Daftar Pustaka
1. INDOCOR, Training Sertifikasi Korosi, Indonesian Corrosion Association, 2001
2. US DOI, Minerals Management Service Data Base, Dept. of the Interior, 1997
3. Pipeline Integrity Management - Pengelolaan Inspeksi dan Pemeliharaan Jaringan
Pipa Secara Terpadu & Terstruktur Berbasis Resiko dan Ketahanan Mekanik,
Training Material, PT Surveyor Indonesia, 2005
4. GM EP COR 029, Top-of-line Corrosion – Risk Evaluation and Prevention
Method, Total Indonesie General Specification, 2006
5. Gunaltun, Y., Top-of-line Corrosion - Example of Material Selection for
Pipelines, Indonesian Pipeline Conference, Mei 2006
6. UK HSE OTR No. 044, Review of Corrosion Management for Offshore Oil and
Gas Processing, 2001
7. American Society for Metal, Corrosion, Vol. 13, ed. 9, ASM International, 1992
8. International Standard, NACE MR0175/ISO 15156, Petroleum and Natural Gas
Industries – Materials for Use in H
2
S-containing Environments in Oil and Gas
Production, NACE International, 2005
9. Uhlig, H. H., Corrosion and Corrosion Control, Wiley, New York, 1985
10. Jamaluddin A., Top of Line Corrosion among The History, Theory and Reality,
EMINEX Seminar, ITB, Bandung, 2001
11. Vitse, F., Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Phenomena of Corrosion by
Carbon Dioxide under Dewing Condition at the Top of a Horizontal Pipeline in
The Presence of a Non-condensable Gas, Russ College Technology &
Engineering, 2002
12. Singer, M., Srdjan, N., Gunaltun, Y., Top of The Line Corrosion in Presence of
Acetic Acid and Carbon Dioxide, NACE Paper No. 04377, 2004
13. Wibowo E., Wahyudi, Bambang Ari, Pengaruh Asam Asetat terhadap Korosi
Basah CO
2
– Studi Mekanisme Korosi Langit-langit Pipa (Top-of-Line) dan
Inhibisinya di Lapangan Tunu Total FinaElf Kalimantan Timur, Dept. T. Kimia
ITB, Bandung, 2001
14. Desjardins, G., Reliability Approach to Optimized Pipeline Integrity Planning
Based On Probabilistic Assessment of Corrosion Rates and Future Corrosion
Severity, Proceedings of the 6
th
International Pipeline Rehabilitation &
15. Probabilistic Life Assessment, Failure Analysis and Prevention – ASM
Handbook Vol. 11, ASM International, 2002
16. Haldar, A., Probability, Reliability and Statistical Methods in Engineering
Design, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000
17. Turner, T.E., Jones, D.G., et. all., Fitness for Purpose Assessment of TFE MWP B
– SNP Gas Condensate Pipeline, PII, Aug. 2001
18. Bai, Young, Pipelines and Risers, Elsevier Ocean Engineering Book Series Vol.3,
2001
19. Nielsen, M.F., Increasing Availability – The Benefit of RBI for Sweet Oil & Gas
Corrosion, Quest Consulting Ltd., dipresentasikan pada NACE, 1999
20. Kusumo, A. L. P., Corrosion Management in Production Pipeline Network using
Risk Management Analysis, SPE Paper 80499, SPE International
21. Standard, I., CEI IEC 300-3-9 Dependability Management - Part 3: Application
Guide - Section 9: Risk Analysis of Technological Systems,1995
22. Recommended Practice DnV RP-F-107, Risk Assessment of Pipeline Protection,
2001
23. Roberge, P.R., Handbook of Corrosion Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 2000
24. Munger, C., Corrosion Prevention by Protective Coating, NACE, 1984
25. TPC 2, Coating and Lining for Immersion Service, NACE, 1998
26. Rochim, Taufik, Dr., Perancangan Penelitian dan Analisa Data Statistika, Diktat
Kuliah Analisis Teknik I Prog. Magister Teknik Mesin ITB, Bandung, 2006
27. The Joint Risk Management Program Standard Team, Risk Management Program
Standard, The Office of Pipeline Safety, USA, 1996
28. Joint Industry Project, Guideline for Offshore Structural Reliability Analysis,
Technical Report No. 95-3204, Det Norske Veritas
29. Dokumentasi Hasil Intelligent Pigging dan Lokasi-lokasi yang Mengalami UHB,
FO/INT/PRD, Pipeline Integrity Dept. – Total Indonesie, Balikpapan
30. Hopkis, P., Training Engineers in Pipeline Integrity, Western Regional Gas
Conference, 2002
31. Recommended Practice DnV RP-H-101, Risk Management in Marine and Subsea
Operation, Jan. 2003
Lampiran 1 Data Teknikal Pipeline
Data-data teknikal untuk pipa yang ditinjau adalah sebagai berikut :
Outside Diameter (mm)
508
CP System
Sacrificial Anode
Location Launcher
Offshore
Receiver
Offshore
Available Space
Launcher
7.0 1.2
length (m) x wide (m)
Receiver
3.0 x 3.0
Valves
Full Bore Ball Valve
Features
Tees
Barred
Bends
5D
Operating
Min. (Outlet)
40 °C
Temperature Max.
(Inlet)
85
°C
Normal Op. (Approx.)
63 °C
Operating
Min. (Outlet)
73 Bar
Pressure Max.
(Inlet)
79
Bar
Normal Op. (Approx.)
76 Bar
Lampiran 2 Data Inspeksi
a. Data ketebalan pipa, laju korosi dan proteksi katodik
Jumlah lokasi terkorosi pipa hasil intelligent pigging terakhir adalah 760 lokasi korosi
internal dan 16 lokasi korosi eksternal. Data dicuplik dari laporan hasil intelligent
pigging terakhir (tahun 2005). Nilai Estimated Repair Factor (ERF) tertinggi
berdasarkan ASME B31G, diikuti penipisan terdalam adalah sebagai berikut :
KP Comment
Depth
(mm)
length
Axial
(mm)
Circumf.
width
(mm)
ERF
Nom. WT
(mm)
Orienta-
tion
2.513
INT ML
6.096
208
481
0.516
19.05
1:15
Adapun laju penipisan positif yang teridentifikasi adalah sebagai berikut :
KP
Orienta-
tion
Nom. WT
(mm)
depth
(mm)
t
rem
(mm)
CR
(mm/yr)
34.85 9:00 23.8 4.76 19.04 0.48
51.86 12:00
23.8 3.81 19.99 0.54
2542.61 10:30 19.05 4.19 14.86 0.55
2543.85 10:45 19.05 3.43 15.62 0.34
2544.24 12:30 19.05 5.72 13.34 0.57
2544.66 12:45 19.05 3.81 15.24 0.38
2547.78 2:00 19.05 3.05 16.00 0.30
2548.29 2:45 19.05 3.05 16.00 0.30
2548.50 2:15 19.05 3.24 15.81 0.32
2549.55 3:00 19.05 4.95 14.10 0.50
2549.57 3:30 19.05 3.81 15.24 0.38
2549.61 9:15 19.05 4.76 14.29 0.48
2550.57 12:30 19.05 3.24 15.81 0.32
2550.62 12:30 19.05 2.29 16.76 0.23
2550.63 1:00 19.05 2.29 16.76 0.23
2552.70 2:30 19.05 4.38 14.67 0.44
2553.68 9:00 19.05 5.14 13.91 0.51
2554.33 2:45 19.05 4.00 15.05 0.40
2554.43 2:45 19.05 4.76 14.29 0.48
2586.85 7:45 19.05 4.95 14.10 0.50
2586.99 7:45 19.05 4.76 14.29 0.48
3019.04 5:30 19.05 3.43 15.62 0.34
3341.71 7:30 19.05 6.10 12.95 0.61
KP
Orienta-
tion
Nom. WT
(mm)
depth
(mm)
trem (mm)
(mm/yr)
CR
3835.05 11:00 19.05 2.29 16.76 0.25
3835.06 2:30 19.05 5.14 13.91 0.51
3835.13 11:30 19.05 1.91 17.15 0.19
3835.92 3:00 19.05 0.95 18.10 0.12
3837.63 2:15 19.05 4.19 14.86 0.42
Hasil monitoring korosi menggunakan corrosion coupon (CC) dan electrical
resistance (ER) probe adalah sebagai berikut :
b. Data umur sisa dan penjadualan inspeksi berikutnya
Metode perhitungan umur sisa dan penjadualan inspeksi yang saat ini diadopsi adalah
dengan pendekatan berdasarkan standar ASME B31G dengan asumsi pertambahan
axial length pit 10%/tahun. Umur sisa pipa GTS ini adalah 20,5 tahun (berakhir tahun
2025), sedangkan jadual inspeksi berikutnya (berdasarkan batasan ERF-ASME B31G
sebesar 80% atau kedalaman pit 65%) adalah 5 tahun (berakhir tahun 2010). ERF
merupakan perbandingan tekanan operasi yang diijinkan (MAOP) dengan tekanan
desain.
Data pengukuran proteksi katodik
untuk pipa yang ditinjau:
- pada riser GTS :
lebih negatif dari -800mV vs
elektroda ref. Ag/AgCl
- pada riser MP :
lebih negatif dari -800mV vs
elektroda ref. Ag/AgCl
Lampiran 3 Contoh Komposisi Gas
Data komposisi gas (dalam % mol) dari beberapa sumur di lapangan gas Kalimantan
Timur ini adalah sebagai berikut :
Catatan : Laju alir air untuk pipa yang ditinjau, berdasarkan data tahun 2002 adalah 2843,43 bwpd.
Sampling Point Date Analyzed Sampling Date Press. (B) Temp. (°C) CO2 N2 C1 C2 C3 i-C4 n-C4 i-C5 n-C5 C6+ MW SG GHV NHV PK- A1 13-Dec-2000 08-Dec-2000 87.3 87.4 3.620 0.027 89.349 3.001 2.294 0.483 0.471 0.186 0.113 0.456 19.04 0.6575 1079.69 975.29 PK- A3 19-Nov-2000 15-Nov-2000 88.8 86.9 3.716 0.057 88.819 2.735 2.184 0.510 0.477 0.215 0.121 1.166 19.59 0.6763 1105.83 999.71 PK- A4 16-Nov-2000 14-Nov-2000 88.7 87.9 3.917 0.082 87.664 3.100 2.663 0.621 0.629 0.271 0.164 0.889 19.79 0.6831 1111.00 1004.62 PK- A5 13-Dec-2000 10-Dec-2000 87.5 84.6 3.607 0.024 87.926 3.029 2.372 0.518 0.525 0.300 0.223 1.476 20.02 0.6911 1131.96 1024.05 PK- A6 20-Nov-2000 18-Nov-2000 88.6 87.3 3.945 0.036 87.484 3.257 2.577 0.550 0.572 0.230 0.136 1.213 19.94 0.6886 1119.49 1012.53 PK- B1 13-Dec-2000 09-Dec-2000 88.5 87.6 3.817 0.024 88.287 3.375 2.339 0.480 0.533 0.259 0.182 0.704 19.46 0.6719 1097.05 991.55 PK- B2 28-Nov-2000 24-Nov-2000 84.5 89.2 3.810 0.042 85.198 2.716 2.545 0.745 0.742 0.497 0.296 3.409 21.91 0.7564 1227.64 1113.38 PK- B3 28-Nov-2000 24-Nov-2000 83.1 82.3 3.635 0.046 88.123 2.807 2.369 0.580 0.607 0.304 0.187 1.342 19.93 0.6882 1126.49 1018.95 PK- B4 19-Nov-2000 17-Nov-2000 88.9 91.1 4.111 0.080 87.880 2.811 2.227 0.521 0.528 0.249 0.148 1.445 20.00 0.6905 1117.55 1010.79 PK- B5 15-Nov-2000 13-Nov-2000 88.1 90.9 4.180 0.021 88.945 2.603 1.915 0.425 0.455 0.204 0.109 1.143 19.55 0.6748 1092.42 987.34 PK- B6 28-Nov-2000 22-Nov-2000 84.6 71.9 3.976 0.033 86.877 2.747 2.541 0.717 0.828 0.511 0.331 1.439 20.49 0.7074 1147.86 1039.00 PK-A1 12-Nov-2001 09-Nov-2001 72.9 74.6 3.604 0.057 84.696 2.923 2.397 0.553 0.626 0.299 0.194 4.651 22.50 0.7769 1264.18 1147.41 PK-A10 30-Dec-2005 29-Dec-2005 77.3 93.0 3.879 0.059 88.181 3.028 2.538 0.606 0.660 0.304 0.179 0.566 19.51 0.6737 1097.7 992.2 PK-A11 14-Jan-2004 09-Jan-2004 92.1 91.3 3.811 0.075 87.015 3.220 2.799 0.620 0.709 0.309 0.195 1.247 20.16 0.6960 1133.70 1025.76 PK-A2 08-Oct-2001 06-Oct-2001 73.7 87.4 3.963 0.070 89.022 2.935 2.125 0.451 0.499 0.216 0.140 0.579 19.21 0.6634 1079.43 975.17 PK-A3 23-Sep-2005 09-Sep-2005 80.5 41.1 4.836 0.079 84.494 4.413 2.801 0.772 0.711 0.434 0.359 1.101 20.73 0.7156 1138.5 1030.6 PK-A4 07-Feb-2002 05-Feb-2002 75.3 87.7 4.000 0.279 87.404 3.177 2.762 0.631 0.643 0.279 0.168 0.657 19.71 0.6805 1101.60 995.94 PK-A5 02-Oct-2006 24-Sep-2006 75.2 89.0 3.826 0.069 86.783 3.306 2.995 0.720 0.770 0.372 0.218 0.941 20.11 0.6943 1130.8 1023.1 PK-A6 14-Jan-2004 09-Jan-2004 91.5 94.5 4.142 0.074 87.652 2.979 2.332 0.501 0.535 0.230 0.128 1.427 20.02 0.6912 1117.96 1011.18 PK-A7 27-Mar-2004 25-Mar-2004 85.0 68.4 4.451 0.059 88.422 2.939 2.325 0.545 0.515 0.250 0.132 0.362 19.30 0.6663 1071.96 968.36 PK-A8 27-Mar-2004 25-Mar-2004 84.8 72.8 4.431 0.049 88.728 2.924 2.134 0.428 0.499 0.220 0.140 0.447 19.23 0.6641 1069.13 965.71 PK-A9 24-Jul-2005 31-Jul-2005 82.9 92.9 4.685 0.066 81.503 5.048 3.719 1.017 1.068 0.643 0.589 1.662 21.96 0.7583 1208.6 1095.9 PK-B 10-11 01-Jul-2005 28-Jun-2005 N/A N/A 4.637 0.055 81.575 5.961 3.610 0.963 0.938 0.589 0.505 1.167 21.51 0.7426 1185.8 1074.7 PK-B1 22-Aug-2001 21-Aug-2001 74.9 83.3 3.928 0.069 90.001 3.107 1.890 0.301 0.280 0.069 0.036 0.319 18.67 0.6444 1051.04 948.67 PK-B10 04-Dec-2004 01-Dec-2004 86.4 51.0 3.960 0.054 86.234 3.592 3.167 0.816 0.733 0.387 0.205 0.852 20.19 0.6971 1132.1 1024.3 PK-B10/B11 05-Dec-2004 20-May-2005 74.4 77.4 3.893 0.045 86.336 3.870 3.117 0.730 0.740 0.345 0.196 0.728 20.04 0.6918 1125.8 1018.4Sampling Point Date Analyzed Sampling Date Press. (B) Temp. (°C) CO2 N2 C1 C2 C3 i-C4 n-C4 i-C5 n-C5 C6+ MW SG GHV NHV PK-B11 05-Jul-2006 19-Jun-2006 50.4 45.3 4.491 0.084 85.309 4.089 3.254 0.698 0.808 0.322 0.227 0.718 20.29 0.7006 1123.7 1016.7 PK-B12 14-Jun-2006 08-Jun-2006 49.5 45.7 45.503 0.047 87.784 2.992 2.470 0.595 0.639 0.283 0.177 0.580 19.64 0.6779 1088.8 984.1 PK-B16 09-Jun-2006 04-Jun-2006 - - 4.139 0.059 88.610 3.159 2.343 0.507 0.554 0.211 0.140 0.278 19.17 0.6617 1072.7 968.9 PK-B2 09-Jan-2001 06-Jan-2001 88.8 91.3 3.859 0.076 85.094 2.796 2.566 0.811 0.815 0.586 0.377 3.020 21.80 0.7526 1219.92 1106.21 PK-B3 03-Jul-2006 19-Jun-2006 49.9 70.6 4.316 0.081 88.957 2.764 2.090 0.477 0.531 0.216 0.140 0.428 19.19 0.6625 1069.0 965.6 PK-B4 05-Dec-2005 - 76.9 60.8 5.312 0.071 85.099 4.372 2.437 0.590 0.559 0.298 0.243 1.019 20.41 0.7046 1109.5 1003.7 PK-B5 20-Jan-2001 15-Jan-2001 88.5 90.0 3.986 0.051 88.992 2.748 2.052 0.479 0.514 0.240 0.143 0.795 19.37 0.6688 1087.54 982.74 PK-B6 09-Jan-2001 07-Jan-2001 88.7 89.8 4.257 0.059 87.490 2.660 2.125 0.575 0.594 0.323 0.210 1.707 20.32 0.7015 1131.17 1023.53 PK-B7 26-Dec-2005 25-Dec-2005 82.6 88.9 4.034 0.065 88.407 3.211 2.354 0.529 0.567 0.263 0.151 0.419 19.31 0.6666 1082.7 978.3 PK-B8 02-Oct-2006 25-Sep-2006 46.8 87.0 4.072 0.073 88.684 3.083 2.184 0.473 0.428 0.198 0.106 0.699 19.32 0.6672 1082.6 978.2 PK-B9 24-Jul-2005 23-Jul-2005 85.3 83.6 4.888 0.049 82.762 4.989 2.944 0.802 0.773 0.513 0.442 1.838 21.56 0.7443 1182.1 1071.3 PK-C17 30-Nov-2005 29-Nov-2005 - - 5.519 0.081 87.346 2.943 2.224 0.367 0.601 0.212 0.168 0.539 19.67 0.6791 1064.6 961.9 PK-C2 01-Mar-2002 06-Feb-2002 N/A N/A 4.466 0.067 90.025 2.513 1.700 0.333 0.322 0.137 0.075 0.362 18.80 0.6492 1044.89 943.10 PK-C7 02-Oct-2006 24-Sep-2006 - - 4.704 0.067 87.004 2.968 2.626 0.652 0.699 0.349 0.198 0.733 19.96 0.6892 1100.8 995.4 PK-C8 01-Mar-2002 23-Feb-2002 - - 5.322 0.074 85.926 3.083 3.121 0.706 0.693 0.300 0.161 0.614 20.17 0.6963 1096.46 991.52 PK-E11 06-Sep-2006 04-Sep-2006 40.0 58.9 4.273 0.046 87.873 3.044 2.515 0.578 0.653 0.276 0.186 0.556 19.58 0.6761 1091.8 986.8 PK-E12 03-Feb-2006 31-Jan-2006 46.9 40.8 6.013 0.137 84.709 3.417 3.376 0.670 0.835 0.291 0.197 0.355 20.35 0.7026 1087.8 983.7 PK-E14 04-Apr-2006 03-Apr-2006 50.3 67.2 4.051 0.089 88.893 3.004 2.275 0.598 0.496 0.227 0.124 0.243 19.09 0.6591 1070.4 966.8 PK-E4 04-Feb-2006 01-Feb-2006 47.8 30.0 3.701 0.157 86.920 3.716 3.380 0.723 0.755 0.264 0.166 0.218 19.60 0.6766 1105.2 999.2 PK-E5 07-Oct-2006 28-Sep-2006 89.9 88.9 3.109 0.065 88.389 3.013 2.731 0.687 0.757 0.352 0.214 0.683 19.56 0.6754 1119.5 1012.3 PK-E7 29-Mar-2006 26-Mar-2006 50.0 82.0 3.567 0.079 88.046 3.362 2.725 0.627 0.689 0.275 0.184 0.446 19.44 0.6712 1101.5 995.6 PK-G13 02-Oct-2006 24-Sep-2006 46.0 86.0 3.954 0.053 89.301 3.024 2.014 0.396 0.453 0.189 0.114 0.502 19.06 0.6580 1071.7 967.9 PK-G14 26-Jun-2005 26-Jun-2005 45.0 77.8 4.808 0.049 84.086 5.000 2.670 0.615 0.741 0.427 0.421 1.183 20.80 0.7182 1143.8 1035.5 PK-G15 26-Apr-2006 21-Apr-2006 48.7 57.0 4.099 0.054 86.104 3.657 3.319 0.822 0.819 0.386 0.215 0.525 20.07 0.6930 1122.3 1015.2 PK-G16 17-Apr-2006 14-Apr-2006 48.0 58.0 4.303 0.070 88.286 2.654 2.448 0.597 0.637 0.291 0.179 0.535 19.51 0.6736 1086.7 982.1 PK-G18 14-Apr-2006 11-Apr-2006 49.1 71.0 4.854 0.062 85.608 3.568 3.354 0.699 0.790 0.306 0.199 0.560 20.19 0.6971 1109.6 1003.7 PK-G2 10-Oct-2005 07-Oct-2005 49.3 58.0 4.945 0.070 83.162 5.458 3.057 0.697 0.856 0.467 0.464 0.824 20.87 0.7205 1143.6 1035.4 PK-G6 23-Jun-2005 23-Jun-2005 46.0 83.4 4.995 0.065 80.243 4.940 4.990 1.528 1.416 0.734 0.544 0.545 21.92 0.7567 1198.5 1086.6 PK-G9 05-Dec-2004 19-May-2005 77.0 87.4 3.923 0.049 88.016 3.444 2.381 0.556 0.572 0.271 0.156 0.632 19.50 0.6732 1096.1 990.7 PK-K10 20-Jan-2006 n/a n/a n/a 3.929 0.059 85.983 3.984 3.466 0.901 0.667 0.300 0.142 0.569 20.03 0.6914 1124.1 1016.8 PK-K12 05-Dec-2005 30-Nov-2005 - - 5.402 0.070 84.757 4.295 2.563 0.717 0.672 0.435 0.353 0.736 20.48 0.7070 1111.1 1005.2 PK-K14 02-Oct-2006 24-Sep-2006 50.2 98.0 4.457 0.062 88.487 2.830 2.249 0.566 0.546 0.269 0.140 0.394 19.33 0.6672 1073.2 969.5 PK-K6 01-Nov-2005 30-Oct-2005 - - 7.883 0.044 82.140 3.974 3.063 0.558 0.817 0.335 0.257 0.929 21.30 0.7353 1093.2 989.3
