help them in determining the actual meaning of the sentences.

It can be known that there are three kinds of ambiguities; phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity and grammatical ambiguity. Phonological ambiguity relates to the sound of language it is said, it will generate two or more interpretations by the hearers. Phonological ambiguity does not arise in written form. Lexical ambiguity arises when a single word has more than one meaning.

Meanwhile, grammatical ambiguity arises when a phrase or a sentence creates ambiguity due to the structures that can be interpreted in many ways.⁵ Both of grammatical ambiguity and lexical ambiguity lead the readers to have different

3Brendan, S.G. (1990). Ambiguity, Generality, and Indeterminacy: Test an Defintions.

https://semantics.uchicago.edu.classes.gillon90 Vol.85 Issue 3. 6 Maret 2019, Tuesday 10:50 a.m.

4Ullmann in Irawan, W.B. (2009). An Analysis of Ambiguity in the Article of Jakarta Post.

Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University, p. 104

5Irawan , W. B. (2009). An Analysis of Ambiguity in the Article of Jakarta Post, p. 103

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interpretation. To many interpretations make the readers not understand the meaning of the words or sentences.

From the kinds of literary works above the writer is interested to analyze the short story by Ahmad Tohari. Short story is a piece of fiction that has a limited number of words, only a few characters and one theme. According to Hamid EL- Dood Mahdi short story is an important genre in fiction but usually misunderstood form of writing: therefore it is helpful to understand what a short story is and how it differs from non-fiction, such as the essay; as well as other forms of fiction, such as the novel.⁶ According to Iheakaram says “short story deals with a single incident the fruit of a single moment of time; a single perception, a single emotion, or a series of emotions called forth by a single situation”.⁷ It means that shory story is a piece of fiction that has limited number of words, characters, and problem but it form a complete story.

Ahmad Tohari is one of the author from Indonesia. He was born on june, 13 1948 in Tinggarjaya, his village is near to the city of Banyumas in Central Java.

He got many awards during his life, those are his short story “the list of favours for sanwirya”, won the Golden Windmill Award in (1997) from radio Nederlands Wereldomroep. His novel kubah (1980) won a awards from yayasan buku utama in (1980). His novel Rongeng Dukuh Paruk (1982), Lintang Kemukus Dini Hari (1985) and Jantera Bianglala (1986) won an award from Yayasan Buku Utama in (1986). His Novel Di Kaki Bukit Cibalak (1986) won one of the awards in the Jakarta Art Foundation Writing Competition in (1979) In 1995 Ahmad Tohari received the Asean Literary Award, SEA award in 2007, Ahmad Tohari Received the Rancage Literary Prize.⁸ This short stories translated by Rosemary Kesauly.

Rosemary Kesauly is a writer an translator. She has been translating many books

6EL-Dood, M. H. (2014). The Short Story Now and Then. Vol.3, No.1. http://rah- net.com/journals/rah/Vol_3_No_1_March_2014/6.pdf. Accessed 22 Juli 2019 . Monday, 12:35 p.m.

7Iheakaram in EL-Dood, M. H. (2014). The Short Story Now and Then, p. 73

8Tohari, Ahmad. (2010). https://ensiklopedia.kemdikbud.go.id/sastra/artikel/Ahmad_Tohari.

Accessed July 22^rd 2019. Monday, 21:49 p.m.

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from Indonesia to English included the short stories by Ahmad Tohari, karyamin’s Smile.⁹

This short story tells about a story of life in rural land, about destitution, and the debt and also about the death. This story tells about early marriage as to that occurs at the vilages. This story tells about the meaning of friendship, about how the bustle of the city of Jakarta and at the village the people more humble and have more emphaty than in Jakarta or big cities.

In this short story writer found an ambiguity sentence, for example: “He felt as if a swarm of fireflies were attacking the sockets of his eyes”. There is lexical ambiguity foun in the sentence He felt as if a swarm of fireflies were attacking the sockets of his eye, when the reder read the sentence above they may have te different interpretation whether based on denotative meaning it could be

“an animals of fireflies and based on contextual meaning it could be get dizzy¹⁰. The writer chooses this tittle because ambiguity is important especially written language is more difficult than spoken language. Written language in some cases can make reader confused in determine the actual meaning of the sentence because written language has more complex grammars and does not use pauses, stress, hesitations, tone of voices, slides and intonations rather than spoken language.¹¹ That is why people sometimes find their self getting difficult in understanding the message in written language because it can be interpreted in more than one meaning.

Finally, based on the reasons above, the writer will analyze this thesis entitled “Ambiguity in Short Stories by Ahmad Tohari Translated by Rosemary Kesauly”.

9Rosemary, Kesauly https://www.bukabuku.com/authors_corners/view/40176/rosemary- kesauly.html. Accessed July 22^rd 2019. Monday 22:43 p.m.

10 Tohari, Ahmad. (2015). Karyamin’s Smile. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p. 17

11Tirangga, Bagas. (2014). Lexical and Grammatical Ambiguities of the News Headline of the Jakarta Post and New York Times. Faculty of Humanities Dian Nuswantoro University, p. 1

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B. Formulation of the Problem

According to the background of the problems above, the writer makes the formulations of the problems are arranged as follows:

1. What kinds of ambiguity are found in The Short Stories by Ahmad Tohari translated by Rosemary Kesauly?

2. What are the causal factors of ambiguity found in The Short Story by Ahmad Tohari translated by Rosemary Kesauly?

C. Limitation of the Problem

This research is focused only on the case of ambiguity found in the short stories with the title Karyamin’s Smile by Ahmad Tohari translated by Rosemary Kesauly. The data are taken from five short stories by Ahmad Tohari translated by Rosemary Kesauly with the title Karyamin‟s Smile, The List of Favours for Sanwirya, Well, That‟s Jakarta, The Bright House, and Minem Gave Birth to a Baby.

D. Purpose of the Research

Based on the problem of the formulation above, the writer makes the purpose of this research as follows.

1. To identify the kinds of Ambiguity found in the short story by Ahmad Tohari translated by Rosemari Kesauly.

2. To figure out the causal factors of ambiguity found in the short story by Ahmad Tohari translated by Rosemari Kesauly.

E. Significance of the Research

This research is expected to give the useful information about ambiguity, the writer hopes this research can give positive significance for others students who study about semantic, so that they will know more about ambiguity, especially the kinds of ambiguity and the causal factor of ambiguity, and also for the other researchers to take this research as a references for further research about ambiguity.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Semantics Theory

Semantics, in the broadest sense is the study of meaning communicated through language.¹² Or semantic is the study of meaning in language.¹³ However, it is more usual within linguistics to interpret the term narrowly, concern on the study of the aspects of meaning which are encoded in linguistic expressions and independent of their use on particular speech community. In other words, semantics is the study of meaning abstracted away from those aspects that are derived from the intensions of speakers, their psychological states and those the socio-cultural aspects of the context in which their utterances are made.

According to Yule semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. In semantics analysis, there is always an attempt to focus on what the words conventionally mean on a particular occasion¹⁴. In other opinion Kempson states that all languages depend on words and sentences having meaning (every word meaning).¹⁵ Moreover he states that for any language, semantics theory must be able to assign to each word and sentence associated with it in that language. In the case of words, this essentially means writing a dictionary but in the case of sentences, the meaning of those sentences depends on the meaning of words it contains. But, it is not a simple accumulation because sometimes word-order will change meaning. Thus, a semantics theory is not only to capture the exact nature of the relation between word meaning and sentence meaning, but it must also be able to state in which ways this relation is depend on word-order. Not only in this case but both words and sentences can be ambiguous.

12 John I. Saeed. (1997). Semantics. USA: Blackwell Publishers, p. 3

13 James, R.H, Brendan, H and Michail B.S. (2007). Semantic. New York: Cambridge University press, p. 1

14 Yule, G. (1996). The Study of Language (Second Edition). Great Britain: Cambridge University press, p. 108

15 Kempson, R. M. (1977). Semantic Theory. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, p.

109

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Moreover Kempson states that a semantics theory must fulfill at least three conditions: (1) it must capture for any language the nature of word meaning and sentence meaning and explain the nature of the relation between them; (2) it must be able to predict the ambiguities in the forms of language, whether in words or sentences; (3) it must characterize and explain the systemic relations between words and sentences of a language¹⁶. The case of ambiguity relates to the meaning and interpretations. Meaning and interpretations in relation with the communication are the main things that we have to consider before we utter and write because different interpretation of the two or more hearers or readers may cause misunderstanding and finally raises problems.

Furthermore, semantics rules should not be allowed to delete meanings during the derivation of the meaning of a composite expression. The implication of the interpretation is that meanings should be ascribed not only to lexemes and sentences but also to other syntactic constituents. The concept of syntax as a bridge between phonology and semantics in many grammatical theories would seem to require that all constituents be assigned a meaning by the semantics. It is common to assume that semantics constituency is paralleled to the syntactic constituency and hence, an adequate semantics theory must be able to ascribe appropriate meanings to the words, phrases and sentences according to their syntactic structure.

Based on the explanations above, it cab be conclude semantic theory is as a branch of linguistics that focuses on the interpretation of meaning, as the real meaning between word-order and the meaning of sentence depend on the meaning of words it contains.

B. Ambiguity

1. The Definition of Ambiguity

According to Ullmann, ambiguity is linguistic condition which can arise in a variety of ways. Ambiguity arises in spoken and written form. In listening

16 Kempson in Irawan, W.B. (2009). An Analysis of Ambiguity in the Article of Jakarta Post, p.109

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unclear spoken utterance or reading unclear sentence, we occasionally have some problems with the meaning or interpretation conveyed by the speaker or the writer. We can only ensure the meaning of the words, phrases or sentences of any utterance in certain situation or context.¹⁷

According to Kempson, “It may seem as though little need to be said about ambiguity in that it is a clear cut-phenomenon which both words and sentences can have more than one meaning”.¹⁸ Moreover, Cann states that a sentence is said to be ambiguous whenever it can be associated with two or more different meanings.¹⁹

Both Cann and Kempson agree that ambiguous words, phrases or sentences have more than one interpretation. To figure out the exact meaning or the message conveyed in the ambiguous words or sentences, it demands the specific context. The first sort of ambiguity occurs where an expression is associated with two or more unrelated meaning.

Based on the explanations above it can be concluded that ambiguity is arise in spoken or written form that unclear spoken utternce or reading unclear sentence and also both words and sentences can have more than one meaning.

2. Kinds of Ambiguity

According to Ullmann divides kinds of ambiguity into three, that are phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, and grammatical ambiguity.²⁰

a. Phonological Ambiguity

Ambiguity in the level of phonology arises from the sound of language uttered. Sometimes people speak too fast and make the other

17Ullmann S in Irawan, W.B. (2009). An Analysis of Ambiguity in the Article of Jakarta Post, p. 116

18 Kempson, R. M. (1977). Semantic Theory. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, p.

119

19Cann, R. (1993). Formal Semantics: An Introduction. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, p. 8

20Ullman in Irawan, W.B. (2009). An Analysis of Ambiguity in the Article of Jakarta Post, p. 117

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people feel doubt about the meaning of message from the utterance so that people may interpret it in many ways. It means that phonological ambiguity occur from the simmilar sound of langguage uttered, so that is why when people speak too fast it is is can caused different interpretations.

Example : I scream ( I skri:m) or Ice cream ( ais krim:m)

When the hearer hear the utterance above, they may have the different interpretation whether “I scream” refers to the action “scream” or “Ice Cream” refers to the kinds of drink.

b. Lexical ambiguity

Lexical ambiguity arises when the single word has more than one meaning. This kind of ambiguity may arise in the written form, such us in the article, in the news titles, and other form of written texts. it means that lexical ambiguty occurs when a sentence contains a word that has more than one meaning, this problem, which also called semantic ambiguity obscures the writer‟s intent and confuses the reader.

Example: Expert warn the current global financial turmoil may take bigger toll on emerging Asia.

There is lexical ambiguity found in the sentence “Expert warn the current global financial turmoil may take bigger toll on emerging Asia” it is where single word has more than one meaning. The word „toll‟ is considered as the ambiguous one and it cause the different interpretations of the readers. The word of toll have two meanings. They are:

Toll : Payment Toll : Victim

c. Grammatical Ambiguity

Ambiguity in the level of grammar occurs when phrase, clause or sentence create ambiguity because their structure may be interpreted more than one way. Equal with lexical ambiguity, it may also arise in the written text such as articles, news titles and other written text. It means that

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grammatical ambiguity occure because their structure in phrase clause or sentence may be interpret more than one way in form of written text.

Example: Indonesian women and children are trafficked overseas for sexual and labor exploitation.

The sentence above may be interpreted into different ways. The readers may be confused in modifying the word “Indonesian”, whether it modifies the word „women‟ only or ”children” also. However, the readers may interpret different ways.

Based on the explanations above it can be concluded there are three kinds of ambiguity, they are; phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity and grmmatical ambiguity, the writer will use this theory to find out research question 1. What are the kinds of ambiguity found in the short stories by Ahmad Tohari translated by Rosemary Kesauly.

3. The Causal Factor of Ambiguity

Ullmann states that the causal factors of ambiguity divide into two types as follows:

a. The causal factor of lexical Ambiguity 1. Polysemy or multiple meaning

Polysemy or multiple meaning where one word has two or more senses²¹. Yule states that relatedness of meaning accompanying identical form technically known as polysemy, which can be defined as one form (written or spoken) having multiple meanings which all relate by extensions.²²

For example are the word head, used to refer to the object on top of your body, on top of a glass of beer, on top of a company or department; of foot (or person, or bed, of mountain) or run ( person does, water does, colors do).

21Ullmann, S. (1997) Semantics in Noel Minnis. Linguistics at large. New York: The Viking fress, p. 119

22Yule, G. (1996). The Study of Language, p. 97

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2. Homonymy

Homonymy where two or more different words haave the same form²³. Based on George Yule states that homonymy is used when one form (wrriten or spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings.²⁴ According to Bloomfield states that homonymy refers to the different linguistics forms which have the same phonetic form (and differ, therefore, only as to meaning). It means that homonymy has completely different meanings.

For example of homonymy are the pairs bank (of a river) – bank (financial institution), pupil (at school) – pupil (in the eye) and mole (on skin) – mole (small animas). The temptation is to think that two types of bank must be related in meaning. They are not. Homonyms are words which have quite separate meanings, but which have accidentally come to have exactly the same form.

Homonym is divided into three varieties, they are homophones, homograps and homonyms.

Some words in the english language seem the signed to just confuse us.

Collections of homophones, homograps and homonyms are certainly found in almost all of english school book but they are generally too concise. It has therefore been thought necessary to give to the subject a fuller development, without ommiting the introduction of a certain number of words considered antiquated of obsolete, but which are nevertheless freely use in common speech, in order to students enable to be better the english language to grapple with difficulty presented by homonymous words, espcially in writing under dictation.

1) Homophones: word pronounced alike but spelt differently Example: the words “air and “hair”

The prince is the queen‟s hair I love the fresh air

2) Homographs: different words spelt alike but pronounced Differently.

23 Ullmann, S. (1997). Semantic, p. 80

24 Yule, G. (1996). The Study of Language, p. 96

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Example: minute („minit) – minute (mai‟nju:t) ; bow (bəυ) – bow (baυ).

3) Homonyms: words both spelt and pronounced alike.

Example: club (kl٨b) (social organization); club (kl٨b) (a blunt weapon).

Efficient to discard one or Among the various aspect of ambiguity on which research has been done are frequency of the different types and the conflict to which the may give rise. In English and French, homonymy is particularly widespread because of the large number of monosyllabic words in these language.

This is no doubt one of the reasons which led to the retention of the non-phonetic, historically based mode of spelling which distinguished berween homophones at least on written or printed page. In the field of polysemy, there seems to be some connection between the frequency of a word and the number of meaning has.

The two types of semantic ambiguty are obviously uniqual importance.

Polysemy is not a defect but an essential feature of language; the alternative would be to have separate words for any possible subject we may wish to talk about. Homonymy, on the other hand, is in no way essential, except to the punster: a language without homonyms is perfectly coneivable, and would in fact be a more efficent vehicle of communication. Under normal ccircumstances, neither polysemy nor homonymy is likely to lead to any serious ambiguity: the context will usually suffice to eliminate all irrelevant meaning. There are, however, there are cases where two or more senses of the same words, or two or more homonymous terms, may occure in the same context, and if this happens frequently, the ambiguity my result in thr disappearance of some of the conflicting elements. In case of polysemy, it is usually some of the incompatible senses, without sacrificing the word as a would.

3. The causal factors of grammatical ambiguity a. Grammatical word form

Prefix : Prefix is an affix which is placed before the steam of a word. Some prefixes can cause ambiguity.

For example: The door is unlock able.

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Prefix-un in the sentence above may cause ambiguity. The readers may be confused. The readers may interpret the sentence into: The door is capable of being locked, or The door is impossible to lock.

Suffix : Some suffixes have more than one meaning and some of them may cause ambiguity

For example is suffix-ing in the verb or noun in the sentence: Visiting relatives can be boring

Here, visiting relatives may be interpreted into two ways:

First, “visiting” functions as gerund the activity (visit the relatives can be boring).

Second, “visiting” functions as active participle relatives who are visiting make bore.

Equivocal Phrasing : Actually every word constructing a phrase has clear combination, but it can be interpreted in many ways.

Contextual Ambiguity : Contextual ambiguity arises in the context of the speaker‟s condition or in the context of situation.

For example Utterance “Get Out!”

This utterance may generate ambiguity when the context of situation makes two possible meanings. In other word, the hearers do not really understand the meaning as well as the context.

For example :

Situation: The headmaster is talking with a student who always makes a trouble in the school. He is angry with the student. When he is angry, he asks the student to leave him by saying Get out! At the same time, another student enters the headmaster‟s room and hears the command of the headmaster.

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Here, the student who enters the headmaster room will not understand the meaning of his headmaster‟s command whether it is for him or for the student who is sitting in the front of the headmaster. In this case, utterance “Get out!” is a kind of contextual ambiguity because it may be interpreted more than one way.To avoid contextual ambiguity, people should really understand the context of the speaker‟s or writer‟s condition, or the context of situation.

From the explanations above it can be conclued that the there two cause of ambiguity, they are the causal factor of lexical Ambiguity and the causal factors of grammatical ambiguity. The writer will use this theory to find out the causal factors of ambiguity found in the short story by Ahmad Tohari translated by Rosemari Kesauly

C. Review of Related Research

There are some research that have discussed about ambiguity. The first research is Bagas Tirangga the student of faculty of humanities Dian Nuswantoro University Semarang with the title “ Lexical and Grammatical Ambiguities of the news headline of the Jakarta Post and New York Times”.²⁵ This thesis has been research at 2014 this research used descriptive qualitative which aims at identifying ambiguities found in the news headline of the Indonesia news website the Jakarta Post and American News website New York Times, and this research used Ullmann‟s (1977:156) theoretical framework, this research identifies there are 30 ambiguity are found in Jakarta post and New York times , there are 18 found in JJakarta post, that is 11 lexically ambiguous headlines and 7 grammatically ambiguous headlines. and also 12 ambiguous news headlines are found in New York Times, there is 10 lexically headlines and 2 grammatically headlines.

Secondly, Wening Bayu Irawan, English Department faculty of letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University with the title “An Analysis of Ambiguity in

25 Bagas ,Tirangga. (2014).Lexical and Grammatical Ambiguities of the news Headlines of the Jakarta Post and New York Times, p. 1

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the article of the Jakarta Post”.²⁶ The thesis has been researched at 2009. This research is a descriptive qualitative research , The research is focused on the case of ambiguity found in the articles of The Jakarta Post (the ambiguous words, phrases, and sentences). From this research the writer found there are two kinds of ambiguity found in the articles of The Jakarta Post, there is lexical ambiguity and grammatical ambiguity, There are 8 data of lexical ambiguity. And 15 data (among 23 data) of grammatical ambiguity.

Thirdly, Henny Andriani Tambunan University of Sumatera Utara Faculty of Letters English Department Medan with the title “ The Analysis lexical and Structural Ambiguity in your Letter in the Jakarta Post”.²⁷ This researched at 2009, in this thesis the writer focuses on lexical and structural ambiguity by using Ullmann‟s theory, kind of word, phrase and sentence by using Crystal‟s, and labeled and bracketed sentences or phrase by using Yules‟s theory. writer used Semantic Theory and the writer applies the descriptive method in doing this research. From this research the writer found 50 ambiguous words and phrases in your letters of the Jakarta post. There are 23 cases of lexical Ambiguity and 27 cases of grammatical ambiguity.

Fourth, Agnira Rekha, she is alumnus of School of Teacher Training and Education Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. Her thesis title is Ambiguity found in passport to the world 2: A Fun and Essay English Book: Content Analysis²⁸ her focused in types of Ambiguity, she also used descriptive qualitative research, the data were obtained by using content analysis, the research found 114 abiguous sentences.

26 Irawan,W.B. (2009). An analysis of Ambiguty in the Articles of the Jakarta Post. Faculty of Lettersand Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University, p. 100

27Tambunan,H. A.The Analysis of Lexical and Structural Ambiguity in Your Letters of te Jakarta Post. Faculty of Letters. University of Sumatra Utara, p. 1

28Rekha, Agnira. (2014). Ambiguity found in passport to the world 2: A Fun and Essay English Book. School of Teacher Training And Education Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, p. 1

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Fifth, Usri Yastanti, Anggun Dwi Setiawan, with the title Ambiguity in Soundtrack Songs Liryc of Moana Movie²⁹, she focused in types of ambiguity and the meaning of ambiguity, she used many theory to support her research and also used descriptive method ambiguity in soundtrack song, her analyze the data and information by searching internet and library research , the research foun 26 ambiguity which it has 8 structural ambiguity and 18 lexical ambiguity in first song, and in the second song the research found 45 ambiguity which it has 1o structural ambiguity and 35 lexical ambiuity.

From the related review of research above, all of the researches above are slightly different from this reserach, the writer has similarities in their research that is same with the method of the research. The method is qualitative descriptive method. The difference is the purpose of the research and the object of the research, where the writer focuses on kinds, causal facors and interpretation of ambiguity in the short stories by Ahmad Tohari Translated by Rosemary Kesauly.

29Yustanti, U and Setiawati, A.D .(2018). Ambiguity in soundtrack songs Liryc of Moana Movie. Vol.10, No.02. Retrieved from http://ejournal.bsi.ac.id/ejurnal/index.php/wanastra.

Accessed Augst 7^th2019. Wednesday, 12:49 p.m.

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CHAPTER III

METHOD OF THE RESEARCH A. Design of Research

In writing this thesis, the writer uses qualitative research with descriptive method that suitable with the aim of this rerearch. Qualitative research might be in descriptive for and the data collected in the form of words as a descriptive explanation than a number. The result of the research contains cuotation from the data to illustrate and substantive the presentation. Dimjati states that “qualitative research is descriptive”³⁰ the data collected in form of words as picture than number. So, the writer used liberary research, because the writer took some data from written source like books.

The writer applies library research and descriptive qualitative research methods and would explained the result of analysis in the form of words and sentence since the result had not been numeral data. According to Lincoln in Ospina‟s article Encyclopedia od Leadership, Qualitative research involves an interpretive, and naturalistic approach: it means that qualitative research study about in their natural setting, attempting to make sense of or interpret phenomena in terms of the the meaning the people bring to them³¹. And also “Qualitative research is fundamentally interpretive. This means that the writer makes an interpretations of the data. This include developing a description of an individual or setting, analyzing data for themes or category, and finlly making an interpretationor drawing conclusions about its meaning personally and theoretically, stating the lessons learned and offering further questions to be asked”.³²

30Ahmadin Dimjati, (2009). Pedoman skripsi fakultas Humaniora dan budaya Universitas Negri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Malang: unit penerbit Fakultas Humaniora dan Budaya UIN, p. 13

31Ospina, Sonia. (2004). Encyclopedia of Leadership; Qualitative Research.

https://uarl.edu/interdisciplinary/files/2010/03/Qualitative_Research.pdf.Accessed Monday, 27 October, 14:56 p.m.

32 Creswell, W John. (2^ndEdition). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approac,. p. 208

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Because it is a qualitative research, the data are analyzed through interpreting, not statistical analysis. One of the characteristic of qualitative research is descriptive analysis. It means that the result of the research will give the description of the phenomenon researched.

Descriptive method is a method that examine the status of a group of people, an object, a set of condition, a system of through, or the class of events in the present the purpose of descriptive research is to make a description, description, or painting systematically, factually and accurately of the fact, the characteristic and relationship between the phenomena investigated. In the descriptive method writer can compare particular phenomena so that it can be said as comparative.

B. Source of the Data

Source of data refers to the subject from which the data are obtained. Sourch of data in this research writer takes the data from the short stories by Ahmad Tohari Translated by Rosemary Kesauly under the tittle Karyamin Smile, The List of Favour for Sanwirya, Minem Gave Birth to a Baby, Well, That is Jakarta and The Bright House. It consists one hundred fifteen pages and it was published by PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama in 2015. This short story was written by Ahmad Tohari and it has been translated into English by Rosemary Kesauly. This book explains the story of Javanese people life. There are many ambiguity which are intersting to be discussed. Meanwhile the data of this research are all words, phrases and sentences in this book.

C. Technique of Data Collection

The writer uses library research, in order to get the information in this study. There are some technique of data collection such as interview, documentation, observation, and discussion. In this research the writer uses only whose theory documentary technique to get the data. According to Arikunto

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documentation is method that searches data about things or variabels like notes, transcriptions, books, magazines, agendas, videos.³³

It means that, documentation data is the data that taken from note, documentation, magazine and so on. In this research the data will be taken from the short stories by Ahmad Tohari. There are some steps of data collection in this research:

1. Reading the short stories repeatedly.

The writer read the short stories.

2. Marking important words

The writer marked the important words in the short stories that correlation with the formulation of the problem.

3. Numbering the Data

In order to make the writer easier in analyzing the data, each datum collected is given a number.

4. Analyzing the Data

After the datais compleate, then the writer process and analyze the data.

D. Technique of Data Analysis

The purpose of analyze the data is to answer the question from formulation the problem and to understand the data. There are many different techniques for analyzing technique data. In this research, the writer uses content analysis technique. According to Krinnpendorf in his book of content analysis is an introduction to its methodology:

Content analysis is potentially one of the most importantresearch techniques in the social sciences. The content analysis view data as representationsnot of physical events but of texts, images, and expressions that are created to be seen,

33Arikunto. (2009). Prosedur Penelitian:Suatu Pendekatan Praktik, (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara), p. 10

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read ,interpreted, and acted on of theirs meaning, and must therefore be analyzed with such uses in mind. Analyzing texts in the contexts of their usess distinguishes content analysis from other methods of inquiry.³⁴ It means, content analysis is one of the technique analyzing that uses in social science, this technique used to analyze the data from text, images, and expression.

In this research, the understand by reading the data carefully, and than analyze them by finding the items of ambiguity. There are some steps that has done in analyzing;

The steps are : 1. Identifying

The writer identifies the data which has correlation with lexical ambiguity in short story by Ahmad Tohari.

2. Classifying

The writer classifies the data based on the event which has correlation with ambiguity such as sentence, phrase and words in short story by Ahmad Tohari.

3. Analyzing, Describing, and Explaining

The writer analyzes, describes and explain the data about lexical ambiguity in short story by Ahmad Tohari.

4. Making the conclusion

After all, the data has been analyze, describes and explains in the research, the writer makes conclusion as the end of the research.

34 Krippendrorff, K. (2004) Content Analysis An Introductions Its Methodology. United Kingdom, London, p. 8

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CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS A. Findings

In this part, the writer analyzes and discusse five short stories by Ahmad Tohari used as the source of data they are Karyamin‟s smile, the list of favours for Sanwirya, Minem gave Birth to a baby, well, that is Jakarta, and the Bright house, the aims of this research are to find out the kinds of ambiguty found in the short stories by Ahmad Tohari translated by Rosemary Kesauly, to figure out the causal factors of ambiguity, and to describe the interpretations which arise in the ambiguous words and sentences in the short stories by Ahmad Tohari translated by Rosemary Kesauly, the writer find two kinds of ambiguity based on Ullmann theory. They are lexical ambiguity and grammatical ambiguity. they are 22 data indicated as a lexical ambiguity and 8 data indicated as grammatical ambiguity.

As for the causal factors of ambiguity based on Ullmann theory. They are two causal factor of lexical ambiguity they are polysemy and homonymy and three causal factors of grammatical ambiguity they are grammatical word form, equivocal phrasing and contextual ambiguity, the writer found that 19 data because of polysemy. 3 data because of homonymy and 8 data because of equivocal phrasing.

B. Analysis

1. Kinds of Ambiguity in Short Stories by Ahmad Tohari Translated by Rosemary Kesauly.

Ambiguity become the focus in this research. After collecting the data from five short stories untitled Karyamin‟s smile, the list of favours for Sanwirya, Minem gave Birth to a baby, well, that is Jakarta, and the Bright house, writer then analyses the data based on the kinds of ambiguity found in short stories that are showed below.

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a. Lexical Ambiguity

As mentions in chapter II, lexical ambiguity is when the single word has more than one meaning. In the short stories, the kinds of ambiguity are found and here are the analyses of lexical ambiguity:

1. Short story entitled “Karyamin‟s Smile”

Datun 1: Those stone collectors found entertaiment in lauging at themselve³⁵.

There is lexical ambiguity found in the sentence “Those stones collectorsfound entertaiment in lauging at themselve, the word „stone‟ it is where single word has more than one meaning. According to Ullmann‟s theory, lexical ambiguity is when the single word has more than meaning. It is considered as the ambiguous one and it cause the different interpretations of readers. Word “stone”

has two meaning it could be “`rock”or could be “the status of their work that they are really a stones collectors”.

Datum 2: He imagined that his sick wife must face two debt collectors from the bank³⁶.

The sentence “: He imagined that his sick wife must face two debt collectors from the bank. It is shown by the word “sick”. It is lexical ambiguity because word “sick” which has more than one meanings. It makes the reader has different interpretations of the sentence, the word “sick” has two meaning it could be “ill”

and could be “doing something wrong or crazy”.

2. Short story under the tittle “The List of Favours for Sanwirya”

Datum 1:if you do around bare-chested who will take care of your asthma attack³⁷.

35Tohari, Ahmad. (2015). Karyamin Smile, p. 16

36Tohari, Ahmad. (2015). Karyamin Smile, p. 13

37Tohari, Ahmad. (2015). The Liat of Favours for Sanwirya, p. 21

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There is lexical ambguity in the sentence above, the word “bare-chested” is considered as lexical ambiguity because there are some meaning of the word

“bare-chasted” the reders may have different interpretations of the sentence due to lexical ambiguity. It is included in lexical ambiguity because there are two meanings of the word bare-chested” the meaning it could be “without clothes”

andthe meaning could be “chest open”.

Datum 2: one of our favours has been decided³⁸.

The sentence “one of our favours has been decided” is considered as lexical ambiguity. It is shown by the word “favours”. It is included in lexical ambiguity because the word “favours” has more than one meaning that make the readers may have different interpretaion. The word favours has two meaning based on denotative meaning it could be “help somebody” and based on contextual meaning it could be “gift something to somebody”.

3. Short story entitled “Minem Gave Birth to a Baby”.

Datum 1: Kasdu was Parched³⁹.

Again, lexical ambiguity is found in the sentence “Kasdu was parched”

above, the word “parched” is considered as ambiguous one. According to Ullmann “parched” included in lexical ambiguity because the readers may have the different interpretations toward the word “parched” because word parched has more than one meaning, there are two meaning of the word parched based on contextual meaning could be “thirsty” and based on denotative meaning it could be “very dry”.

Datum 2: Minem could produce such a tiny baby⁴⁰.

There is lexical ambguity in the sentence above, the word “produce” is considered as lexical ambiguity. “produce include in lexical amiguty because

38Tohari, Ahmad. (2015). The Liat of Favours for Sanwirya, . p22

39Tohari, Ahmad. (2015). Minem Gave Birth to a Baby, p. 28

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there are some meaning of the word “produce” the reders may have different interpretations of the sentence due to lexical ambiguity. The menings of the word produce based on the contextual meaning it could be “result” and could be “gave birth”.

4. Short story under the tittled “Well That is Jakarta”

Datum 1: He was not lying⁴¹.

The sentence “he was not lying” is considered as lexical ambiguity. It is shown by word “lying”. It is include as lexical ambiguity because word “lying”

has more than one meaning and make reader has different interpretation. There are two meanings of word lying based on denotative meanig it could be “untruth” and could be “lie down”.

Datum 2: I knew he was studying my expression⁴².

There is lexical ambiguity found in the sentence “I knew he was studying my expression” it is shown by the word “studying”. “studying” is included in lexical ambiguity because word “studying” has more than one meaning the word

“studting” makes readers has many interpretations. There are two meaning of the word it could be “investigate” and could be “learning”.

5. Short story under the tittle “The Bright House”

Datum 1: in my village the electricity also killed the moon in the sky ⁴³. Just like the case before, the sentence “in my village the electricity also killed the moon in the sky” is considered as lexical ambiguity. According to Ullmann,

“killed” is included in lexicl ambiguity because there are some meaning of the word “killed” the reader may has the different interpretation of the sentence due to

41Tohari, Ahmad. (2015). Well That’s Jakarta, p. 49

43 Tohari, Ahmad. (2015). The Bright House, p. 74

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lexical ambiguity. Meaning of the word “killed” it could be “make the moon disappear or die” and could be “the electricity is brighter than moon”.

Datum 2: It made our neighbours furious⁴⁴.

Again, lexical ambiguity is found in the sentence “It made our neighbours forious” above, the word “forious” is considered as ambiguous one. According to Ullman the word “furious” included in lexical ambiguity because the readers may has the different interpretations toward the word “forious”. There are two meaning of the word furious, based on denotative meaning it could be “annoyed” and could be “wonderful”.

b. Grammatical Ambiguity

As mentions in previous chapter, grammatical ambiguity is when phrase, clasuse or sentence create ambiguity because their structure may be iterpreted more than one way. In the short stories, grammatical ambiguity the second mostly data that is found and here are the analyses of grammatical ambiguity:

1. Short story entitled “Karyamin‟s Smile”

Datum 1: Saida noticed his bluish lips and his pale palms⁴⁵.

There is grammatical ambiguity found in the sentence Saida noticed his bluish lips and his pale palms above, pharase noticed his bluish lips and his pale palms is considered as a ambiguous one. According to Ullmann grammatical ambiguity occurs when phrase, clause or sentence creat ambiguity because their structure may be interpreted more than one way. It is indicade in grammatical ambigity because the phrase had two different forms which make the sentence has two different meaning, whether the noun “noticed” only modifies the “bluish lips”

or also modifies “pale palms” as well.

Datum 2: She was selling rice and peanut salad⁴⁶.

44Tohari, Ahmad. (2015). The Bright House, p. 72

45Tohari, Ahmad. (2015). Karyamin’s Smile, p. 15

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She was selling rice and peanut salad, this sentence also case of grammatical ambiguity where the phrase of “selling rice and peanut salad” in the sentence is considered as ambiguous one since the phrase can be interprets in two different ways. According to Ullman it is included grammatical ambiguity because the phrase has two different form which make the sentence ambiguous. Wheter the word “selling” modifies only “rice” or also modifies the phrase “peanut salad”.

Datum 1: His skills involved the bamboo vessel and the sickle for tapping sap⁴⁷.

The sentence above is ambiguous and classified as grammatical ambiguity.

The phrase “skills involved the bamboo vessel and the sickle” in the sentence is consiered as ambiguous. According to Ullman it is included in grammatical ambiguity because the phrase created two different interpretation, the word “skil”

only moifies the word “bamboo vesseli” or also modifies the word “sickle”.

Datum 2: you plan to get us a loan from the village barn an the middleman⁴⁸.

There is grammatical ambiguity in the sentence ” Why you plan to get us a loan from the village barn an the middleman” where the phrase “loan from the village barn an the middleman” of the sentence is considered as ambiguous one.

According to Ullmann, it is included in grammatical ambiguity because the phrase has two different forms which make the sentence has two diffrent meaning, whether the wor “loan” only modifies the village barn or also modifies the word

”middleman”.

3. Short story entitled “Minem Gave Birth to a Baby”

Datum 1 : the symbol of victory against his starving belly and his blurred view⁴⁹.

47Tohari, Ahmad. (2015). The List of Favours for Sanwirya, p. 22

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the symbol of victory against his starving belly and his blurred view, this sentence also kinds of grammatical ambiguity, where the phrase “the symbol of victory against” in this sentence is considered as ambiguous one. According to Ullmann, it is included in grammatical ambiguity because the phrase can be interprets in two different ways. the phrase has two different form which make the sentence ambiguous. Where the phrase “the symbol of victory against” modifies the“b his starving belly” only or modifies both of “his starving belly” and “his blurred view”.

Datum 2: His skill only involved the bamboo vessel and the sickle for tapping sap⁵⁰.

His skill only involved the bamboo vessel and the sickle for tapping sap. It is the case of grammatical ambiguity where the words “for tapping sap” of the sentence create ambiguity, the phrase is consider as ambiguous one. It is included in grammatical ambiguity because the phrase has two differrent forms which make the sentence has two different meaning. Whether the word “for tapping sap”

only modifies “His skill only involved the bamboo vesse” or also modifies “the sickle” as well.

4. Short story under the tittled “Well That is Jakarta”

Datum 1: His mouth full of mud and eel bleed⁵¹.

There is grammatical ambiguity in the sentence above, It is confusing to modifying the phrase “full of mud and eel bleed”. According to Ullmann, it is included in grammatica ambiguity because the readers may be confused whether the word “full” modifies the word “mud” only or “eel bleed” also. However, the readers need to understand the topic of the short story and understand the paragraph.

Datun 2: I also made up a name and a fake address⁵².

51Tohari, Ahmad. (2015). Well that’s Jakarta, p. 51

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I also made up a name and a fake address. According to Ullmann, it is included in grammatical ambiguity because of phrase “made up a name and a fake address” this phrase has two different forms which make the sentence interpreted in two different meanings. However the readers may have diffrent interpretation.

From the explanations above, it can be conclude based on the Stephen Ullmann‟s theory there are two kinds of ambiguity found it short stories by Ahmad Tohari translated by Rosemary Kesauly, there are lexical ambiguity and grammatical ambiguity. In previous research it same with Bagas Tirangga that also found two kind of ambiguity.

2. The Causal Factors of Ambiguity Found in the Short Stories by Ahmad Tohari Translated by Rosemary Kesauly.

Based on the research qouestion one there are two kinds of ambiguity, lexical ambiguity and grammatical ambiguity, and each of them there is causal factors of ambiguity, lexical ambiguity causal factors are polysemy or multiple meaning meaning and homonymy, and there are three causal factors of grammatical ambiguity namely grammatical word form, equivocal phrasing and contextual ambiguity. After collecting the data then writer then analyses the data based on the causal factors of ambiguity that are showed below.

1. Causal Factors of Lexical Ambiguity

Here the analysis of the causal factors of lexical ambiguity found on the short stories by Ahmad Tohari translated by Rosemary Kesauly.

a. Polysemy or multiple meaning

As mentions in the chapter II, polysemy is one of causal factor of ambiguity, polysemy means where one word has two or more senses. Here are the analyses causal factor of ambiguity in the case of polysemy:

1. Short story entitled Karyamin‟s Smile”

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Datum 1: A swarm of bees were buzzing in his ears⁵³.

The data above is including into polysemy which there are relatedness of meaning from the word “bees”. According to oxford dictionary The words bees possibly means “a black and yellow flying insect” and “ meeting in a group when people combine work competation and pleasure” and based on contextual meaning the word could be feeling so tired.

Therefore, based on the definition of the word “bees” above, the sentence may be interpreted into:

1. A swarm of animals were buzzing in his ears 2. He is feeling so tired he was buzzing in his ears Datum 2: He is maintaining his balance⁵⁴.

The data above is including into polysemy because there are relatedness of meaning from the word “balance”. According to Yule states that relatedness of meaning accompaying identical from technically known as polysemy. The word balance possibly means, “a situation in which different things exist in equal”, “the ability to keep steady with a equal amount of weight”, the amount thar is left after taking numbers of money away from a total” and an “instrument for weighing things”.

Therefore, based on the definition of the word “balance” above, the sentence may be interpreted into:

1. He is maintaining his equal amounts 2. He is maintaining his bank balance

Datum 1: I have more interest on the rice flour pancake⁵⁵.