2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Literature
Literary work classified into four categories or genres namely prose fictio,
poetry, drama and nonfiction prose. Usually the first three are classed as
imaginative literature. The genres of imaginative literature have much in common,
but they also have distinguishing characteristics. Originally fiction meant anything
made up, crafted, or shapped, but today the world refers to prose stories based in
the author’s imagination.
The relationship between literature and ideas can be conceived in very
diverse way. Wellek (1976: 115) says that literature is not philosophical translated
into imagery and verse, but that literature expresses a general attitude towards life.
Rudolf Unger classifies literature and ideas such as: The problem of faith, by
which it means the relation of freedom and necessity, spirit, and nature; the
religious problem, including the interpretation of Christ, the attitude toward sin
and salvation; the problem of nature which would include such question as the
feeling for nature but also question of myth and magic; the problem of man, which
concern questions of the concept of man but also of man relation to death, man
concerns of love, finally there are a group of problem of society, family and state.
Literature can be treated as document in the history of ideas and philosophy, for
literary history, parallels and reflects intellectual history. History of ideas is
simply a specific approach to general history of thought using literature only as
document and illustration. It recognizes that thought is frequently determined by
Roberts and Jacobs (1993: 1) say that literature refers to compositions that
tell stories, dramatize situations, express emotions, analyze and advocate ideas.
Through literature, everybody may not just get entertainment but also ideas
contained in the literature itself. As generally known that literary works contain
various aspects in human life such as culture, social or moral that readers may get
some lesson and knowledge from them. Furthermore, literature brings many
essential meanings for human’s life. It helps human to grow both personally and
intellectually because literature lets human see and learn more about a lot of
different points of view, ideas, culture and so many more which may open,
increase their knowledge, grow their intellectuality and personality to be better.
Literature makes human as a human.
Peck and Coyle (1984:38) basically divide literature into three genres,
namely poetry, drama and novel. Poetry is dominated by the rhythm and melody;
drama is the combination of dialogue and stage; and novel is a narrative kind of
fictitious writing.
Roberts and Jacobs (1995:3) elaborate the kinds of literature by stating that
literature may be classified into four categories or genres: (1) prose fiction, (2)
poetry, (3) drama and (4) nonfiction prose. Usually the first three are classified as
imaginative literature. The genres of imaginative literature have much in
common, but they also have their distinguishing characteristic for instance, the
distinguishing characteristic of prose fiction or narrative fiction is depicted by
myths, parables, romances, novels and short stories.
nowadays ‘fiction’ refers to prose stories based on the author’s imagination. The
essence of fiction is narration relating or recounting of a sequence of events or
actions. Works of fictions usually focus on one or a few major characters that
undergo a change of attitude or character as they interact with other characters and
deal with problems. While fiction, like all imaginative literatures, may introduce
true historical details, but not the real history. For instance, Dicken’s which
describes revolutionary era in 1834 when the child exploitation occurred but the
character ‘Oliver Twist’ did not exist. Its main purpose is to interest, to stimulate,
to instruct and to divert, not to create precise historical records.
Non-fiction prose is the literary genre that consists of news reports, feature
articles, essays, editorials, textbooks, historical and biographical works and the
like, all of which describe or interpret facts and present judgments and opinions.
Major goals of nonfiction prose are truth in reporting and logic in reasoning.
Whereas in imaginative literature the aim is the truth to life and human nature, in
nonfiction prose the goal is truth to the factual world of news, science and history.
Wellek and Warren (1997:1) says that literature can be treated as a
document in the history of ideas and philosophy for literary history parallels and
reflects intellectual history. So it is clear that if someone wants to know further
about the history or the real condition in certain era, it is better to look at the
literary works in the period itself because a literary work is a directly reflection
2.2 Novel
A novel is a fictional piece of
style and presented as a bound book. Novels tell stories, which are usually defined
as a series of events described in a sequence. The novel has been a part of human
culture for over a thousand years, although its origins are somewhat debated.
Regardless of how it began, the novel has risen to prominence and remained one
of the most popular and treasured examples of human culture and writing. Its form
and presentation tends to change with the times, but it remains an essential part of
the literary cultures of nearly all societies around the novels are different from
stories, poems, and narratives in a number of key respects. Though they are
presented in the form of a book, they are much more than that — in most cases,
any bound paper constitutes a book. All novels are books, therefore, but not all
books are novels.
There are some methods of characterization. The rendering of creation of
character far more than the commonplace ideas of direct description and reported
dialogue: what the character says and does or what others say about him. Directs
statement of character analysis and motive are often stated by authors or narrators,
but more subtle methods are also used in every work of fiction. The simple fact of
choosing a name is a real indication of character. Repeated mannerisms, such as
and physiques of individuals are generally explicit indications of character or
personality and an author may even include physical elements, which have
conventional associations or meanings in order to build up the desired qualities of
personality. Characterization through association with physical setting is another
effective method for authors who wish to imply and suggest qualities of
personality, while the use of figurative language and patterns of images associated
with different character is still another indirect way of investing a fictional
creation with character. Regardless of what methods are used in characterization,
all characters are not developed to the same degree or depth. For the purpose of a
particular plot and theme, the author may need a character or characters of great
psychological complexity, or, on the other hand, characters of great are of little
interest in themselves but who represent a particular attribute or quality. There are
two kinds of character. The first include those fictional creations who have
complex many-faceted personalities and an independent inner life which invites
the reader’s interest, while flat characters are those who exhibit only one character
trait or motivation and whose main claim to the reader’s interest is in the actions
they perform or the quality they represent.
Novel is devided into two forms namely popular and serious novel.
Popular novel or better known as ‘pop novel’ is a popular novel of it’s time and
has a lot of fans, especially among young readers in which is displays the actual
problem.
Popular novel does not show the problem in a more intense life, it does not
quickly outdated and does not force people to read it again. It is usually quickly
forgotten especially with the emergence of new novel that more popular in the
period there after.
Taylor (1981:460) says that novel is a form of literary work. Novel is
normally a prose work of quite some length and complexity, which attempts to
reflect and express something of the quality or value of human experience or
conduct.
Rees (1973:106) says that novel is a fictitious prose narrative of
considerable length in which characters and action representative of real live are
portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity.
Most literary scholars define novels by what they contain and how they are
presented. First, a novel must be written down rather than told through an oral
account. Many ancient stories were passed down from generation to generation
through story tellers, and though many of these may have been long enough or
complex enough to be novels, they do not qualify unless they are recorded in
some permanent way.
The work must also be wholly fictitious. Personal reflections, recounting
of actual events or historical reports do not qualify; neither do myths, which tend
to have their basis in reality or theology. So long as it is written down and is
entirely a work of the author or authors’ imagination, it will usually qualify. There
is no universally established guideline for a novel’s length, point-of-view, or even
establishment of a moral or philosophical point. Most of the time, though, the
narrative. The main differences between a short story and a novel are length and
plot development. As a general rule, works up to 100 pages are short stories;
longer works cross the line into novel territory.
The only exception to this rule is the novella, which is usually held to be
a work o
no defined rule for when a work transitions between these phases, and much is left
up to the discretion of the reader. Novellas are typically shorter than ordinary
novels and often contain only a few characters, but not always. The distinction is
