LOCAL WISDOM IN PICTURES CONTAINED IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS: AN ANALYSIS OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL.

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Raskin Shiddiq Arasyid, 2013

LOCAL WISDOM IN PICTURES CONTAINED IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS: AN ANALYSIS OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

LOCAL WISDOM IN PICTURES CONTAINED IN ENGLISH

TEXTBOOKS

(An Analysis of Illustrations in English Textbooks for Primary School)

A Research Paper

Submitted to the Department of English Education of FPBS UPI as a Partial

Fulfillment of the Requirements of Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

Raskin Shiddiq Arasyid

(0808477)

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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Raskin Shiddiq Arasyid, 2013

LOCAL WISDOM IN PICTURES CONTAINED IN ENGLISH

TEXTBOOKS

Oleh

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Desember 2013

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,

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Raskin Shiddiq Arasyid, 2013

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu PAGE OF APPROVAL

LOCAL WISDOM IN PICTURES CONTAINED IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS:

By

0808477

Approved by

Supervisor, Co-supervisor,

Fuad Abdul Hamied, Prof., Ph.D., M.A. Rojab Siti Rodliyah, M.Ed.

NIP. 195111241985032001 NIP. 197504092007102001

Head of Department of English Education

Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

Prof. Dr. H. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed

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Raskin Shiddiq Arasyid, 2013

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT

Local Wisdom in Pictures Contained in English Textbooks: An Analysis of Illustrations in English Textbooks for Primary School

Understanding the nature of the relationship between language and culture is essential to the process of learning another language. Since textbooks and pictures are considered as effective teaching and learning aids, the present study is aimed at finding out how local wisdom derived from local culture is represented in the pictures contained in English textbooks for primary school. The study uses descriptive analysis which is qualitative in nature. Employing visual grammar framework as proposed by Kress and Van Leeuwen (2006) and the concept of culture in Four Dimensions proposed by Adaskou, Britten, and Fashi (1990), the study analyzes pictures contained in three English textbooks intended for seventh grade of primary school. The study found that the sociological sense of culture is dominating the distinctive occurrences of local culture represented in the pictures. Local wisdom derived from local culture is represented through family values (e,g, the role of family members, names, leisure activities, clothes, etc.). The study also found that the proportion of local culture representation is less than the representation of non-local culture.

Keywords: picture analysis, local culture representation, visual grammar

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRAK

Local Wisdom in Pictures Contained in English Textbooks: An Analysis of Illustrations in English Textbooks for Primary School

Memahami prinsip dasar hubungan anatara bahasa dan budaya sangatlah penting dalam proses pembelajaran bahasa asing. Dikarenakan buku teks dan gambar telah dianggap sebagai alat bantu pembelajaran yang sangat efektif, penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kearifan lokal direpresentasikan dalam gambar yang terdapat pada buku teks bahasa Inggris untuk sekolah umum. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisa deskriptif yang mana merupakan penelitian kualitatif pada dasarnya. Dengan menggunakan visual grammar yang diprakarsai oleh Kress dan Van Leeuwen (2006) dan juga konsep budaya dalam empat dimensi oleh Adaskou, Britten, dan Fashi (1990), penelitian ini menganalisa gambar yang terdapat dalam tiga buku text bahasa Inggris untuk SMP kelas tujuh. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa aspek sosiologis budaya mendominasi kemunculan budaya lokal yang terrepresentasikan di dalam gambar. Kearifan lokal, yang berdasarkan dari budaya lokal, terepresentasikan melalui nilai-nilai keluarga (contoh: peran anggota keluarga, nama, kegeiatan di waktu senggang, pakaian, dll). Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa proporsi dari representasi budaya lokal lebih sedikit dari representasi budaya asing.

Kata kunci : analisa gambar, representasi budaya lokal, visual grammar

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LOCAL WISDOM IN PICTURES CONTAINED IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS: AN ANALYSIS OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE OF APPROVAL ………..………… i

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION……….…. ii

PREFACE……….… iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……….… iv

ABSTRACT………. vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS……… vii

LIST OF TABLES………...… xi

LIST OF APPENDICES………...………..… xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……… 1

1.1Background ……….……… 1

1.2Statement of the Problem ………..…. 3

1.3Review of Related Literature ……….….... 3

1.4Reasons for Choosing the Topic ……….….. 5

1.5Aims of the Study ………. 5

1.6Scope of the Study ………... 5

1.7Significance of the Study ……….. 6

1.8Clarification of related terms ………..….. 6

1.9Paper organization ………..……….. 8

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ……… 9

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LOCAL WISDOM IN PICTURES CONTAINED IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS: AN ANALYSIS OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL

2.2 Visual aid or Picture as Teaching Media ………....…..… 10

2.3 Local Wisdom………..…..… 12

2.4 Culture…….………..….… 14

2.4.1 Global Culture………... 14

2.4.2 Local Culture……….… 16

2.4.3 Indonesian Culture in Four Dimensions ……….… 17

2.4.4 Teaching Culture……… ……….… 23

2.5 Representation..………. 24

2.6 Visual Grammar Framework ………..………. 25

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ……… 29

3.1 Statements of the problem………... 29

3.2 Subject and Context of the study ……… 29

3.3 Method of Study….……….. 29

3.4 Data collection……….….. 29

3.5 Data analysis………. 31

3.6 Data presentation………. 32

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ……… 35

4.1 How Local Wisdom Is Represented in the Pictures Contained in English Textbooks for Primary School ……….. 34 4.2 Family Value Analysis ………. 38

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LOCAL WISDOM IN PICTURES CONTAINED IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS: AN ANALYSIS OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL

4.2.2 English Textbook 2 (ETB 2)……… 41

4.3 Teacher - Students Interaction Analysis ………. 47

4.4 Student - Students Interaction Analysis ………. 57

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS……..……. 65

5.1 Conclusions……… 65

5.2 Recommendations ………..….. 66

REFERENCES ……….. 67

APPENDICESS ………..

Appendix A Sample Pictures……….

Appendix B Distribution of Cultural content in Textbooks: Indonesian Local

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LOCAL WISDOM IN PICTURES CONTAINED IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS: AN ANALYSIS OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOKS FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1. Background

The use of textbooks in English as a Foreign (EFL) classroom has been one of the most

important sources of information on the culture and language. Affirmed by Francis (1995),

foreign language textbooks and classrooms often neglect the key information about the target

language culture that actually would help students reach a cultural understanding to support their

linguistic knowledge.

Prior studies (Francis, 1995; Turkan, 2002, and Aliakbari, 2004) discovered that English

language education in elementary through high school levels is reliant on massively produced

conventional English language textbooks that decelerate the teachers’ endeavors to integrate the

target culture into language teaching and learning. Those textbooks are produced massively for

English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and English as a Second Language (ESL) applied all over

the world and aim, in the first hand, to meet the needs of language learners, so that they can

function linguistically and culturally well in English communicative acts (Turkan and Celik,

2002).

Consequently, it is really important that these textbooks embrace the vital elements to

teach the language, its culture, and are appropriate for learners’ needs. However, certain aspects

of the target culture are not always represented in these textbooks. As a matter of fact, many

experts summarized that one of the learner factors that needs to be considered in materials

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be seen on the local wisdom of the related culture. Local wisdom is knowledge and experience

related to day to day living, occupations and culture that had been passed on from generations to

generations (Sungsri, 2012). These knowledge and experiences are still useful for people at

present because they deeply relate to their way of life. If this local wisdom is well looked after

and promoted, they can be very good sources of knowledge, information and guidelines for

quality of life development of people (Sungsri, 2012).

Alongside with providing linguistic and topical content which necessarily reflects the

ideology inherent in the ESL context, textbooks could be a major source of cultural element.

Since today’s English textbooks for primary school provided a large number of pictures, hence

those pictures are expected to represent the target culture. Stokes (2002) affirms that the presence

of visual elements in today’s teaching and learning in increasing the integration of images and

visual presentations with text in textbooks, instructional manuals, classroom presentations, and

computer interfaces is broadened. Visualizations help make sense of data that may have seemed

previously inarticulate (Kress, 2004).

Pictures may symbolize particular things. According to Kress (2004), all of these symbols

drawn in the pictures are social meanings, and specific to a particular culture. Kress and van

Leeuwen (2006) offered a framework namely visual grammar to analyze components of picture,

of drawing, which include the structure of form of space and compositional layout which

determines the illustrator’s point of view.

This study is intended to identify how local wisdom is represented in the pictures

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theory and any other supporting theories regarding local wisdom that may include values and

habits.

2. Statement of the Problem

The study is aimed toward answering the following question:

2.1 How is local wisdom represented in the pictures contained in English textbooks for

primary school?

3. Review of Related Literature

Local wisdom is knowledge and experience related to day to day living, occupations and

culture had been passed on from generations to generations (Sungsri, 2012). If these local

wisdom are well looked after and promoted, they can be very good sources of knowledge,

information and guidelines for quality of life development of people (Sungsri, 2012). Therefore,

it is necessary to apply this local wisdom on the educational field. As proposed by Turkan

(2012), the socio-cultural background is one of the learner factors that need to be considered in

materials selection, yet as affirmed by Francis (1995), foreign language textbooks and

classrooms often ignore the conclusions drawn in studies that investigate the presence of cultural

element in textbooks, and neglect the key information about the target language culture that

actually would help students reach a cultural understanding to support their linguistic knowledge.

Since today’s English textbooks for primary school provided a large number of pictures,

hence those pictures are expected to represent the target culture and its local wisdom. Pictures

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pictures are social meanings, and specific to a particular culture. Kress and van Leeuwen (2006)

offered a framework namely visual grammar to analyze components of picture and drawing,

which include the structure of form of space and compositional layout which determines the

illustrator’s point of view. Visual Grammar framework deals with the way in which depicted

elements is combined in visual statements. This framework can be applied in visual study.

The presence of visual elements in today’s teaching and learning is increasing as the

integration of images and visual presentations with texts in textbooks, instructional manuals,

classroom presentations, and computer interfaces broadens (Stokes, 2002). Visualization helps

make sense of data that may have seemed previously inarticulate. However, visual or pictures

may indicate particular things, and they convey such meaning that has to be interpreted. The use

of interpretation of images is a specific language in the sense that images are used to

communicate messages that must be decoded in order to have meaning (Emery and Flood, 1998;

as cited in stoke, 2002). Therefore, visual grammar framework is an applicable instrument of

visual analyses since it deals with the components of pictures such as shapes and attribute,

colors, and compositional layout.

4. Reasons for Choosing the Topic

The topic of study is chosen because it seems to be a common practice that foreign

language textbooks frequently fail to notice conclusions made in studies (francis, 1995, and

Turkan, 2002) that investigate the presence of cultural element in textbooks, and overlook the

essential information about the target language culture that would help student reach a cultural

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 5. Aims of the Study

The study is aimed at identifying how local wisdom is represented in the pictures

contained in English textbooks for primary school

6. Scope of the Study

The study investigates only how local wisdom is represented in the pictures contained in

selected English textbooks for seventh grade of primary school. The selected textbooks are the

ones that have been assessed by some eligible experts of textbook material development and

having the national standard, BSE. Since there are numerous elements of pictures, the study, only

analyses certain elements of pictures and compositional layouts which include color, setting,

clothing and gaze.

7. Significance of the Study

The results of this study are expected to contribute and give some informative inputs to

teaching and learning English as a foreign language in terms of theory, profession and practice.

From the theoretical perspective, this study is expected to guide materials

developers/picture editor or textbooks writers to identify proper cultural elements to be

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Moreover practically, the finding hopefully could offer some suggestion to help the

English Language teachers and educations in Indonesia to select the textbooks to be the used in

the classroom. In Indonesia, it may encourage other researchers to follow up and develop the

study further.

8. Clarification of related terms

The following key terms are presented to assist in understanding several terms or

concepts in this research:

a) Local wisdom

Local wisdom is knowledge and experience related to day to day living, occupations and

culture had been passed on from generations to generations (Sungsri, 2012). These

knowledge and experiences are still useful for people at present because they deeply relate

to their way of live. If these local wisdom are well looked after and promoted, they can be

very good sources of knowledge, information and guidelines for quality of life

development of people (Sungsri, 2012).

b) Pictures

Pictures refer to visual aid, a means of transmitting information to inexperienced listeners

and readers that could not be conveyed by words alone, as stated by Nodelaman (1988).

c) Textbooks

Textbooks refer to books used as manual instruction in any branch of study. Albatch and

friends (1991) states that textbooks are the most used media for knowledge transmission in

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 9. Paper Organization

This paper will be organized into five chapters, as below:

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of background of the study, statement of the problems, reasons for

choosing the topic, aims of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study,

clarification of terms, and organization of paper.

CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

This chapter will discuss some theories related to the use of textbooks and pictures as teaching

media, local culture and visual grammar framework.

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter will give clear discussion about the methodology employed to analyze the data

will be collected in this study.

CHAPTER IV : FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter will discuss the findings of the study and will analyze those findings in

discussion clearly.

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This chapter will present the conclusion and several suggestions of the study based on the

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Statement of the Problem

The study is raised toward answering the following question;

3.1.1 How is local wisdom represented in the pictures contained in English textbooks

for primary school?

3.2 Subject and Context of the study

The study investigates only how local wisdom is represented in the pictures contained in

selected English textbooks for seventh grade of primary school. The selected textbooks are the

ones that have been assessed by some eligible experts of textbook material development, adopted

the revised curriculum, KTSP, and having the national standard, BSE.

3.3 Method of Study

The Method uses descriptive analysis which is qualitative in nature. The study

investigates and describes the occurrences in the form of local wisdom is represented in pictures

contained in English textbooks for primary school grade seventh.

3.4 Data Collection

The data of the study are in form of pictures contained in English textbooks for primary

school which are chosen intentionally to answer the formulated research question. The data are

collected from three English textbooks used in primary school in Bandung that are intended to

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experts of textbook material development, adopted the revised curriculum, KTSP, and having the

national standard, BSE. The textbooks have been selected because they are accessible, eligible

and currently used in primary school in Bandung. In addition, the textbooks examined are the

ones intended for seventh grade of primary school because at the age of 12 children are expected

to be able to interpret such visual texts (Afriani, 2011). The textbooks investigated in this study

are;

- English in Focus for Grade VII Junior High School (SMP/MTs)

Author : Artono Wardiman, Masduki B. Jahur, M. Sukirman Djusma.

Publisher : Pusat Perbukuan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

Year : 2008

- SCAFFOLDING English for Junior High School Students Grade VII

Author : Joko Priyana, Riandi, Anita P. Mumpuni

Publisher : Pusat Perbukuan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

Year : 2008

- Let’s Talk Descriptive Narrative Recount Grade VII

Author : Joko Siswanto, Yuniarti Dwi Arini, Wasi Dewanto

Publisher : Pakar Raya

Year : 2005

3.5 Data Analysis

The collected data are then investigated by using visual grammar framework as proposed

by Kress and Van Leeuwen (2006), and supported by theory about culture proposed by Adousku,

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1. Selecting English, textbooks for seventh grade of primary school currently used in Bandung as

the course material.

2. Picking pictures enclosed in the seventh English textbooks published by different publishers.

3. Sorting pictures into a number of themes which are family value, teacher-student interaction,

and students’ interaction.

4. Examining the pictures by using visual grammar framework and culture theories.

5. Drawing conclusions and suggestions for further study.

3.6 Data Presentation

The data that has been collected are then presented in table 3.1 as the following;

Picture 1. Theme; Family Value

(Taken from English in Focus for Grade VII Junior High School (SMP/MTs), published by Pusat

Perbukuan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional 2008)

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An example of Data Analysis

No. Image Description Interpretation

1 A. boy in casual shirt and

pant is in the living room

with his Mom. He is going

to take a cake from his

mother

The picture is accompanied by words assisting the

information depicted by represented participants. The

represented participants do not look at the viewer, no

contact is made. The absence of the gaze indicates an

offer.

It can be seen clearly that the picture really lacks of color.

The picture is only in two-tone color. There may be

several considerations about how the picture is made into

this color mode. The drafter might simply want to make it

like that or it is because of economical considerations.

However, there is no definite reason why the picture is

made in two-tone color. One thing for sure, according to

Kress and van Leeuwen (2006), the lack of color makes

the pictures less characterized because the level of

modality is certainly low.

The picture takes place in a room which is probably a

dining room. The mother is carrying a cake and about to

give it to her son. The presence of the table and chair

actually becomes a quite significant object in this picture.

A table and kitchen is habitually placed in the dining

room by most Indonesians. It can be concluded that the

table and chair as an attribute in the picture illustrates the

effort of preserving local wisdom.

The mother is considerably the most salient in the

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In the meantime the boy is a subordinate object in the

picture. The mother is looking directly at her son, while

her son is looking respectfully at his mother is the

respected figure. It practically represents the relations of

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Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter concludes all details of the findings and discussions into several key points

followed by some recommendations for further discussion that is related to the study of pictures

contained in the textbooks, as well as local culture and local wisdoms.

5.1 Conclusions

By this study, Indonesian local wisdoms can be preserved through illustrations or pictures

contained in the textbooks. Therefore, the author, illustrator and drafters should develop teaching

materials acknowledging local wisdom, which are as represented in the local cultures. Moreover,

the drafters or authors’ positive reception of representing local wisdoms is significant to others to

take as good examples. Finally, the proportion between western culture and Indonesian culture

represented in the textbooks should be taken into account by the authors or drafters. They should

comprehensively estimate the quantity of items/objects in the pictures that represent Indonesian

local wisdom. It is also vital to consider the representation of important cultural values and also

the representation of male and female characters in pictures contained in the textbooks. Thus, all

those points can contribute to one of the essential purposes of foreign language education.

5.2 Recommendations

The representation of local wisdoms contained in the textbooks can be showed in this

study only by using the visual grammar framework and the four dimensions of culture. It is

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related to image or picture analysis comprehend visual grammar well to facilitate them in

analyzing the data more comprehensively. Image or picture analysis has a big potential and ideas

for anyone who is interested in and concerned with textbook writing as it is relatively new.

Hence, the visual grammar is better to be introduced to students individually to develop their

analytical skills. Meanwhile, a further study that investigates local wisdom representation or

teachers and pupils’ perception about local wisdom in pictures covered in the textbooks is

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