FROM RESEARCH TO ACTION
A Story OF CHANGE
CENTER FOR HEALTH POLICY AND MANAGEMENT FACULTY OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
From Research to Movement for Change: A Story of Change
By:
Mukhotib; Ignatius Praptoraharjo; Eviana Hapsari Dewi; Swasti Sempulur; M. Suharni; Ignatius Hersumpana; Ita Perwira; Satiti Retno Pudjiastuti
National Library: Catalog under Issuance
From Research to Movement for Change: A Story of Change/Mukhotib; Ignatius Praptoraharjo; Eviana Hapsari Dewi; Swasti Sempulur; M. Suharni; Ignatius Hersumpana; Ita Perwira; Satiti Retno Pudjiastuti
Yogyakarta: Center for Health Policy and Management (CHPM) Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada
66 pages/16.5 x 23 cm
First edition, August 2016 ISBN:
1. Research 2. HIV-AIDS 3. Health System 4. Movement 5. Story of Change I. From Research to Movement for Change: A Story of Change
Cover design by: Flyingpants.Lab
Written with the support of the Australian government through a grant from the Department of Foreign Afairs and Trade (DFAT) to the Center for Policy and Health Management (CHPM), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada. This publication does not represent the views of either the Government of Australia or the Government of Indonesia.
All rights reserved.
Any part of the report may be used, reprinted, reproduced, quoted, or cited in any manner through proper citation and for the purpose of community education, not for commercial interests.
For more information please contact the Center for Policy and Health Management (CHPM), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Suggested citation:
CHPM. 2016. From Research to Movement for Change: A Story of Change. Yogyakarta: CHPM GMU
Copyright © 2016 by
FOREWORD
Research on HIV and AIDS policy in Indonesia remains insuiciently explored by university researchers. As of current, research has largely been focused on its medical, behavioural, and social aspects. A series of collaborative research was undertaken by nine Indonesian universities on “The Integration of HIV and AIDS Response into the National Health System” and it was an efort in illing the research gap on HIV and AIDS policy. This study was carried out in eight provinces which included the Province of North Sumatera, Special Capital Region (SCR) of Jakarta, East Java, Bali, East Nusa Tenggara, South Sulawesi, West Papua, and Papua. The nine universities responsible for their respective provinces are the University of Sumatera Utara (USU), Atma Jaya Catholic University Jakarta and the HIV and AIDS Special Discussion Group of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital University of Indonesia, Airlangga University, Udayana University, Nusa Cendana University, Hasanuddin University, Papua State University, and Cenderawasih University. Universitas Gadjah Mada as a coordinator for this collaborative research series.
The aim of the research is to formulate a map of HIV and AIDS policies and its implementation at the national, provincial and district/city level. The policy mapping includes policies on promotion and prevention aspect, care, support and treatment (CST) aspect, and impact mitigation of the HIV and AIDS epidemic for people living with HIV and AIDS (PWLHA), their family, and the community. The development and implementation of the HIV and AIDS policy should be observed within the existing health system in Indonesia in order to understand the extent of its integration into the health system. Integration is a strategically issue in HIV and AIDS response due to the fact that HIV and AIDS policies have always been developed vertically initiated by donor. In the context of the need for the expansion, efectiveness and continuity of future HIV and AIDS program, it is importance to consider its integration into the health system as donor support will ultimately expire along with the increasingly improving Indonesian economic conditions.
In order to document the experiences gained during this collaborative research, particularly in regard to capacity building, various stories of change directly experienced by researchers of the respective universities have been compiled into a book. The researcher’s experiences are illustrated in this book, from the completion of their understanding on policy research, the opportunity to introduce aspects of health policy in their lectures, and even the opportunity for researchers to interact with stakeholders of HIV and AIDS programs which consequently enables them to carry out policy advocacy.
With the publication of the book on stories of change, we are very hopeful that the collaborative research model undertaken by the nine universities could become an model for other universities in Indonesia, as the research could still be further executed in more varied, more extensive and more comprehensive locations. The capacity of researchers at the local level could also be improved more through prevailing inter-university networks regarding particular policy issues in order to encourage more contextual research. Due to its contextual aspect, the knowledge produced through this research series can subsequently be followed-up by policy makers to create programs that could appropriately and eiciently address issues in the society.
To conclude, the capacity building process which has been carried out and the information it has produced are beneicial to anyone who aspires for change in health services particularly in the interest of the planning and implementation of the HIV and AIDS programs. We would like to convey our gratitude to the Center for Health Policy and Management (CHPM), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada as the coordinator of this research series, who has involved and enhanced our capacity in policy research. We would also like to express our appreciation to the Department of Foreign Afairs and Trade (DFAT), the National AIDS Commission (KPAN) and the Regional AIDS Commission (KPAD) as the research site, for without their valued assistance none of this would have been possible.
Jayapura, August 2016
Melkior Tappy, SKM, M.Kes
Our appreciation goes to the researchers of the eight (8) partici-pating universities of the policy research program, whose contri-butions through their stories of change have made possible the writing and publication of this Lessons Learned. Our appreciation also goes to all organizations and individuals engaged in the HIV and AIDS response, including the respective communities for their contributions to the development of knowledge hub program and other associated activities.
In addition, we also express our appreciation to the local AIDS comission and health oices at the provincial/district/city levels where the research program activities were done. Their support throughout the course has allowed this research program to be implemented as planned.
Our gratitude goes to the Ministry of Health (Kemkes RI) and the National AIDS Commission (KPAN), and particularly to dr. Astrid Kartika, MPP (DFAT); Irawati Atmosukarto, MPP (member of the Research Consultative Group); dr. Trijoko Yudopuspito, M.Sc.PH (Sub-Directorate for AIDS of the Indonesian Ministry of Health), and Ir. Halik Sidik (KPAN) for their overviews in support to the im-plementation of this program.
Acknowledgements are extended to the Department of Foreign Afairs and Trade (DFAT) Team, for the ongoing support throughout the process of writing and publishing this book. Nevertheless, all notions and conclusions presented in this document do not neces-sarily relect the views of DFAT.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Table of Contents
List of Figures
Section I: PROGRAM NARRATIVE, A CONTEXT
The Stages of the MSC Implementation
Section II: THE MSC, A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH IN M&E
Section III: MEASURING CHANGE, LEARNING FROM THE FIELD
The MSC as a Complement to other M&E Methods
The Translation of HIV and AIDS Program Policy and Development at the National and Sub-Na-tional Health Systems
The Ethical Conduct of the MSC Application A. Background
A. Deining the Domains of Change
A. Domain of Individual Change B. Program Goals
B. Data Collection
C. Analysis: Selection of Stories
B. Domain of Community Change
C. Domain of Institutional Change
D. Domain of Policy Change C. Activity Outputs
1. Narrative Stories
1. The Concept of HIV and AIDS Response 2. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
2. Understanding the Policy Analysis 3. Interviews
3. Capacity Building 4. Website User Survey
Section IV: THE COLLEGIAL VIEWS
Section V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
Recommendations
Development of National and Provincial Level Intermediary Facilities and Knowledge Management Advocacy
A. The Three Noble Goals
A. Translation of AIDS Policy and Program Development within the National and Sub-National Health Systems
D. Culture, the Missing Aspect of Policy Research
3. Domain of Institutional Change
G. How much of the results of research have been used?
1. Use of Website: www.kebijakanaidsindonesia.net A. Use of Website: www.kebijakanaidsindonesia.net
B. Research Result, What’s Next?
1. Domain of Individual Change
E. The Role of Researcher in a 'question mark'
4. Domain of Policy Change H. Future Challenges of Policy Research
2. Blended Learning B. Blended Learning
C. Cultural Discussion
C. Integration, Bottom-Up Experimentation
2. Domain of Community Change F. The Low Regional Budget
B. Development of National and Provincial Level Intermediary Facilities and Knowledge Management Advocacy
I. Notes for the Centre of Policy Study
3. Cultural Discussion 1. Website Users Survey
LIST OF
FIGURES
Figure 1. Respondents’ Origin
Figure 3. Respondents’ Gender
Figure 4. Respondents Sexual’s Orientation
Figure 5. Respondents’ Highest Level of Education
Figure 6. Respondents’ Occupation
Figure 7. Respondents’ Employment Sector
Figure 8. Respondents’ Sources of Information about the Website
Figure 9. Length of Respondents’ Knowledge about the Existence of the Website
Figure 10. Frequently Visited Menu
Figure 11. Type of Information Needs related to the Promotion of HIV and AIDS Prevention
Figure 12. Type of Information Needs related to Care and Support
Figure 13. Type of Information Needs related to HIV and AIDS Response Impact Mitigation
Figure 14. Type of Information Needs related to Gov-ernance Aspects of HIV and AIDS Response
Figure 15. Interest to Share Knowledge and Experi-ence through the Website
Figure 16. Form of Knowledge and Experience Sharing
Figure 17. Assessment on the Website Display
Figure 18. Easy Switch between Web Pages with the Available Navigation Bar
AIDS Acquired Immune Deiciency Syndrome
APBD Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (Regional Government Budget)
BAPPEKOT Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Kota (City Planning and Develop-ment Agency)
CSO Civil Society Organization
DFAT Department of Foreign Afairs and Trade
DIKTI Pendidikan Tinggi (Higher Education)
FGD Focus Group Discussion
FK Fakultas Kedokteran (Faculty of Medicine)
FKM Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat (Faculty of Public Health)
HIV Human Immunodeiciency Virus
KPA Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS (AIDS Commission)
KPAD Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS Daerah (Local AIDS Commission)
KPAN Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS Nasional (National AIDS Commission)
LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Biseksual dan Transgender
LKB Layanan Komprehensif Berkelanjutan (Comprehensive and Continuity of HIV & AIDS and STIs Service)
LSL Laki-laki Seks dengan Laki-laki (Men who have Sex with Men)
LSM Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (Civil Society Organization)
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MSC The Most Signiicant Change
NGO Non Government Organization
Pemilukada Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah (Local Leader Election)
PKMK Pusat Kebijakan dan Manajemen Kesehatan (Centre for Health Policy and Management)
PLWHA People Living with HIV & AIDS
Puskesmas Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (Public Health Center)
SKPD Satuan Kerja Pemerintah Daerah (Local Government Work Unit)
STI Sexually Transmitted Infections
UGM Universitas Gadjah Mada (University of Gadjah Mada)
UPT Unit Layanan Terpadu (Integrated Service Unit)
The series of studies conducted by the Center for Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, with funding support from the Australian Government's Department of Foreign Afairs and Trade (DFAT) on the integration of HIV and AIDS response policies and programs into the health system, had been designed not merely as a research but had also been directed to promote changes, both at an individual level (changes in knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of the individuals involved in the research) as well as at a structural level (policy on HIV and AIDS response at the local and national levels). These changes refer to the actualization of potentials of various parties involved in the study who were encouraged to substantiate the policy and program practices. The relection upon these potentials were initiated through a variety of research and capacity building activities designed in the forms of training, online and oline integrated learning, provision of knowledge resources, cultural discussion, national meetings, and publications of research reports, policy briefs and policy papers. In turn, the actualization was also initiated through such forums. For approximately three years, these eforts have been carried out in nine cities (Yogyakarta, Jakarta, Surabaya, Denpasar, Kupang, Manokwari, Jayapura, Makassar and Medan), each of which was initiated and driven by various activists in HIV and AIDS response including researchers from each of the local universities.
A study to relect various parties involved in the research project was undertaken to capture the actualization of these potentials, using The Most Signiicant Change (MSC) approach. Changes seen in this study were not in the sense of objective changes but rather in the form of subjective interpretation of the authors and narrators of stories of change about the beneiciaries themselves, their communities and institutions, as well as the interpretation of changes at the policy level as an impact of the program implementation. Thus, the changes presented are subjective reality of their chosen potential actuality. Narratives on the changes were freely interpreted by the narrators and authors of this study, within the following four domains of change being the focus of the stories of change: (1) individual change; (2) community change; (3) institutional change; and (4) public policy change.
This relective study showed that generally, the process of research and capacity development has been able to promote changes across researchers and wider communities who have been exposed to the implementation of various program activities under development. The narrators of the stories of change claimed that the research and capacity development
process conducted within this study has been able to bring together the actors in HIV and AIDS response, including the policy makers. Furthermore, it also provides sources of inspiration for the HIV and AIDS response actors in developing their program strategies.
If viewed from the actualization of various parties’ potentials, the research process has demonstrated its usefulness in eforts to promote the integration of HIV and AIDS response into the national health system. It was also depicted that these series of events have contributed to the increasing capacity and skills of the beneiciary researchers in Indonesia. Such increase in capacity evolved within the research process and across other activities carried out within the framework of establishment of the knowledge hub platform. In the institutional domain, the study also described that the process has inspired research institutions to conduct policy analysis and encourage students to undertake policy analysis in support to their thesis writing. In the praxis domain, the study assessed that the process has only been able to advocate policy changes in HIV and AIDS response at the local level, particularly in budgetary policy. While at the macro level, the contribution of process and result of the short-term study in eforts to promote the integration of HIV and AIDS response into the national health system is yet to be seen.
Nevertheless, there are a number of challenges in promoting changes at various levels. Firstly, though it has become an inspiration for policy studies at the beginning, there have been researchers who do not fully understand HIV and AIDS policies. By this, further capacity building needs to be continuously carried out. Secondly, the tendency to think critically and analytically seemed to have not been strongly built within the HIV and AIDS activists, thus created challenges for others to advocate policy changes, especially those in favor of marginalized groups. The third challenge is that accountability, transparency and efective team are required for the expected changes to transpire. Or in other words, social ingenuity and technical ingenuity are prerequisites for the network to be able to inluence the target policies.
section I
There still seems to be a gap between supply and demand for the provision of services to the key populations and people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) to date. Results of the research of the National AIDS Commission (NAC) on AIDS and its program evaluation conducted in 2011 indicated that programs that were responsive to HIV and AIDS response policies in Indonesia have not been evenly distributed. In addition, the programs have also neither been aligned with nor integrated into the health system in Indonesia.
This situation has become a major challenge in managing more efective and eicient HIV and AIDS programs. The increase in reported cases in 341 districts and cities across 33 provinces of Indonesia, and the Indonesian government's eforts – whether or not supported by donor agencies – illustrated that provision of better prevention, treatment, care and support programs, and programs working on minimizing the number of HIV and AIDS still need to be revisited.
In the context of decentralization in Indonesia, it is clear to what extent the health system is able to adapt and absorb the increase of demand for response to HIV and AIDS cases, especially at the district level. Through the viewpoint of health system in Indonesia, this research focuses on the main issue, the integration of HIV and AIDS response into the national health system.
The research uses historical approaches in the study of documents related to HIV and AIDS response policies and programs, mixed-methods research, and case studies to collect information related to the integration of HIV and AIDS response policies and programs into the national health system. The indings of this research are used to make recommendations to stakeholders of HIV and AIDS response, such as central government, local government, community sector, and civil society in the efort of integrating HIV and AIDS response programs into the national health system. The results can furthermore be applied in the development of HIV and AIDS response programs in Indonesia.
to HIV and AIDS epidemic.
Secondly, the exploration of optimal choices of HIV and AIDS response models that will be able to expand and increase the interventions against the complexity of HIV and AIDS response into the highly decentralized health system framework in Indonesia, without ruling out the needs for other basic health services.
c. ACTIVITY OUTPUTS
The outputs of this research can be described below:
1. The map of the Government of Indonesia’s policies related to the prevention, care, support and treatment of HIV and AIDS and the mitigation impact within the health system afecting policies of other sectors at the national and sub-national levels.
2. The collection and analysis of a wide range of examples of policy practices within the health system at the national and sub-national levels using the advantage and disadvantage analysis as well as the opportunities and risks of each case study.
3. The policy model to strengthen the existing policies on health system in an efort to improve the efectiveness of HIV and AIDS response programs.
4. The network of national AIDS policies consisting of researchers, policy makers and stakeholders, that contribute to the formation of knowledge management center for better advocacy of HIV and AIDS policy development and implementation.
b. PROGRAM GOALS
AECTION Ii
The Most Signiicant Change (MSC)1, is a participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) tool
based on stakeholders’ stories of change. The beneiciaries would independently write their stories of change considered most signiicant to themselves, the people in their surroundings, the institutions they work, and the policy level as a result of the program implementation.
As a report of a journalist, everyone may have a diferent story, though it has to follow the same process, to face the same empirical facts, to be involved in the same incident. As in the writing process of the stories, every journalist is inluenced by his/her own perspectives, viewpoints, knowledge and experience.
Simple stories based on the experience of beneiciaries’ involvement in the program were analyzed to see the changes that were transpired and considered most signiicant. The process of analysis is a major process and a critical point in viewing the diversity of values contained in every changes. The main conviction is that any sentence expressed by the author is a set of values relecting the author’s awareness and attitude.
The principles of participatory and appreciation to everyone's perspective in assessing changes within social life as the substance of the MSC has become basis of a major traction of the method being chosen for the writing of the lessons learned of the Research Program “HIV and AIDS Policy within the National Health System Framework”.
1 The Most Signiicant Changes (MSC) was introduced by Rick Davies, 1996 on his research about the learning organisation in a non-governmental organisation in Bangladesh (The Most Signiicant Technique: A Guide to Its Use, Version 1, Rick Davies and Jess Dart, Care International et al, 2005).
The MSC as an evaluation tool is not in substitution of other evaluation models. In contrast to qualitative approach, which is generally centered on "what we want to know and things that are to be known", the MSC aims at seeing the achievements that have not been previously formulated, and even the stakeholders may be unaware of changes that evolved within themselves, their communities, their work places, and the policy domain.
By this, the MSC does not intend to see the achievements based on measurable and predeined indicators as stated in the logical framework of a program (input-output-outcome, and impact).
"
Deining the unthinkable changes has actually made the MSC an important tool to complement the qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods carried out simultaneously to note the achievements of the program implementation. At least, the writing process was based on the stories of beneiciaries that were freely disclosed and without restrictions. The writing was based on what have been perceived by beneiciaries during their involvement in the program implementation.
Firstly, the bias in the writing of stories of change. These biases were embodied in the shape of tendency of people to tell the positive sides of changes and the bias of popular views that at a certain point may very likely drown the "unpopular stories" in the lives of marginalized groups.
In anticipation of the bias, ever since its inception, the writing guidelines has clearly communicated that changes over the program implementation may not always be interpreted as positive changes, but very likely, also as negative ones.
Secondly, the bias in the selection of narrators. This bias occurred due to a tendency to choose good storytellers who are capable of writing narratives. This is a subjectivity bias of the panel selecting the stories.
Nevertheless, there was no such bias in this writing process. The selection of stories was not done through an elimination of narrators, where the selection of certain narrators would eliminate the others. The process instead gathered all statements of authors considered presenting both positive and negative changes, even those to be written as they were in the form of direct quotations.
Despite the anticipation, taking into account the potential biases, it was not recommended to use the MSC as a sole M&E method and it shall rather be complemented by other methods, such as quantitative surveys, group discussions, and literature studies.
Through the MSC eforts of quantiication, the accumulation of stories of change can take place. These eforts can be done by counting how many times the changes was stated by the narrators. When there are 100 authors, and 75 authors state the same changes, it means 75% of the authors consider the same changes occurred as an impact of the program.
However in this context, the efort of quantiication was not administered, the content of stories of change varies, and diferent types of statement were used. Thus, quantiication was
The evaluation process in the course of the MSC was conducted within the scope of the principles of respect for the right to privacy under the following conditions:
1. The lesson learned documents will only contain stories of change written by the beneiciaries.
2. The name of beneiciaries would not be included in the lesson learned documents, in exception of the beneiciaries who expressed their no objection for their names, positions and institutions to be disclosed, by completing the informed consent forms attached to the circulated writing guidelines.
3. Only the name and institution of the beneiciaries who had illed the informed consent forms that will further be included in the process of analysis of the stories of change along with the program implementers.
4. The name and contact of the beneiciaries related to the stories of change will not be handed over to the program managers, but will only be used by the consultant for a more in-depth analysis and/or conirmation of their stories of change, when necessary.
THE ETHICAL CONDUCT OF
THE MSC APPLICATION
THE STAGES OF THE MSC IMPLEMENTATION
a. DEFINING THE DOMAINS OF CHANGE
In this document, four domains of change have been selected and will be referenced with the stories of change and statements presented in the Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The result of interviews of selected resource persons are presented in the section on collegial views as a relection of the policy research program.
A domain of change is not a deinition leading to the indicators of outcome achievements. Indicator is a formula that requires everyone to have the same understanding as its formulation; this does not allow any diferences in interpretation. Typically, the indicator must meet the following criteria: speciic, achievable, relevant, and time-limited.
The domain of change in this document is more accurately referred as a subjective interpretation of the authors and narrators of the stories of change about themselves, their communities and institutions, as well as the interpretation of changes occurred at the policy level, as an impact of the program implementation. In other words, the domain of change is a subjective reality of what experienced diferently when they saw the objective reality of each of their chosen categories.
Every person, every narrator, and every author of the narratives of change has freedom in interpreting changes, even if the change occurred only once in a single domain of change. In this document, four domains of change have been selected as focus of the stories of change.
First, the domain of individual change. This domain will indicate the changes occurred in every person involved in the program implementation, which might be a change of perspective, knowledge, and skills capacity, and change of attitude towards objective reality upon completion of the whole program, such as: research, capacity building, blended learning, cultural discussions, and access to the website of Indonesia AIDS Policy managed by the CHPM.
Second, the domain of community change. This domain will indicate what changes occurred within the people in the surrounding of the beneiciaries based on subjective assessment of the author of the stories of change. These changes could take place in the domain of perspective, knowledge and skill, and community behavior, as a result of intensive communication with the beneiciaries and their involvement in various activities developed in the program. These changes may occur in the domain of knowledge (e.g., change of knowledge in policy analysis), the domain of attitude (e.g., they showed a diference in seeing the root of HIV and AIDS issues), and the domain of action (e.g., students showed interest in doing policy analysis).
Third, the domain of institutional change. This domain will show the institutional response of institutions or organizations where the beneiciaries work. These changes could take place in the domain of change as a form of support to program activities, the availability of running the same program, and allowing the emergence of policies at the institution level that provides development opportunities in the future program. As well as their emerging interests in developing policy-oriented programs, there may also be intentions to do policy analysis and plan for policy advocacy.
Fourth, the domain of public policy change. This domain will show how the program beneiciaries see the program impact on the expected policies as a result of the program achievement will change during the course of program implementation. As the subjective point of view, the assessment of this policy change will certainly vary as those of diferent statements made on the occurred changes.
The collection of stories of change was administered in three methods: narrative stories, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews. In this document, the methods are presented in diferent parts. In addition to the collection of the MSC stories, data collection was administered through some website surveys.
1. NARRATIVE STORIES
A total of 22 researchers from nine Indonesian universities and some researchers of HIV and AIDS policy team - CHPM wrote the narrative-form stories of change. The researchers wrote theirs rather independently. Prior to the writing of the stories of change, each of the researchers must read the writing guide and ill in the informed consent form, in relation to their statement of no objection for the author's identity to be disclosed in the lessons learned document.
The data collection was administered during February 2016. The writing guide and informed consent form were emailed to the beneiciary researchers. Subsequently, they would email back their stories of change. The process of technical explanation of the MSC writing guide was completed on February 23rd, 2016 at Novotel Hotel, Solo.
There were 22 researchers who submitted their stories of change and most of them opted for their anonymity in the lessons learned documents. Those who were reluctant to be identiied did not state in writing. They rather not return their completed informed consent forms. During the researchers meeting in Solo, they were asked once again about their informed consent forms, but until the writing of this document they have not returned the forms to the team. By this situation, it was concluded that those who did not return the forms were grouped as researchers objecting any disclosure of their identities.
The Guiding Questions for the Writing of the Stories of Change
The collection of narratives was done by rewriting researchers’ experience in the stories of change. The guiding questions were provided below:
1. Please tell me in 2 or 3 sentences, your exposure to the research or capacity building programs implemented by HIV and AIDS policy team - CHPM.
2. Please tell me in 2 or 3 sentences, how did you irst get involved in the program and how is your recent involvement? (It is worth mentioning the type of programs, such as research, blended learning courses, cultural discussions, etc.).
and capacity building programs implemented by HIV and AIDS policy team - CHPM.
4. From the above mentioned changes, which are the most important ones? They can be either positive or negative change.
5. Please describe those changes in the form of a story [for example, initial period (how was it previously), mid period (what caused the changes) and inal period (what is it like now)].
6. Please name the reasons you chose these changes in particular. For example, whether these changes are signiicant for you or for others.
There were no speciic rules on how the narrators are supposed to present their stories of change. However it is advisable to use the form of essay or narrative style, and not in the form of popular-scientiic articles.
2. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
An FGD was delivered to get the stories of change from program beneiciaries in addition to the research, such as cultural discussion, dissemination of research results, and other speciic activities such as the World AIDS Day.
The FGD was conducted on March 8th, 2016 attended by 18 participants. The participants came from diferent backgrounds, communities, CSOs, academia, media, and agencies/government institutions (local government oices and commissions). In the FGD process, the participants were also requested to ill out the informed consent forms and all participants expressed their no objection for their identities to be disclosed in the document.
In getting the stories of change, the FGD was moderated by a facilitator whose role was to facilitate the process of discussion and sharpen each of the stories of change told by the participants.
3. INTERVIEWS
Sub-Directorate for AIDS of the Indonesian Ministry of Health, and (4) Ir. Halik Sidik, a staf of the NAC. The interviews were conducted on March 16th and on 17th, 2016.
4. Website USER SURVEY
The Indonesian AIDS Policy website (www.kebijakanaidsindonesia.net) has been developed since early 2013, as a knowledge forum presenting a variety of information about HIV and AIDS response, particularly those that are policy-related. The information on the website are presented in the form of research reports, policy studies, policy articles and other information in the form of correspondence, Community of Practice, as well as Blended Learning. The contributions of articles and resources of information to date come from the Indonesia AIDS Policy researchers’ team, local researchers from the 9 selected universities, NGOs and the Yogyakarta Provincial AIDS Commission.
c. ANALYSIS: SELECTION OF STORIES
The stories of change analyses were undertaken on each of all stories of change written by the beneiciaries. By this, selection of the stories of change was not done to select which stories to be analyzed, but to quote statements assessed as indicating changes within the speciied four domains of change.
The grouping of statements of change was done by the author of this lessons learned document, after all stories of change were received from the researchers at the end of February 2016. The statements were grouped under four speciied domains changes.
Quotations of statements were discussed with HIV and AIDS policy team - CHPM on March 8th, 2016, using the assessment statement of: (1) whether the statement is a story of the process of the beneiciary’s engagement in the program; and (2) whether the statement expresses any changes. Statements that were assessed as only presenting the process will be excluded from the list, and those assessed statements would be the ones to be included in the subsequent writing process. The process of testing whether a statement includes the value of change was by asking the question, 'If ..., then ...'
In the selection and analysis of the statements of change, almost all beneiciaries did neither show nor stated their changes altogether in the four domains of change.
While the analysis of the results of website user survey was presented as quantitative data. The goal is to see the use of website as one of the means providing network of knowledge and information as part of an advocacy efort of the integration of HIV and AIDS response into the national health system.
February to March 2016. In addition to using a banner for the survey announcement, the website manager sent out a notiication that also serves as a request for the website visitors to participate as a survey respondent through cultural discussions and researchers mailing lists.
SECTION Iii
MEASURING CHANGE,
The HIV and AIDS response policy program analysis includes the following three main activi-ties; (1) the elaboration of policies and development of HIV and AIDS programs in the health system at the national and local levels; (2) the development of policies and service models of HIV and AIDS; and (3) the development of facility and advocacy hub for knowledge manage-ment at the national and provincial levels.
Based on the stories of change, the policy analysis program appeared to be able to determine the emerging changes in four domains, namely individual, community, institution and policy. First, at the individual domain, there have been changes on perspective on HIV and AIDS that is now seen not only as a medical problem but also as systemic problem rooted in the political, social, and cultural systems. This situation encouraged a shift of paradigm in HIV and AIDS response, which is no longer suicient to be done only through behavioral change but rather requires criticism of the policies related to HIV and AIDS response.
The policy change thus became the main entrance to HIV and AIDS response program. The policy analysis became the most important part in eforts to encourage policy changes through the integration into national health system.
The policy analysis program has increased the knowledge and skills of researchers on policy research, national health systems, and HIV and AIDS response programs. The policy analysis program has also inspired the enhancement of research plans, development of lecture materials, and their publication in the university journal.
Second, changes in the community domain. The topic of policy analysis became a discussion material amongst university professors who are interested in conducting analysis of policies and health systems. In the meantime, some of the students continued to have further discussions and conduct policy analysis, and it even changed the attitudes of students in responding to HIV and AIDS issues.
Third, changes in the institutional domain, there were support, interest and desire to undertake policy analysis. Not only they would enhance policy research but also allow permissions for their students to conduct policy analysis in completion of their thesis for graduate school. Fourth, in terms of policy change, the policy analysis program has demonstrated the existence of a policy change at the local level. However, the development at the national level seemed to be limited still to the discourse of the importance of results of policy analysis in policy change and program development.
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1. THE CONCEPT OF HIV AND AIDS RESPONSE
The implementation of policy program analysis has been able to shift the beneiciaries’ views about HIV and AIDS in Indonesia. In the very basic context, HIV and AIDS are no longer seen as merely medical problem, as many people would understand, and these include activists in HIV and AIDS response and government. Moreover, HIV and AIDS is seen as an issue directly related to cultural, social, and political systems.
At the technical level, HIV and AIDS response is no longer seen as limited to prevention, treatment and management of people living with HIV and AIDS but more in a macro context that is rooted in the political, cultural, social systems, and that it is carried out comprehensively. This includes the review of government's policies on HIV and AIDS response program.
An example of change at the technical level can be seen in the experience of Swasti Sempulur, a researcher of the CHPM. She has been involved in various HIV and AIDS response programs in Indonesia since 1998. However, the activities under development have been more in the programmatic and pragmatic areas; promoting non-risk sexual behavior, raising awareness on HIV testing, and accessing health services, as they have been considered most serious issues at the community level.
Previously, she had never thought about the importance of policy research as part of advocacy on HIV and AIDS and even more about thinking of the idea of integration of HIV and AIDS response into the system of national health policy.
a. DOMAIN OF INDIVIDUAL CHANGE
When the CHPM developed the policy research program, she considered it as another way of doing advocacy and it became a new experience for her. “Like it or not, I changed my mindset, from programmatic and pragmatic to strategic thinking, and looking at issues in a macro context, " said Swasti.
In the meantime, Hersumpana, a researcher of the CHPM had seen HIV and AIDS as a solely medical issue. After conducting the policy research, he saw that HIV and AIDS as an actually complex issue. It is not only a medical problem but moreover has a broad dimension, concerning cultural, social and political systems. "Everything is intertwined," he said.
2. UNDERSTANDING THE POLICY ANALYSIS
Policy analysis has similarities with and diferences from research in general. The similarities are in regards to the collection of reading materials and references, interviews of informants, and review of the results of interview transcripts. While the diference lies on the process of analysis and report writing, particularly, the utilization of policy review instruments, formulation of association and incorporation of indings against policy facts, interpretation of structured data, and research interests.
The beneiciaries recognized the importance of policy analysis for public policy change. Policy analysis is able to identify policy implementation and its impacts on society. The HIV and AIDS response programs will operate efectively when administered through linking the policy and the ield implementation. Thus, policy analysis is intended as an attempt to change policies impacting lives of the country’s citizens.
Policy analysis could also be a criticism on knowledge in policies and health systems taught in universities but in a rather insubstantial level of learning.
The assumption about similarities of policy study with other studies was presented by Laura Nevendorf of ARC (AIDS Research Center) Atma Jaya University, Jakarta. Although she had never done any health policy researches before, she said research policy seems to be almost similar to other studies in terms of collecting reading materials and references, meeting informants, and reviewing collected transcripts.
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Through the process of analysis and report writing, Laura admitted that she began to feel the diference of researches in general. There are some stages of analysis and they are quite rigid. Moreover, more diiculties emerged when the blades of policies were used. She thought hard to ind the link and combine the indings, coupled with facts on government policies in relation to a research interest.
"It was quite diicult. I had to pause, look at the overall results of the report and rewrite," she said.
While Anonymous-3 had been doing health promotions, he had never thought that health policy would beneit his activities. His involvement in policy analysis has made him realized that health promotion eforts cannot be separated from various policies applied in the ield of health. Health promotion, according to Anonymous-3, requires policy support.
In contrast to Laura and Anonymous-3, Ni Made Sri Nopiyani, an Udayana University researcher felt that she has already had enough knowledge on policy and health system in Indonesia. However, while conducting policy analysis, she realized that the knowledge on policy and health system she gained through college were too shallow. "So many things are still unknown and need to be learned," she said.
All beneiciaries believe the importance of policy analysis in the process and efforts to change public policy will be better and more sustainable. They are not limitedly only in relation to HIV and AIDS. Ita Perwira, a researcher of the CHPM explained that policy analysis can be applied not only in the domain of HIV and AIDS but also to the more extensive issues. She said, "it can be applied to a more extensive health issues."
According to Anonymous-7, policy analysis was able to identify the implementation of government policies, particularly to see their positive and negative efects.
In such context, Fitri Hudayani, from Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta came to the conclusion that HIV and AIDS response would be efective when the program development and impact mitigation are done through the linking of policies and their application all the way through the community level. She claimed to have started thinking about this issue since the preparation of research instruments through the mentoring on analysis and discussion of the case study results.
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3. CAPACITY BUILDING
The policy analysis program has increased the knowledge and skills acquired by researchers from various meetings with the respective parties, through sessions of knowledge and experience sharing with and learning from each other, exchange of information and insights on HIV and AIDS policy implementation.
In the context of knowledge, it has been well understood that it is very important to align the policy-making with the latest situations, the latest data, and the results of policy research.
An improved knowledge also occurred in the understanding of national health system, health policy and eforts to response HIV and AIDS. This includes knowledge and information about the low of procurement of drugs, medical devices for HIV programs, sources of procurement and distribution of condoms to the public, and the low of health programs funding, especially for HIV and AIDS.
The increased capacity in terms of skills, for example skills in policy research and qualitative research, and a broader selection of reading materials on HIV and AIDS policies, at both the national and international levels.
Anonymous-1 said that meeting with HIV and AIDS researchers from various universities has become media to share, to learn from each other, and to exchange information and experiences on HIV and AIDS research. When I met the informant who was in charge of and a decision-maker of HIV and AIDS program policy, he claimed to have an increased knowledge about HIV and AIDS policy implementation.
Meanwhile, Anonymous-2 said to have gained new skills in policy research and qualitative research. As well as Anonymous-8, Anonymous-2 has more references or reading materials on HIV and AIDS policy at the national and international level.
In the process of policy making, Anonymous-2 claimed that he fully understood how to align important policies with the latest situations, the latest data and research results in relation to policy issues. "This is the so-called evidence-based policy," he said.
Some increased knowledge about national health system, health policy and eforts to response HIV and AIDS also took place during the process of policy analysis. Ni Made Sri Nopiyani from Udayana University, Bali, said the policy research program enhanced her scientiic knowledge mainly on Male Sex with Men (MSM) of her friends. "I also gained some knowledge on planning, data collection and data analysis through this study," she said.
4. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
The development of policy analysis program was an inspiration for the researchers from various universities who were involved in the program. They now feel the need and importance to further develop their research plans and course materials, and to publish the results of policy analysis in their university journals.
Some researchers intended to conduct further research related to issues in HIV and AIDS response, one of them through the development of themes on poverty, feminism, and marginality as factors in deining the escalation of HIV and AIDS.
materials. "I also motivate students to conduct policy research on HIV and AIDS response," said Amelya.
If Fitri were to conduct policy studies in other areas that contribute to the improvements in a system, Anonymous-2 has already prepared some research data which are ready to be published in university journal.
Personally, Hersumpana was inspired and motivated to develop policy review on interdisciplinary themes related to HIV and AIDS issues. For example, linking them with the problems of poverty, feminism, and marginality.
b. DOMAIN OF COMMUNITY CHANGE
c. DOMAIN OF INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE
Some professors have made policy analysis as a topic of discussion and were interested in conducting analysis of policies and health systems. Some of the students carried out further discussions and conducted policy analysis. In some other places, the results of policy analysis have changed students' attitudes in dealing with problems related to HIV and AIDS.
The change of beneiciaries’ responses can be seen when they irst received information on policy analysis. They said it was diicult and they were not interested. However, after the discussion, some of them actually became interested in doing policy analysis.
Ni Made, for example, said that her lecturer colleagues started to pay attention to HIV and AIDS issues in MSM. The national health system has also become topics of discussion in the faculty room.
"Some students continued to conduct further discussions and were interested in conducting research on policies and health systems," (Ni Made, a researcher at the University of Udayana).
The same situation experienced by Anonymous-3. Previously, the fellow colleagues saw policy analysis as an abstract topic that is diicult to understand. After following some dialogues, they started to show interests in studying the issues of HIV and AIDS policy. Subsequent to that, they became interested in developing policy research together.
The changes in students were not just in the matter of interest to do policy analysis, but even more to their change of attitudes. Kurniawan Rachmadi, SKM., M.Si, of HIV Integrated Service Unit, said the research results have an impact on the attitudes of students. When the issue of LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) was a trending chat across society, students on campus showed such diferent attitudes. "They used to have condemning manners but now their attitudes and discussions have become more rational," he said.
Changes at the institutions where beneiciaries work could be seen through the emerging support for the researchers in terms of policy analysis agendas, and the interest and desire to do policy analysis. However, any real actions of the institutions in doing policy analysis are yet to be seen. If anyone has done something related to that, it has been more on assessing health care practices from the policy view, thus creating critical perspective among actors in HIV and AIDS response.
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in completing their thesis for graduate program.
Within the CHPM, the program has placed the institution’s strategic position in the map of HIV and AIDS response network, including becoming a referenced actor in HIV and AIDS at the national and local levels, especially in Yogyakarta. For example,
after developing HIV and AIDS policy program, the CHPM began to step into relationships and interactions with respective actors in HIV and AIDS response. The AIDS commission at city and provincial level had asked CHPM to be part of Regional Action Plan Strategy development team and of the Provincial AIDS Commission M&E team.
The CHPM had actually not paid any particular attention to the analysis of HIV and AIDS policy, as institutionally, the CHPM was still at the stage of health policy analysis in general, so that HIV and AIDS have not become the top priority.
According to Ni Made, research on health system at her workplace has been rather limited. Thus, the policy analysis program would not only increase the number of research on health system, but also it would institutionally attract supports the policy research implementation. "The chairman of the study program encouraged lecturers to improve the quantity and quality of research related to health system," she said.
Meanwhile, according to Rachmadi Kurniawan, LGBT-friendly policies have been discussed at the HIV Integrated Service Unit. These discussions began by analyzing clinical issues of the existing policies, for example about medication adherence of the LGBT friends from a critical perspective.
"At the earlier times, the counselors were always the ones to blame on cases of retention to medication adherence. Now, people start to think about the medical service system and policies," said Kurniawan.
Anonymous-5 said that he was once with a colleague, guiding some master students who were examining factors inluencing the quality of life of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA). The study analyzed the social context of individuals and PLWHA, as well as the political context at where they reside.
For the CHPM, this policy research program will strengthen its position in the map of their network, within Yogyakarta and national context. Ita Perwira, a researcher at CHPM, said this situation has become the foundation of institution in implementing other programs so that they can be sustained. "Various activities at the local and national levels have become opportunities for the institution to do research and joined training," she said.
This opinion is supported by Suharni, a researcher at CHPM who stated that CHPM has received many invitations from HIV and AIDS relevant institutions. For example, they have been involved in the discussions of AIDS Regional Action Plan Strategy, coordination meetings, and ofered to participate in NAC operational researches. However, these invitations were still addressed to individuals rather than the institution.
"Nevertheless, the invitations were still addressed to individuals rather than the institution," he said.
Hersumpana viewed that policy research in HIV and AIDS response at CHPM is still dependent on the driving force. The focus is still on the study of health policy aspects in general. HIV and AIDS have not been a major concern yet.
"It seems that there has not been any institutional commitment to further develop this program," he said.
d. DOMAIN OF POLICY CHANGE
The city and district governments have comprehensively taken into account policy analysis results in the discussions and development of their programs. Some City Planning and Development Agencies have allowed local government work units (SKPD) under the structure of local AIDS commission to budget HIV and AIDS response activities. The Yogyakarta and Semarang City Health Oices and hospitals have signed an agreement on the provision of comprehensive and continuity of HIV & AIDS and STIs Service (LKB). Such agreement facilitates the key populations in accessing their services, for example, through the conversion of operational hours for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and HIV services for the key populations.
The policy makers, particularly at the national level, have only regarded results of the research merely as a common discourse to encourage commitment of the involved parties to pay attention to the integration of HIV and AIDS into the health system. By this, the policy analysis program cannot just yet be claimed to have led to any policy change, despite the continued process of providing feedback through sharing the research results, discussions, policy briefs and policy papers.
According to Anonymous-6, his home city has used the policy analysis results. The AIDS commission and city health oice have started to get used to discussing programs comprehensively, and the districts have in fact begun utilizing the results of policy research in their program discussions.
The impact was that the City Planning and Development Agencies City Planning and Development Agencies (BAPPEKOT)has now allowed the SKPD units under the management of AIDS commission to budget for HIV and AIDS related activities or programs.
develop HIV and AIDS programs in accordance to their roles in the AIDS commission," said Anonymous-6.
The results of the CHPM research, according to Suharni, have also been able to inluence policies, proven by the facilitation provided for the key populations in accessing services. The research of the LKB has successfully developed an agreement between the Yogyakarta and Semarang City Health Oices and hospitals on provision of HIV and AIDS services. PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital in Yogyakarta, for example, through the operational research of LKB, has now adjusted their service hours for STI and HIV. Previously, the services were only provided 2 times a week, on Mondays and Thursdays starting at 07:30 am to 13:00 pm. Upon the agreement, PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital in Yogyakarta has extended the service hours to each day of the week starting from 07.30 am to 13.00 pm.
Hersumpana viewed that stakeholders at the local level have merely regarded the results of research as a common discourse to encourage the commitment of all involved parties to pay attention to the integration of HIV and AIDS into the health system. Nevertheless, the commitment has been limitedly to strategic policy and not just yet in the form of actual actions at the local level in reducing the prevalence of HIV and STI and in preventing new infections.
For Ita Perwira, the policy research program cannot just yet be claimed to have any inluence to policy change, despite the inputs that CHPM has been providing stakeholders at the national and local levels through sharing of research results, discussions, policy briefs and policy papers.
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DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL
LEVEL INTERMEDIARY FACILITIES AND
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ADVOCACY
The development of a knowledge hub was not only intended as an efort to increase the capacity of beneiciaries. Moreover, it was meant to be a part of bringing together the parties involved in HIV and AIDS response in Indonesia. This would be then the momentum that will actually build up a social transformation, from knowledge into a social change movement, from the results of policy analysis to changes in policy advocacy movement and community organization.
The eforts of this transformation have been done through, irstly, the website development as a public media providing a range of regularly-updated knowledge and information on HIV and AIDS response and links to other websites as further sources of information.
The availability of information on policies, rules and regulations, strategic plans, results of research and guidance on HIV and AIDS response programs, has addressed the needs of society regarding knowledge and information on the promotion of HIV and AIDS response, care and support for people living with HIV and AIDS, mitigation of the impact of HIV and AIDS response and its governance.
The willingness of web-users to share their knowledge and experiences through website has opened the opportunity on the development of interactive learning media that functions as a Clearing House of HIV and AIDS response in Indonesia.
The Blended Learning has become an efective activity in studying HIV and AIDS response policies in the national health system. Not only because of the experience-based learning but it directly compare the policies versus practices of HIV and AIDS response.
Bringing together the involved parties to exchange ideas and experiences also took place in cultural discussion activities. Even at a certain point, they were able to undertake deconstruction of the world of research and writing that seemed to have been a privileged area for researchers and turn it into a more populist and accessible room for just anyone.
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Various activities related to knowledge hub have not only made the CHPM known as center of public health policy but also as credible source of information about HIV and AIDS policies in Indonesia.
The knowledge and information uploaded into website of www.kebijakanaidsindonesia.net appeared to be quite useful for public use. Research documents are always up to date and they include links to pages of journals and researches in line with the uploaded information.
A. USE OF WEBSITE:
WWW.KEBIJAKANAIDSINDONESIA.NET
The integration of website and other activities, such as cultural discussion, has turned the website into a reference for communities that do not have time to participate in actual cultural discussions and other activities developed under the analysis program policy.
The pdf-formatted information uploads have proven to be such a special value as it allows easier way for users to download and read various types of devices.
According to Suharni, the knowledge hub activities, as the third component of the analysis program policy, as well as the courses on AIDS Policy and Health System, cultural discussions, and www.kebijakanaidsindonesia.net website development have not only made the CHPM known as a resource of information on public health policy but also on HIV and AIDS policy in Indonesia.
The information and knowledge available on www.kebijakanaidsindonesia.net have been acknowledged to be very helpful and useful. According to Bayu of the Yogyakarta AIDS Commission at provincial level, and Kurniawan, the uploaded research documents are always up to date. Moreover, Bayu added that the website provides links to pages of journals and researches in alignment with the uploaded information.
According to Primarendra, an HIV and AIDS activist in Yogyakarta, the website that is integrated with the implementation of cultural discussions, can become a reference to inter-communities discussions. For those who cannot attend any face to face meetings would not miss any information by accessing this website.
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WEBSITE USERS SURVEY
There are 85 respondents from various provinces in Indonesia participated in website users survey. The survey was conducted through an open invitation to users via email and display of survey invitation banner on the website.
The survey was conducted to see the users’ proiles, identify the response of visitors against website and displayed information, identify the needs of type of the visitors’ expected information, and ind the right design that its the needs of website visitors.
The survey results showed that access to website is still dominated by male visitors, followed by female, and then the lowest level of access by transgender group. The knowledge and information about HIV and AIDS is still dominated by male, and the fact of transgender group being the key population actually indicated the least access of information via website.
In terms of sexual orientation question, the majority of website visitors claims as heterosexuals, a few declare as homosexuals and bisexuals, while others choose not to answer the question.
The majority of respondents come from Yogyakarta, followed by East Java and South Sulawesi. The remaining are smaller groups from Papua, Central Java, West Java, and other provinces. The distribution of respondents appears to be absolutely not in connection with the 8 provinces of researchers’ areas of origin. This may indicate that the researchers did not promote website to their network in their respective regions.
The majority of respondents have undergraduate degrees and only a small group of respondents are post graduates. Most respondents work as NGO staf, followed by lecturers and civil servants. The ield work of the respondents includes health, social, research and education. Thus, respondents access the website for the beneit of improving knowledge, information, and planning of HIV and AIDS response programs, and only a small percentage who are concerned with research development.
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The website has become main reference on HIV and AIDS response in Indonesia, as evidenced by statements of respondents who claim to visit the website almost everyday, and the email notiication on updates of web content is a major factor of respondents in access the website.The HIV and AIDS news menu seems to be the favorite of most respondents, rather than accessing research results as the basis of program implementation. The data is quite unique since the uploaded news is more of activity reports, and they are not information in the form of real-time updated news.
This situation shows even less and less actual information available in relation to HIV and AIDS. The media provided by Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) engaged in HIV and AIDS response may be fewer, while the conventional print-media, radio and television do not provide suicient portion in presenting information on HIV and AIDS response.
The website contents appear to be in accordance with HIV and AIDS policy analysis program as the majority of respondents rate the information on the website as met their needs of information. The information on promotion of HIV and AIDS response, for example, the respondents said they need policy information, research results and information, and those are already available on the website.
As well as the availability of information about care and support in HIV and AIDS response, the website provides information regarding rules and regulations, policies and research results about the care and support in HIV and AIDS response.
Meanwhile, in relation to mitigation of impacts of HIV and AIDS response, the respondents need policy information, research results, and information on the guidelines. In terms of governance of HIV and AIDS response, respondents need policy information, program information, and rules and regulations. This information is already available on website with links to other related websites.
The website has a great opportunity to be developed into an interactive learning media and to function as a Clearing House involving various parties associated with HIV and AIDS response. This is due to the majority of respondents who are willing to share their knowledge and experiences through website, in the form of writing articles, contributing ideas through online discussions, and cultural discussions.
1.
RespondentS’ Origin
Figure 1. Respondents’ Origin
2.
RESPONDENTS’ AGE
Figure 2. Respondents’ Age
3.
RESPONDENTS' GENDER
Figure 3. Respondents’ Gender
4.
RESPONDENTS’ SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Figure 4. Respondent’s Sexual Orientation
5.
RESPONDENTS’ HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION
Figure 5. Respondents’ Highest Level of Education
As many as 34 people (40%) of the respondents state undergraduate degree as their highest level of education, followed by 27 people (32%) with graduate degree, 20 people (24%) with high school diploma, and 3 respondents (4%) who hold post graduate degree.
6.
RESPONDENTS’ OCCUPATION
Figure 6. Respondents’ Occupation
The data show that the majority of respondents or 27 people (33%) claims to work as NGO staf, 13 people (16%) as lecturers, 12 people (14%) as civil servants, 6 people are self-employed and 6 others are employees. Only 4 respondents (5%) are researchers.
7.
RESPONDENTS’ CURRENT EMPLOYMENT SECTOR
Figure 7. Respondents’ Employment Sector
8.
RESPONDENTS’ SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE WEBSITE
Figure 8. Respondents’ Sources of Information about the Website
9.
LENGTH OF RESPONDENTS’ KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE EXISTENCE OF THE
WEBSITE
Figure 9. Length of Respondents’ Knowledge about the Existence of the Website
10. FULFILLMENT OF USER’S INFORMATION NEEDS
When answering question of whether the need of information needs are met by accessing website, as many as 80 people (95%) said that the accessing of website fulills their needs of information and only 5% said otherwise. This indicates that the information presented on the website is in line with HIV and AIDS response programs.
11. FREQUENTLY VISITED MENU
Figure 10. Frequently Visited Menu
12. TYPE OF INFORMATION NEEDS RELATED TO THE PROMOTION OF HIV AND
AIDS PREVENTION
Figure 11. Type of Information Needs related to the Promotion of HIV and AIDS Prevention
13. TYPE OF INFORMATION NEEDS RELATED TO CARE AND SUPPORT
Figure 12. Type of Information Needs related to Care and Support
14. TYPE OF INFORMATION NEEDS RELATED TO HIV AND
AIDS RESPONSE IMPACT MITIGATION
Figure 13. Type of Information Needs related to HIV and AIDS Response Impact Mitigation
15. TYPE OF INFORMATION NEEDS RELATED TO GOVERNANCE ASPECTS
OF HIV AND AIDS RESPONSE
